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Atwater AR, Petty AJ, Liu B, Green CL, Silverberg JI, DeKoven JG, Belsito DV, Reeder MJ, Sasseville D, Taylor JS, Maibach HI, Zirwas MJ, Marks JG, Zug KA, Fowler JF, Pratt MD, DeLeo VA, Warshaw EM. Contact dermatitis associated with preservatives: Retrospective analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 1994 through 2016. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 84:965-976. [PMID: 33579596 PMCID: PMC8087451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservatives are often necessary components of commercial products. Large-scale North American studies on preservative allergy are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate demographics, positive patch test reactions (PPTRs), clinical relevance, and trends for preservatives tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch testing results of preservatives from 1994 through 2016. RESULTS A total of 50,799 patients were tested; 11,338 (22.3%) had a PPTR to at least 1 preservative. The most frequent reactions were to methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aqueous (aq) (12.2%), formaldehyde 2% aq (7.8%), formaldehyde 1% aq (7.8%), quaternium-15 2% petrolatum (pet) (7.7%), and methyldibromo glutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol 2% pet (5.1%). Paraben mix 12% pet (1%), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate 0.1% pet (0.4%), benzyl alcohol 1% pet (0.3%), and phenoxyethanol 1% pet (0.2%) had the lowest PPTRs. Linear regression analysis of preservatives tested showed that only methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 0.01% aq (parameter estimate, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.17-0.66; P < .005) had a significant increase in PPTRs over time. LIMITATIONS Collected variables are dependent on clinical judgment. Results may be prone to referral selection bias. CONCLUSIONS This large North American study provides insight on preservative PPTRs and trends from 1994 through 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Reck Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Amy J Petty
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Beiyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia L Green
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Medical School, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew J Zirwas
- Probity Medical Research, Dermatologists of the Central States, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James G Marks
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Joseph F Fowler
- Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Luu H, Mowitz M, Bruze M, Engfeldt M, Isaksson M, Svedman C. A comparative study between the two patch test systems Finn chambers and Finn chambers AQUA. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:290-298. [PMID: 33368411 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finn Chambers AQUA (FCA) is a development of the Finn Chambers (FC) test system in which the test chambers are mounted on a moisture-resistant adhesive patch. FCA has pre-fixed filter papers. Because the use of FCA does not require any extra taping or use of separate filter papers, a change from FC to FCA chambers may be beneficial for both patients and patch test technicians. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there are any differences regarding detection of contact allergy when simultaneous patch testing is performed with FC and FCA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Results from 434 dermatitis patients simultaneously tested with 10 allergens in both FC and FCA were evaluated. RESULTS There were no significant differences regarding detection of positive reactions between the two test systems. There were significantly more doubtful reactions to methylisothiazolinone, fragrance mix I and hydroperoxides of linalool when testing with FCA. We only observed significantly more doubtful reactions in FC regarding nickel(II)sulfate. Irritant reactions to formaldehyde were also significantly more common when using FCA. CONCLUSION The FC and FCA had good agreement in detection of positive reactions. However, the results including doubtful and irritant reactions justify further research regarding optimization of the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Luu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Patch Testing With Formaldehyde 2.0% (0.60 mg/cm2) Detects More Contact Allergy to Formaldehyde Than 1.0%. Dermatitis 2019; 30:342-346. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Comparison of Nickel Sulfate 2.5% and Nickel Sulfate 5% for Detecting Nickel Contact Allergy. Dermatitis 2019; 29:321-323. [PMID: 30422885 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nickel is among the most common contact allergens found on patch testing worldwide and, because of its ubiquitous nature in our environment, often has important implications for allergen avoidance strategies. In both North America and Europe, nickel positivity is found in approximately 20% of patients who undergo patch testing. Whereas in North America, nickel sulfate is typically tested at a concentration of 2.5%, in Europe, it is tested at a 5% concentration. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to assess the differences in patch test positivity to nickel sulfate 2.5% and 5%. METHODS We investigated 205 consecutive patients between September 2017 and February 2018 who were tested to nickel sulfate at concentrations of both 2.5% and 5%. RESULTS Among the 205 patients tested, 33% were positive (+, ++, or +++) to at least 1 concentration of nickel sulfate, 20% were positive to nickel sulfate 2.5%, and 31% were positive to nickel sulfate 5% (χ1(N = 205) = 16.1, P = 0.0001). Patients were 6.5 times more likely to have a positive reaction to nickel sulfate 5% than 2.5% (odds ratio 95% confidence interval, 2.3-25.6). CONCLUSIONS Given our findings, we propose an additional evaluation of nickel sulfate 5% as a standard allergen for patch testing in North America.
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Hamnerius N, Svedman C, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Bruze M, Engfeldt M, Pontén A. Hand eczema and occupational contact allergies in healthcare workers with a focus on rubber additives. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:149-156. [PMID: 29923205 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand eczema (HE) in healthcare workers (HCWs) is common. Besides wet work, healthcare work also implies exposure to contact allergens. OBJECTIVES To assess HE and contact allergy related to occupational exposures in HCWs. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 311 HCWs with HE within the preceding 12 months and a control group of 114 HCWs without HE were investigated with the baseline series and a special patch test series based on substances found in the gloves, soaps, alcoholic hand disinfectants and hand creams provided at the hospitals. RESULTS Contact allergy to rubber additives was significantly more common in HCWs with HE (6%) than in HCWs without HE (1%, P = .02). The corresponding percentages for fragrances were 11% and 3%, respectively (P = .004). Occupational HE was found in 193 of 311 (62%) HCWs. Of these, 22 of 193 (11%) had occupational allergic contact dermatitis, including 17 with glove-related rubber contact allergy. Contact allergy to diphenylguanidine was as common as contact allergy to thiurams. Occupational contact allergy to rubber additives was significantly associated with sick-leave related to HE. CONCLUSION Contact allergy to rubber additives in medical gloves is the most common cause of occupational allergic contact dermatitis in HCWs. Aimed patch testing with relevant rubber additives is mandatory when HE in HCWs is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hamnerius
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Fasth IM, Ulrich NH, Johansen JD. Ten-year trends in contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasers. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:263-269. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida M. Fasth
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, The National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nina H. Ulrich
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, The National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, The National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Copenhagen Denmark
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Shin EJ, Seo JK, Lee EJ, Lee ES, Shin MK. Diagnostic utility of skin autofluorescence when patch test results are doubtful. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:96-99. [PMID: 30055047 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard diagnostic test for allergic contact dermatitis is the patch test, which can also be used to identify irritant contact dermatitis. Doubtful reactions (?+) can be often clinically relevant to individuals and can require additional tests. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine whether autofluorescence (AF) measurements in patients with doubtful reactions are helpful in diagnosing contact dermatitis. METHODS Patients with a history of contact dermatitis were patch tested on the upper back for 48-hours of occlusion using aqueous solutions of 5% sodium lauryl sulfate. Reaction intensity was scored, and AF was measured on reactive lesions and non-lesions. Three dermatologists classified the results as positive or negative using the fluorescence photographs of patients with a doubtful reaction. RESULTS Among doubtful reactions, the R/G% values were significantly higher in the AF- based positive group than in the negative group (P = .0086). On the other hand, the heterogeneity values of R, G, and B (HR, HG, HB) were significantly lower in the AF-based positive group (P = .0026, .0046, .0004 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Measuring AF along with the clinical readings can help confirm doubtful patch test reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-J Shin
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-K Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - E J Lee
- Skin Research Center/DERMAPRO Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - E S Lee
- Skin Research Center/DERMAPRO Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - M K Shin
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Giménez-Arnau A, Deza G, Bauer A, Johnston G, Mahler V, Schuttelaar ML, Sanchez-Perez J, Silvestre J, Wilkinson M, Uter W. Contact allergy to preservatives: ESSCA* results with the baseline series, 2009-2012. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:664-671. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Deza
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - G.A. Johnston
- Department of Dermatology; Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester UK
| | - V. Mahler
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
| | - M.-L. Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Sanchez-Perez
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario La Princesa; Madrid Spain
| | - J.F. Silvestre
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Alicante Spain
| | - M. Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - W. Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
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10
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11
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Bruze M. Thoughts on how to improve the quality of multicentre patch test studies. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:168-74. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; S-205 02 Malmö Sweden
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12
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Hauksson I, Pontén A, Isaksson M, Hamada H, Engfeldt M, Bruze M. Formaldehyde in cosmetics in patch tested dermatitis patients with and without contact allergy to formaldehyde. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 74:145-51. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inese Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 20502 Malmö Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 20502 Malmö Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 20502 Malmö Sweden
| | - Haneen Hamada
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 20502 Malmö Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 20502 Malmö Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 20502 Malmö Sweden
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13
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Hauksson I, Pontén A, Gruvberger B, Isaksson M, Engfeldt M, Bruze M. Skincare products containing low concentrations of formaldehyde detected by the chromotropic acid method cannot be safely used in formaldehyde-allergic patients. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:371-9. [PMID: 26480304 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde is a well-known contact sensitizer. Formaldehyde releasers are widely used preservatives in skincare products. It has been found that formaldehyde at concentrations allowed by the European Cosmetics Directive can cause allergic contact dermatitis. However, we still lack information on whether formaldehyde at low concentrations affects dermatitis in formaldehyde-allergic individuals. OBJECTIVES To study the effects of low concentrations of formaldehyde on irritant contact dermatitis in formaldehyde-allergic individuals. METHODS Fifteen formaldehyde-allergic individuals and a control group of 12 individuals without contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers were included in the study. The individuals performed the repeated open application test (ROAT) during 4 weeks with four different moisturizers releasing formaldehyde in concentrations that had been determined as > 40, 20-40, 2·5-10 and 0 p.p.m. by the chromotropic acid (CA) spot test. Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin was used as a formaldehyde releaser in the moisturizers. The ROAT was performed on areas of experimentally induced sodium lauryl sulfate dermatitis. The study was double blind, controlled and randomized. RESULTS Nine of the 15 formaldehyde-allergic individuals had reappearance or worsening of dermatitis on the areas that were treated with moisturizers containing formaldehyde. No such reactions were observed in the control group (P < 0·001) or for the moisturizers without formaldehyde in the formaldehyde-allergic individuals (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the low concentrations of formaldehyde often found in skincare products by the CA method are sufficient to worsen an existing dermatitis in formaldehyde-allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Gruvberger
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
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15
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McFadden J, Basketter D, Dearman R, Puangpet P, Kimber I. The hapten-atopy hypothesis III: the potential role of airborne chemicals. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170:45-51. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.P. McFadden
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; King's College; St Thomas’ Hospital; London SE1 7EH U.K
| | | | - R.J. Dearman
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester U.K
| | | | - I. Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester U.K
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Pontén A, Goossens A, Bruze M. Recommendation to include formaldehyde 2.0% aqua in the European baseline patch test series. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:372-4. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; Malmö SE-20502 Sweden
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital, K.U. Leuven; Leuven, B-3000 Belgium
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; Malmö SE-20502 Sweden
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Wolf R, Orion E, Ruocco E, Baroni A, Ruocco V. Contact dermatitis: Facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:467-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pontén A, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, Andersen KE, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, Johansen JD, Le Coz CJ, Maibach HI, Rustemeyer T, White IR, Bruze M. Patch testing with 2.0% (0.60 mg/cm2) formaldehyde instead of 1.0% (0.30 mg/cm2) detects significantly more contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 68:50-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hauksson I, Pontén A, Gruvberger B, Isaksson M, Bruze M. Clinically relevant contact allergy to formaldehyde may be missed by testing with formaldehyde 1·0%. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:568-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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