1
|
Chen YG, Mathews CE, Driver JP. The Role of NOD Mice in Type 1 Diabetes Research: Lessons from the Past and Recommendations for the Future. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29527189 PMCID: PMC5829040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 35 years, the NOD mouse has been the primary animal model for studying autoimmune diabetes. During this time, striking similarities to the human disease have been uncovered. In both species, unusual polymorphisms in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule confer the most disease risk, disease is caused by perturbations by the same genes or different genes in the same biological pathways and that diabetes onset is preceded by the presence of circulating autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies that recognize many of the same islet antigens. However, the relevance of the NOD model is frequently challenged due to past failures translating therapies from NOD mice to humans and because the appearance of insulitis in mice and some patients is different. Nevertheless, the NOD mouse remains a pillar of autoimmune diabetes research for its usefulness as a preclinical model and because it provides access to invasive procedures as well as tissues that are rarely procured from patients or controls. The current article is focused on approaches to improve the NOD mouse by addressing reasons why immune therapies have failed to translate from mice to humans. We also propose new strategies for mixing and editing the NOD genome to improve the model in ways that will better advance our understanding of human diabetes. As proof of concept, we report that diabetes is completely suppressed in a knock-in NOD strain with a serine to aspartic acid substitution at position 57 in the MHC class II Aβ. This supports that similar non-aspartic acid substitutions at residue 57 of variants of the human class II HLA-DQβ homolog confer diabetes risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: John P. Driver,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holmberg D, Ruikka K, Lindgren P, Eliasson M, Mayans S. Association of CD247 (CD3ζ) gene polymorphisms with T1D and AITD in the population of northern Sweden. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:70. [PMID: 27716086 PMCID: PMC5050583 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background T1D and AITD are autoimmune disorders commonly occurring in the same family and even in the same individual. The genetic contribution to these disorders is complex making uncovering of susceptibility genes very challenging. The general aim of this study was to identify loci and genes contributing to T1D/AITD susceptibility. Our strategy was to perform linkage and association studies in the relatively genetically homogenous population of northern Sweden. We performed a GWLS to find genomic regions linked to T1D/AITD in families from northern Sweden and we performed an association study in the families to test for association between T1D/AITD and variants in previously published candidate genes as well as a novel candidate gene, CD247. Methods DNA prepared from 459 individuals was used to perform a linkage and an association study. The ABI PRISM Linkage Mapping Set v2.5MD10 was employed for an initial 10-cM GWLS, and additional markers were added for fine mapping. Merlin was used for linkage calculations. For the association analysis, a GoldenGate Custom Panel from Illumina containing 79 SNPs of interest was used and FBAT was used for association calculations. Results Our study revealed linkage to two previously identified chromosomal regions, 4q25 and 6p22, as well as to a novel chromosomal region, 1q23. The association study replicated association to PTPN22, HLA-DRB1, INS, IFIH1, CTLA4 and C12orf30. Evidence in favor of association was also found for SNPs in the novel susceptibility gene CD247. Conclusions Several risk loci for T1D/AITD identified in published association studies were replicated in a family material, of modest size, from northern Sweden. This provides evidence that these loci confer disease susceptibility in this population and emphasizes that small to intermediate sized family studies in this population can be used in a cost-effective manner for the search of genes involved in complex diseases. The linkage study revealed a chromosomal region in which a novel T1D/AITD susceptibility gene, CD247, is located. The association study showed association between T1D/AITD and several variants in this gene. These results suggests that common susceptibility genes act in concert with variants of CD247 to generate genetic risk for T1D/AITD in this population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-016-0333-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Holmberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences - Medical Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden.,EMV, Immunology, BMC, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Ruikka
- Department of Medicine, Sunderby Hospital, SE-971 80, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Petter Lindgren
- Department of Medical Biosciences - Medical Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Eliasson
- Department of Medicine, Sunderby Hospital, SE-971 80, Luleå, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mayans
- Department of Medical Biosciences - Medical Genetics, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Building 6C, SE-90185, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Banday VS, Thyagarajan R, Sundström M, Lejon K. Increased expression of TACI on NOD B cells results in germinal centre reaction anomalies, enhanced plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production. Immunology 2016; 149:297-305. [PMID: 27444337 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have an important pathogenic role in the development of type 1 diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. We have previously reported that NOD mice display an increased percentage of TACIhigh -expressing B cells compared with C57BL/6 mice and this trait is linked to chromosomes 1 and 8. In this paper the genetic association of the transmembrane activator, calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) trait was confirmed using double congenic NOD.B6C1/Idd22 mice. TACI ligation by a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) has been shown to influence plasma cell differentiation, immunoglobulin production and isotype switch. Hence, the functional consequence of the up-regulation of TACI on NOD B cells was analysed both in vitro and in vivo. NOD B cells stimulated with APRIL showed an enhanced plasma cell differentiation and class switch to IgG and IgA compared with B cells from C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, flow cytometry analyses revealed that germinal centre B cells in NOD failed to down-regulate TACI. Availability of the TACI ligand B-cell activating factor (BAFF) has been shown to be a limiting factor in the germinal centre reaction. In line with this, upon immunization with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten-conjugated hen egg lysozyme, NOD mice produced higher titres of low-affinity antibodies compared with C57BL/6 mice. This observation was supported by the detection of increased levels of BAFF in NOD germinal centres after immunization compared with C57BL/6 by immunofluorescence. Our results support the hypothesis that increased TACI expression on NOD B cells contributes to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viqar S Banday
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Radha Thyagarajan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mia Sundström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lejon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Viret C, Mahiddine K, Baker RL, Haskins K, Guerder S. The T Cell Repertoire-Diversifying Enzyme TSSP Contributes to Thymic Selection of Diabetogenic CD4 T Cell Specificities Reactive to ChgA and IAPP Autoantigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209627 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies highlighted the overtly self-reactive T cell repertoire in the diabetes-prone NOD mouse. This autoreactivity has primarily been linked to defects in apoptosis induction during central tolerance. Previous studies suggested that thymus-specific serine protease (TSSP), a putative serine protease expressed by cortical thymic epithelial cells and thymic dendritic cells, may edit the repertoire of self-peptides presented by MHC class II molecules and shapes the self-reactive CD4 T cell repertoire. To gain further insight into the role of TSSP in the selection of self-reactive CD4 T cells by endogenous self-Ags, we examined the development of thymocytes expressing distinct diabetogenic TCRs sharing common specificity in a thymic environment lacking TSSP. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we evaluated the effect of TSSP deficiency confined to different thymic stromal cells on the differentiation of thymocytes expressing the chromogranin A-reactive BDC-2.5 and BDC-10.1 TCRs or the islet amyloid polypeptide-reactive TCR BDC-6.9 and BDC-5.2.9. We found that TSSP deficiency resulted in deficient positive selection and induced deletion of the BDC-6.9 and BDC-10.1 TCRs, but it did not affect the differentiation of the BDC-2.5 and BDC-5.2.9 TCRs. Hence, TSSP has a subtle role in the generation of self-peptide ligands directing diabetogenic CD4 T cell development. These results provide additional evidence for TSSP activity as a novel mechanism promoting autoreactive CD4 T cell development/accumulation in the NOD mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Viret
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France; INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France; and
| | - Karim Mahiddine
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France; INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France; and
| | - Rocky Lee Baker
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Sylvie Guerder
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France; INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte Recherche 5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse F-31300, France; and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuczma M, Wang CY, Ignatowicz L, Gourdie R, Kraj P. Altered connexin 43 expression underlies age-dependent decrease of regulatory T cell suppressor function in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5261-71. [PMID: 25911751 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is one of the most extensively studied autoimmune diseases, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells are still not well understood. In this study, we show that regulatory T cells (T(regs)) in NOD mice undergo age-dependent loss of suppressor functions exacerbated by the decreased ability of activated effector T cells to upregulate Foxp3 and generate T(regs) in the peripheral organs. This age-dependent loss is associated with reduced intercellular communication mediated by gap junctions, which is caused by impaired upregulation and decreased expression of connexin 43. Regulatory functions can be corrected, even in T cells isolated from aged, diabetic mice, by a synergistic activity of retinoic acid, TGF-β, and IL-2, which enhance connexin 43 and Foxp3 expression in T(regs) and restore the ability of conventional CD4(+) T cells to upregulate Foxp3 and generate peripherally derived T(regs). Moreover, we demonstrate that suppression mediated by T(regs) from diabetic mice is enhanced by a novel reagent, which facilitates gap junction aggregation. In summary, our report identifies gap junction-mediated intercellular communication as an important component of the T(reg) suppression mechanism compromised in NOD mice and suggests how T(reg) mediated immune regulation can be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kuczma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; and
| | - Leszek Ignatowicz
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Robert Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24015
| | - Piotr Kraj
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Altered immune regulation in type 1 diabetes. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:254874. [PMID: 24285974 PMCID: PMC3763577 DOI: 10.1155/2013/254874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Research in genetics and immunology was going on separate strands for a long time. Type 1 diabetes mellitus might not be characterized with a single pathogenetic factor. It develops when a susceptible individual is exposed to potential triggers in a given sequence and timeframe that eventually disarranges the fine-tuned immune mechanisms that keep autoimmunity under control in health. Genomewide association studies have helped to understand the congenital susceptibility, and hand-in-hand with the immunological research novel paths of immune dysregulation were described in central tolerance, apoptotic pathways, or peripheral tolerance mediated by regulatory T-cells. Epigenetic factors are contributing to the immune dysregulation. The interplay between genetic susceptibility and potential triggers is likely to play a role at a very early age and gradually results in the loss of balanced autotolerance and subsequently in the development of the clinical disease. Genetic susceptibility, the impaired elimination of apoptotic β-cell remnants, altered immune regulatory functions, and environmental factors such as viral infections determine the outcome. Autoreactivity might exist under physiologic conditions and when the integrity of the complex regulatory process is damaged the disease might develop. We summarized the immune regulatory mechanisms that might have a crucial role in disease pathology and development.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao P, Jiao Y, Xiong Q, Wang CY, Gerling I, Gu W. Genetic and Molecular Basis of QTL of Diabetes in Mouse: Genes and Polymorphisms. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:324-37. [PMID: 19471607 PMCID: PMC2685644 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785133253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic study has been conducted of all available reports in PubMed and OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) to examine the genetic and molecular basis of quantitative genetic loci (QTL) of diabetes with the main focus on genes and polymorphisms. The major question is, What can the QTL tell us? Specifically, we want to know whether those genome regions differ from other regions in terms of genes relevant to diabetes. Which genes are within those QTL regions, and, among them, which genes have already been linked to diabetes? whether more polymorphisms have been associated with diabetes in the QTL regions than in the non-QTL regions. Our search revealed a total of 9038 genes from 26 type 1 diabetes QTL, which cover 667,096,006 bp of the mouse genomic sequence. On one hand, a large number of candidate genes are in each of these QTL; on the other hand, we found that some obvious candidate genes of QTL have not yet been investigated. Thus, the comprehensive search of candidate genes for known QTL may provide unexpected benefit for identifying QTL genes for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campbell Clinic and Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
A cluster of coregulated genes determines TGF-beta-induced regulatory T-cell (Treg) dysfunction in NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8737-42. [PMID: 21543717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105364108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) originate in the thymus, but the Treg phenotype can also be induced in peripheral lymphoid organs or in vitro by stimulation of conventional CD4(+) T cells with IL-2 and TGF-β. There have been divergent reports on the suppressive capacity of these TGF-Treg cells. We find that TGF-Tregs derived from diabetes-prone NOD mice, although expressing normal Foxp3 levels, are uniquely defective in suppressive activity, whereas TGF-Tregs from control strains (B6g7) or ex vivo Tregs from NOD mice all function normally. Most Treg-typical transcripts were shared by NOD or B6g7 TGF-Tregs, except for a small group of differentially expressed genes, including genes relevant for suppressive activity (Lrrc32, Ctla4, and Cd73). Many of these transcripts form a coregulated cluster in a broader analysis of T-cell differentiation. The defect does not map to idd3 or idd5 regions. Whereas Treg cells from NOD mice are normal in spleen and lymph nodes, the NOD defect is observed in locations that have been tied to pathogenesis of diabetes (small intestine lamina propria and pancreatic lymph node). Thus, a genetic defect uniquely affects a specific Treg subpopulation in NOD mice, in a manner consistent with a role in determining diabetes susceptibility.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sundström M, Lejon K. The prolonged and enhanced immune response in the non-obese diabetic mouse is dependent on genes in the Idd1/24, Idd12 and Idd18 regions. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:375-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Lundholm M, Mayans S, Motta V, Löfgren-Burström A, Danska J, Holmberg D. Variation in the Cd3 zeta (Cd247) gene correlates with altered T cell activation and is associated with autoimmune diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5537-44. [PMID: 20400699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuning of TCR-mediated activation was demonstrated to be critical for lineage fate in T cell development, as well as in the control of autoimmunity. In this study, we identify a novel diabetes susceptibility gene, Idd28, in the NOD mouse and provide evidence that Cd3zeta (Cd247) constitutes a prime candidate gene for this locus. Moreover, we show that the allele of the Cd3zeta gene expressed in NOD and DBA/2 mouse strains confers lower levels of T cell activation compared with the allele expressed by C57BL/6 (B6), BALB/c, and C3H/HeJ mice. These results support a model in which the development of autoimmune diabetes is dependent on a TCR signal mediated by a less-efficient NOD allele of the Cd3zeta gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lundholm
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Medical and Clinical Genetics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Suzuki J, Ricordi C, Chen Z. Immune tolerance induction by integrating innate and adaptive immune regulators. Cell Transplant 2009; 19:253-68. [PMID: 19919733 PMCID: PMC2884065 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x480314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A diversity of immune tolerance mechanisms have evolved to protect normal tissues from immune damage. Immune regulatory cells are critical contributors to peripheral tolerance. These regulatory cells, exemplified by the CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and a recently identified population named myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulate immune responses and limiting immune-mediated pathology. In a chronic inflammatory setting, such as allograft-directed immunity, there may be a dynamic "cross-talk" between the innate and adaptive immunomodulatory mechanisms for an integrated control of immune damage. CTLA4-B7-based interaction between the two branches may function as a molecular "bridge" to facilitate such "cross-talk." Understanding the interplays among Treg cells, innate suppressors, and pathogenic effector T (Teff) cells will be critical in the future to assist in the development of therapeutic strategies to enhance and synergize physiological immunosuppressive elements in the innate and adaptive immune system. Successful development of localized strategies of regulatory cell therapies could circumvent the requirement for very high number of cells and decrease the risks associated with systemic immunosuppression. To realize the potential of innate and adaptive immune regulators for the still elusive goal of immune tolerance induction, adoptive cell therapies may also need to be coupled with agents enhancing endogenous tolerance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chentoufi AA, Binder NR, Berka N, Abunadi T, Polychronakos C. Advances in type I diabetes associated tolerance mechanisms. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:1-11. [PMID: 18482207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by autoreactive T cells. The polygenic trait for T1D risk implicates many genes that have an impact on fundamental immunological processes such as central and peripheral tolerance. Several pieces of evidence have suggested that many of the genetic loci that are directly linked to type 1 diabetes susceptibility modulate the generation and/or the activation of autoreactive T-lymphocytes. We and others have proposed a critical role for medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) forming the Hassall's corpuscles in T-cell tolerance. Indeed, mTEC have been found to express promiscuous self-antigens, used directly or through thymic dendritic cells to drive either negative selection of insulin-reacting precursors or their differentiation into naturally occurring regulatory Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25+ T cells. In the periphery, naturally occurring Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25+regulatory T (Treg) cells represent the master cells in dominant peripheral T-cell tolerance. The development and function of Treg cells are ultimately linked to IL-2 and Foxp3 expression. This review addresses recent literature and emerging concepts of central and peripheral T-cell tolerance with regards to T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Chentoufi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine-Medical Center, 101 City Drive, Bldg 55, 2nd floor, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hunter K, Rainbow D, Plagnol V, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Wicker LS. Interactions between Idd5.1/Ctla4 and other type 1 diabetes genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8341-9. [PMID: 18056379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two loci, Idd5.1 and Idd5.2, that determine susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the NOD mouse are on chromosome 1. Idd5.1 is likely accounted for by a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 2 of Ctla4: the B10-derived T1D-resistant allele increases the expression of the ligand-independent isoform of CTLA-4 (liCTLA-4), a molecule that mediates negative signaling in T cells. Idd5.2 is probably Nramp1 (Slc11a1), which encodes a phagosomal membrane protein that is a metal efflux pump and is important for host defense and Ag presentation. In this study, two additional loci, Idd5.3 and Idd5.4, have been defined to 3.553 and 78 Mb regions, respectively, on linked regions of chromosome 1. The most striking findings, however, concern the evidence we have obtained for strong interactions between these four disease loci that help explain the association of human CTLA4 with T1D. In the presence of a susceptibility allele at Idd5.4, the CTLA-4 resistance allele causes an 80% reduction in T1D, whereas in the presence of a protective allele at Idd5.4, the effects of the resistance allele at Ctla4 are modest or, as in the case in which resistance alleles at Idd5.2 and Idd5.3 are present, completely masked. This masking of CTLA-4 alleles by different genetic backgrounds provides an explanation for our observation that the human CTLA-4 gene is only associated with T1D in the subgroup of human T1D patients with anti-thyroid autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Hunter
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Howson JMM, Dunger DB, Nutland S, Stevens H, Wicker LS, Todd JA. A type 1 diabetes subgroup with a female bias is characterised by failure in tolerance to thyroid peroxidase at an early age and a strong association with the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 gene. Diabetologia 2007; 50:741-6. [PMID: 17334650 PMCID: PMC2387192 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS HLA haplotypes DRB1*03_DQB1*02 and DRB1*04_DQB1*0302, and allelic variation of the T cell regulatory gene cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) and of the T cell activation gene protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (lymphoid) (PTPN22) have been associated with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Using thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAbs) as an indicator of thyroid autoimmunity, we assessed whether the association of these loci is different in type 1 diabetes patients with TPOAbs than in those without. MATERIALS AND METHODS TPOAbs were measured in 4,364 type 1 diabetic patients from across Great Britain, 67% of whom were aged under 18 years. These patients and 6,866 geographically matched control subjects were genotyped at CTLA4, PTPN22, HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1. RESULTS TPOAbs were detected in 462 (10.6%) of the type 1 diabetic patients. These patients had a stronger association with CTLA4 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49 for the G allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs3087243; 95% CI = 1.29-1.72) than did the TPOAbs-negative patients (p = 0.0004; OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.10-1.24) or type 1 diabetes patients overall (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.13-1.27). The ratio of women:men was higher (1.94:1) in this subgroup than in type 1 diabetes patients without TPOAbs (0.94:1; p = 1.86 x 10(-15)). TPOAbs status did not correlate with age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes or with PTPN22 (Arg620Trp; rs2476601). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results identify a subgroup of type 1 diabetic patients that is sensitive to allelic variation of the negative regulatory molecule CTLA-4 and indicate that TPOAbs testing could be used to subclassify type 1 diabetes patients for inclusion in genetic, biological or clinical studies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Age of Onset
- Alleles
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Autoantigens/chemistry
- Autoimmunity
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Iodide Peroxidase/chemistry
- Iron-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Male
- Odds Ratio
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Sex Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. M. Howson
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ
| | - Sarah Nutland
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY
| | - Helen Stevens
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY
| | - Linda S. Wicker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY
| | - John A. Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Z, Stockton J, Mathis D, Benoist C. Modeling CTLA4-linked autoimmunity with RNA interference in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16400-5. [PMID: 17060611 PMCID: PMC1637594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607854103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CTLA4 gene is important for T lymphocyte-mediated immunoregulation and has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, in particular, type 1 diabetes. To model the impact of natural genetic variants of CTLA4, we constructed RNA interference (RNAi) "knockdown" mice through lentiviral transgenesis. Variegation of expression was observed in founders but proved surmountable because it reflected parental imprinting, with derepression by transmission from male lentigenics. Unlike the indiscriminate multiorgan autoimmune phenotype of the corresponding knockout mice, Ctla4 knockdown animals had a disease primarily focused on the pancreas, with rapid progression to diabetes. As with the human disease, the knockdown phenotype was tempered by genetic-modifier loci. RNAi should be more pertinent than gene ablation in modeling disease pathogenesis linked to a gene-dosage variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Chen
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - John Stockton
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Diane Mathis
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li S, Salgar SK, Thanikachalam M, Murdock AD, Gammie JS, Demetris AJ, Zeevi A, Pham SM. Modeling CTLA4-linked autoimmunity with RNA interference in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 136:238-46. [PMID: 17046021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The CTLA4 gene is important for T lymphocyte-mediated immunoregulation and has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, in particular, type 1 diabetes. To model the impact of natural genetic variants of CTLA4, we constructed RNA interference (RNAi) "knockdown" mice through lentiviral transgenesis. Variegation of expression was observed in founders but proved surmountable because it reflected parental imprinting, with derepression by transmission from male lentigenics. Unlike the indiscriminate multiorgan autoimmune phenotype of the corresponding knockout mice, Ctla4 knockdown animals had a disease primarily focused on the pancreas, with rapid progression to diabetes. As with the human disease, the knockdown phenotype was tempered by genetic-modifier loci. RNAi should be more pertinent than gene ablation in modeling disease pathogenesis linked to a gene-dosage variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33156, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|