1
|
Guglielmo A, Zengarini C, Agostinelli C, Motta G, Sabattini E, Pileri A. The Role of Cytokines in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma: A Focus on the State of the Art and Possible Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2024; 13:584. [PMID: 38607023 PMCID: PMC11012008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs), encompassing mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), present a complex landscape influenced by cytokines and cellular responses. In this work, the intricate relationship between these inflammatory proteins and disease pathogenesis is examined, focusing on what is known at the clinical and therapeutic levels regarding the most well-known inflammatory mediators. An in-depth look is given to their possible alterations caused by novel immunomodulatory drugs and how they may alter disease progression. From this narrative review of the actual scientific landscape, Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) emerges as a central player, demonstrating a dual role in both promoting and inhibiting cancer immunity, but the work navigates through all the major interleukins known in inflammatory environments. Immunotherapeutic perspectives are elucidated, highlighting the crucial role of the cutaneous microenvironment in shaping dysfunctional cell trafficking, antitumor immunity, and angiogenesis in MF, showcasing advancements in understanding and targeting the immune phenotype in CTCL. In summary, this manuscript aims to comprehensively explore the multifaceted aspects of CTCL, from the immunopathogenesis and cytokine dynamics centred around TNF-α and IFN-γ to evolving therapeutic modalities. Including all the major known and studied cytokines in this analysis broadens our understanding of the intricate interplay influencing CTCL, paving the way for improved management of this complex lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Guglielmo
- Institute of Dermatology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASUFC), 33100 Udine, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Zengarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Haematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pileri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Syrnioti A, Georgiou E, Patsatsi A, Dimitriadis D, Papathemeli D, Koletsa T. Immunohistochemical Evidence Linking Interleukin-22 Tissue Expression Levels to FOXP3+ Cells and Neutrophil Densities in the Mycosis Fungoides Microenvironment. Cureus 2023; 15:e46085. [PMID: 37900389 PMCID: PMC10611168 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data indicate that the cellular microenvironment and interleukins (IL) play a crucial role in mycosis fungoides (MF). We aimed to explore the potential association between the composition of the cellular microenvironment and the expression of IL-22 and IL-17A in MF skin lesions. METHODS The study encompassed 16 cases of MF of different stages, for which sufficient skin tissue for immunohistochemistry and frozen tissue for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, both taken from the same lesion, were available. Histological evaluation of eosinophils, neutrophils, CD20+, CD4+, CD8+, FOXP3+, CD56+, and CD1a+ cells was conducted. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of IL-22 and IL-17 mRNA were quantified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. SPSS version 28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS Among the cases examined, three were in the patch stage, eight in the plaque stage, and five in the transformation to high-grade large cell lymphoma (t-LCL). B-lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils were primarily observed in t-LCL cases. IL-22 levels displayed a significant association with IL-17A levels (Pearson's r = 0.961, p < 0.001), FOXP3+ cells (Pearson's r = 0.851, p < 0.001), and neutrophil density (Pearson's r = 0.586, p = 0.014). No correlation was detected between IL-17A levels and the evaluated subtypes of microenvironmental cells. CONCLUSION The microenvironment of MF lesions with t-LCL is noticeably different from early MF in terms of cellular composition. Histopathological identification of the cellular microenvironment may serve as an indicator of IL-22 tissue levels. These results implicate certain types of cells in IL-22 expression in the MF microenvironment and may contribute to advancing our knowledge on the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Syrnioti
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Elisavet Georgiou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Aikaterini Patsatsi
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Unit, 2nd Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Dimitrios Dimitriadis
- Department of Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Despoina Papathemeli
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Unit, 2nd Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun J, You R, Lyu B, Li X, Gao Y, Wen Y, Qu C, Wang Y. HLA-DR Helps to Differentiate Erythrodermic Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma from Erythrodermic Inflammatory Dermatoses in Flow Cytometry. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv5668. [PMID: 37526291 PMCID: PMC10413871 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of erythroderma is challenging in dermatology, especially in differentiating erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma from erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses. This study retrospectively reviewed the peripheral blood flow cytometric results of 73 patients diagnosed with erythroderma at Peking University First Hospital from 2014 to 2019. The flow cytometry antibody panel included white blood cell markers, T-cell markers, B-cell markers, T-cell activation markers, and T helper cell differentiation markers. Features of the cell surface antigens were compared between 34 patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and 39 patients with erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses. The percentage of HLA-DR+/CD4+T cells was the most pronounced marker to distinguish erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma from erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses, with a threshold of 20.85% (sensitivity 96.77%, specificity 70.37%, p = 0.000, area under the curve (AUC) 0.882), suggesting its potential capability in the differential diagnosis of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma from erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses. Moreover, in contrast to erythrodermic inflammatory dermatoses, the percentage of Th17 cells was significantly downregulated in erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (p = 0.001), demonstrating a dysregulated immune environment in erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Sun
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Ran You
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Beini Lyu
- Peking University Institute for Global Health and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yumei Gao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yujie Wen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Chenxue Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fahmy LM, Kwinta BD, Schreidah CM, Ferris LK, Geskin LJ. Topical Mechlorethamine for the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2023; 13:617-627. [PMID: 36543971 PMCID: PMC9884718 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease that significantly impacts patients' psychosocial wellbeing. Despite increasingly effective treatment options, the recurrence of plaques after discontinuation of therapy in many patients highlights the need for additional therapies. METHODS We report two cases of patients with concurrent psoriasis and mycosis fungoides who were treated with topical mechlorethamine (MCH). A literature review was performed by searching PubMed using the keywords psoriasis, mechlorethamine, chlormethine, and nitrogen mustard. RESULTS Both patients had significant improvement in their psoriasis following treatment with topical MCH gel, which was well tolerated and maintained clearance after 1 and 3 years of follow-up. Seven prospective cohort studies investigating the use of topical MCH were identified through literature review. Out of five studies reporting clinical outcomes by patient, 68 of 77 patients (88%) experienced an improvement in their psoriasis, with 47 of 77 (61%) achieving complete or near-complete clearance. The remaining two studies reported clinical outcomes by lesion, demonstrating improvement in 40 of 45 lesions (88%) and complete or near-complete clearance in 32 of 42 lesions (76%). Contact dermatitis was the most frequent adverse effect, observed in 56 of 125 patients (45%). CONCLUSIONS Topical MCH may be an option for patients with psoriasis who fail or have incomplete responses to other treatments. Published studies are limited by lack of standardized treatment regimens and well-defined outcome measures, highlighting the need for prospective clinical trials to better understand the utility of this topical agent in psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Fahmy
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley D Kwinta
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Celine M Schreidah
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura K Ferris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Larisa J Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matsuda Y, Ikeda S, Abe F, Takahashi Y, Kitadate A, Takahashi N, Wakui H, Tagawa H. Downregulation of miR-26 promotes invasion and metastasis via targeting interleukin-22 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1208-1219. [PMID: 35133054 PMCID: PMC8990290 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that certain microRNAs (miRNA) are associated with the pathogenesis of lymphoma. We have previously demonstrated that histone deacetylase inhibitors restore tumor-suppressive miRNAs, such as miR-16, miR-29, miR-150, and miR-26, in advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Among these, the function of miR-26 remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the function of miR-26 in CTCL oncogenesis. First, we confirmed that the miR-26 family was markedly dysregulated in CTCL cell lines and primary samples. In vivo analysis using miR-26a-transduced CTCL cells injected into immunodeficient NOG mice demonstrated the significant prolonged survival of the mice, suggesting that the miRNA had a tumor-suppressive function. We performed gene expression assays and identified 12 candidate miR-26 targets, namely RGS13, FAM71F1, OAF, SNX21, CDH2, PTPLB, IL22, DNAJB5, CASZ1, CACNA1C, MYH10, and CNR1. Among these, IL22 was the most likely candidate target because the IL-22-STAT3-CCL20-CCR6 cascade is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis of advanced CTCL. In vitro analysis of IL22 and IL22RA knockdown and miR-26 transduction demonstrated inhibited CTCL cell migration. In particular, IL22 knockdown induced cell apoptosis. Finally, we conducted in vivo inoculation analysis of mice injected with shIL22-transfected CTCL cells, and found no tumor invasion or metastasis in the inoculated mice, although the control mice showed multiple tumor invasions and metastases. These results, along with our previous data, demonstrated that miR-26 is a tumor suppressor that is associated with tumor invasion and the metastasis of advanced CTCL by regulating the IL-22-STAT3-CCL20 cascade. Therefore, a IL-22-targeting therapy could be a novel therapeutic strategy for advanced CTCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsuda
- Department of Life ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceAkita UniversityAkitaJapan
| | - Sho Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and RheumatologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Fumito Abe
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and RheumatologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Yuto Takahashi
- Department of Life ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceAkita UniversityAkitaJapan
| | - Akihiro Kitadate
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and RheumatologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and RheumatologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| | - Hideki Wakui
- Department of Life ScienceGraduate School of Engineering ScienceAkita UniversityAkitaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and RheumatologyAkita University Graduate School of MedicineAkitaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of PUVA and NB-UVB Therapy on the Skin Cytokine Profile in Patients with Mycosis Fungoides. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3149293. [PMID: 35237320 PMCID: PMC8885178 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3149293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The aim of the present study was to produce up-to-date information on different phototherapy approaches on skin cytokines in patients with MF. Methods. A total of 27 patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with phototherapy: NB-UVB (narrow‐band ultraviolet B therapy) (10 patients) and PUVA (long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation of spectrum A with the use of skin-photosensitizing furocoumarins) therapy (17 patients). Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment was carried out using BSA (body surface area) and the modified assessment of the severity of the skin lesions scale (mSWAT) used to quantify tumor mass in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Average numbers of procedures were 30.2 and 27.8 in the NB-UVB and PUVA groups, respectively. The median total dose of NB-UVB irradiation was 19.9 J/cm2 and PUVA therapy was 104.0 J/cm2. The overall response to therapy including complete and partial remission was 74.9% in the total group; 70% in the NB-UVB group, and 77.7% in the PUVA therapy group. In the obtained biopsies from lesions, surrounding tissue before treatment and skin samples of four healthy volunteers, the concentration of the IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L, and TNF-α cytokines was studied. An increase in IL-4 and TNF-α levels was shown in the lesional skin of patients compared to the skin of healthy controls. After the treatment, positive correlations of mSWAT with the levels of IL22, IL33, and TNF-α in the tumor tissue were found. The levels of IL10 and IFN-γ after PUVA treatment were increased in comparison to baseline. There was no difference in cytokine levels before/after NB-UVB therapy.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kołkowski K, Trzeciak M, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M. Safety and Danger Considerations of Novel Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis in Context of Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13388. [PMID: 34948183 PMCID: PMC8703592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of new and emerging therapies on the microenvironment of primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) has been recently raised in the literature. Concomitantly, novel treatments are already used or registered (dupilumab, upadacitinib) and others seem to be added to the armamentarium against atopic dermatitis. Our aim was to review the literature on interleukins 4, 13, 22, and 31, and JAK/STAT pathways in PCLs to elucidate the safety of using biologics (dupilumab, tralokinumab, fezakinumab, nemolizumab) and small molecule inhibitors (upadacitinib, baricitinib, abrocitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib) in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. We summarized the current state of knowledge on this topic based on the search of the PubMed database and related references published before 21 October 2021. Our analysis suggests that some of the mentioned agents (dupilumab, ruxolitinib) and others may have a direct impact on the progression of cutaneous lymphomas. This issue requires further study and meticulous monitoring of patients receiving these drugs to ensure their safety, especially in light of the FDA warning on tofacitinib. In conclusion, in the case of the rapid progression of atopic dermatitis/eczema, especially in patients older than 40 years old, there is a necessity to perform a biopsy followed by a very careful pathological examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kołkowski
- Dermatological Students Scientific Association, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Trzeciak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (M.T.); (M.S.-W.)
| | - Małgorzata Sokołowska-Wojdyło
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland; (M.T.); (M.S.-W.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lopez DV, Al-Jaberi FA, Damas ND, Weinert BT, Pus U, Torres-Rusillo S, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Bonefeld CM, Kongsbak-Wismann M, Geisler C. Vitamin D Inhibits IL-22 Production Through a Repressive Vitamin D Response Element in the il22 Promoter. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715059. [PMID: 34408754 PMCID: PMC8366496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Th22 cells constitute a recently described CD4+ T cell subset defined by its production of interleukin (IL)-22. The action of IL-22 is mainly restricted to epithelial cells. IL-22 enhances keratinocyte proliferation but inhibits their differentiation and maturation. Dysregulated IL-22 production has been associated to some inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. How IL-22 production is regulated in human T cells is not fully known. In the present study, we identified conditions to generate Th22 cells that do not co-produce IL-17 from naïve human CD4+ T cells. We show that in addition to the transcription factors AhR and RORγt, the active form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) regulates IL-22 production in these cells. By studying T cells with a mutated vitamin D receptor (VDR), we demonstrate that the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced inhibition of il22 gene transcription is dependent on the transcriptional activity of the VDR in the T cells. Finally, we identified a vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the il22 promoter and demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR directly inhibits IL-22 production via this repressive VDRE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. Lopez
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fatima A.H. Al-Jaberi
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nkerorema D. Damas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Brian T. Weinert
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Urska Pus
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sara Torres-Rusillo
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Kongsbak-Wismann
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|