Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Monoclonal Antibodies and Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Moderate-to-severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Patients' preferences for systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy count the most

BACKGROUND

The advent of biologics and janus kinase inhibitors has revolutionized treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).

OBJECTIVE

To investigate preferences of patients with AD for attributes of currently approved systemic treatments and assess influencing factors.

METHODS

An online discrete choice experiment was conducted in patients with AD throughout Germany to analyze preferences for outcome (probability of (almost) clear skin at week 16, probability of significant itch improvement, time to onset of itch relief and type of side effects) and process attributes (application method and frequency of laboratory tests).

RESULTS

Participants (n = 182, 75.3% female) considered side effects (Relative Importance Score (RIS): 31.2), (almost) clear skin (RIS: 24.2) and probability of itch improvement (RIS: 16.0) most important. Application method (RIS: 14.4), time to onset of itch relief (RIS: 7.4) and frequency of laboratory tests (RIS: 6.8) were less relevant. Preferences were significantly influenced by sex, age, psychiatric comorbidity, current therapy and health-related quality of life according to multivariate regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants attached great importance to safety and symptom control. However, preferences were also dependent on individual characteristics, underscoring the importance of personal counseling. Conjoined with medical considerations, patients' preferences have fundamental impact on shared decisions for treatment of AD.

Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Lebrikizumab, an IL-13 immunomodulator, has shown recommendable effectiveness and safety in clinical studies for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in adolescents and adults.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD through a meta-analysis.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched up to 8 August 2023. Randomized clinical trials of lebrikizumab treatment for moderate-to-severe AD were included by screening titles, abstracts, and papers.

Results

Five studies involving 1,551 patients with AD were identified. Pooled analysis revealed significant improvements in the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score (SMD = -0.527; 95% CI = [-0.617, -0.436]), Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) score (RR = 2.122; 95% CI = [1.803, 2.496]), Body Surface Area (BSA) score (SMD = -0.608; 95% CI = [-1.099, -0.118]), SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) score (SMD = -0.441; 95% CI = [-0.633, -0.250]). Moreover, Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale (P-NRS) score, Patient-oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) scores, Sleep-loss score and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores showed similar results. Adverse events (AEs) (RR = 0.984; 95% CI = [0.907, 1.068]) for lebrikizumab showed no statistically significant difference compared to placebo, with similar results for serious adverse events (SAEs) (RR = 0.748; 95% CI = [0.410, 1.364]).

Conclusion

This meta-analysis reveals that lebrikizumab has higher efficacy and safety in the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD, with the 250 mg Q2W dosage regimen appearing to be more advantageous.

JAK 1-3 inhibitors and TYK-2 inhibitors in dermatology: Practical pearls for the primary care physician

Guidelines for primary care clinicians on monitoring and safety guidelines regarding Janus kinase and tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions are often unclear. This review aims to provide the primary care physician with a review of clinically relevant and updated information regarding the monitoring and overall profile of these medications. To do so, a systematic review was conducted using the PubMed database and relevant Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug inserts from manufacturers. Janus kinase and tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors have recently gained FDA approval for the treatment of several inflammatory skin conditions including atopic dermatitis, plaque psoriasis, alopecia areata, and vitiligo. There is a known box warning associated with the Janus kinase inhibitors that create the need for monitoring and close follow-up while patients are undergoing these treatments. Although these medications are often prescribed by specialists, as their use becomes more prevalent and therapies continue to gain approval for the treatment of these commonly encountered conditions, it is important for the primary physician to be updated and aware of the current monitoring guidelines and safety profile for this class of medication. Both Janus kinase inhibitors and tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors display significant efficacy in the treatment of their approved conditions and research continues to move forward with the approval of more medications from these classes.

An Overview on Atopic Dermatitis, Oxidative Stress, and Psychological Stress: Possible Role of Nutraceuticals as an Additional Therapeutic Strategy

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Its etiology is multifactorial and, among the predisposing factors, a role is played by oxidative stress. Pollution, recurrent infections, and psychological stress contribute to oxidative stress, amplifying the production of proinflammatory cytokines and worsening barrier damage. There are various oxidative stress mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, AD often appears to be associated with psychological disorders such as alexithymia, depression, and anxiety due to severe itching and related insomnia, as well as social distress and isolation. The increasing incidence of AD requires the evaluation of additional therapeutic approaches in order to reduce the psychological burden of this condition. Our review aims to evaluate the role of some nutraceuticals in AD treatment and its related psychological comorbidities. The combination of some natural compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, isothiocyanates) with traditional AD treatments might be useful in improving the effectiveness of therapy, by reducing chronic inflammation and preventing flare-ups, and in promoting corticosteroid sparing. In addition, some of these nutraceuticals also appear to have a role in the treatment of psychological disorders, although the underlying oxidative stress mechanisms are different from those already known for AD.

Treatment of atopic dermatitis with upadacitinib: adcare single center experience

Introduction

The role of upadacitinib in the management of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis seems promising, but more data on its efficacy and safety are needed. This study endeavors to assess the practical impact and safety of upadacitinib in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, focusing on analyzing patient responses to the treatment.

Methods

In this study, adult patients diagnosed with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis received upadacitinib at daily doses of 15 mg or 30 mg, as prescribed by their attending physicians. The therapeutic efficacy of upadacitinib was meticulously assessed using established clinical metrics. Simultaneously, a comprehensive safety assessment was conducted through monthly monitoring, including the evaluation of potential effects of upadacitinib intake on hepatic function, lipid profile, and hematopoiesis using the pertinent laboratory tests.

Results

Sixteen participants were enrolled in the study. At 1month follow-up, there was a significant reduction in the mean Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score to 18.8 points, which further increased to 24 points at the 4-month mark. Additionally, 9 participants (56%) demonstrated an EASI-50 response after 1 month of treatment, with this response increasing to 9 participants (90%) after 4 months. Furthermore, enhanced therapeutic responses were observed at 4 months, with 6 patients (38%) achieving an EASI-75 response at 1month and 8 patients (80%) achieving this milestone at the 4-month follow-up. This study highlights the potential of upadacitinib as an effective treatment option for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. While it demonstrates improved symptom management, close monitoring for potential adverse events, particularly infections and the known risks of Janus kinase inhibitors, is essential. Further research is essential to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of upadacitinib.

A critical evaluation of suitability of tralokinumab for treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adolescents and adults

INTRODUCTION

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, intensely pruritic disease associated with significant patient burden. Recent advancements in AD pathogenesis have expanded its therapeutics pipeline. Tralokinumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds specifically Interleukin (IL)-13, inhibiting the downstream IL-13 signaling. Phase 3 clinical trials and some real-world studies showed that tralokinumab, as monotherapy or in combination with topical corticosteroids, is efficacious and safe in adult patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Similar results were reported in a phase 3 trial in adolescents (aged ≥12 years).

AREAS COVERED

We review the role of IL-13 in AD and discuss the value of tralokinumab for treating moderate-to-severe AD, comparing efficacy and safety results derived from clinical trials and real-life data.

EXPERT OPINION

The role of IL-13 in AD supports a targeted therapeutic approach. Tralokinumab has proven efficacious and well-tolerated in a large proportion of patients confirming its value for treating moderate-to-severe AD from age 12 years onwards; it quickly improves itching and can maintain a high-level of response over time; it can be administered with flexible dosing schedules. Future studies will further clarify the role of IL-13 pathway and which patients would be best suited to tralokinumab, shifting AD treatment into an era of precision medicine.

Comparative efficacy of systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis in adults

INTRODUCTION

Atopic dermatitis is a prevalent skin condition causing dry, pruritic, inflammatory skin lesions that can result in patient distress. Various emerging classes of therapy, including biologics and Janus kinase inhibitors, have been developed in recent years.

AREAS COVERED

A literature search of PubMed was conducted to explore existing literature and clinical trials. Treatment options and adverse effects were summarized by class and severity. JAK inhibitors and biologics are efficacious options for adults with severe atopic dermatitis. Using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) from 11 randomized control trials, the highest efficacy was seen with upadacitinib 30 mg with 70% of patients achieving EASI-75. Older, immune-inhibiting treatment options are still appropriate options to improve patient conditions. A meta-analysis of 39 randomized control trials concluded high dose cyclosporine is more effective at improving quality of life and itch when compared to azathioprine and methotrexate. Newly developed topical and systemic medications improve disease and itch severity and can be considered in patients without adequate control with their initial treatment regimen. Adverse effects must be considered when using the newer options, although major adverse events were not seen.

EXPERT OPINION

Current management options are efficacious, but adherence is required for any effect.

Patients' and Caregivers' Preferences for Mental Health Care and Support in Atopic Dermatitis

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has large mental health impacts for patients and caregivers, yet their preferences regarding how to relieve these impacts are poorly understood. Objective: To understand patients' and caregivers' preferences for AD-related mental health care and support. Methods: We surveyed 279 adult AD patients and 154 caregivers of children with AD across 26 countries regarding their AD-related mental health burden, preferred strategies for improving AD-related mental health, and experiences with mental health care in AD. Results: Caregivers reported significantly worse overall mental health (P = 0.01) and anxiety (P = 0.03) than adult patients when controlling for AD severity. Among adult patients, 58% selected treating the AD, 51% managing itch, 44% wearing clothing to cover up skin, 43% avoiding social situations, and 41% spending time alone, as strategies they felt would improve their own AD-related mental health. Caregivers selected managing itch and treating the AD most frequently for both their own (76% and 75%, respectively) and their children's (75% and 61%) mental health. Adult patients were less satisfied with mental health care from mental health providers versus nonmental health providers (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Effective AD management is the preferred method for improving mental health among patients as well as caregivers, who may experience the greatest mental health impacts. Self-care strategies should be considered in a shared decision-making approach.

Systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis (eczema): Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition with multiple systemic treatments and uncertainty regarding their comparative impact on AD outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to systematically synthesize the benefits and harms of AD systemic treatments.

METHODS

For the 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters AD guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and GREAT databases from inception to November 29, 2022, for randomized trials addressing systemic treatments and phototherapy for AD. Paired reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Random-effects network meta-analyses addressed AD severity, itch, sleep, AD-related quality of life, flares, and harms. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach informed certainty of evidence ratings. This review is registered in the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/e5sna).

RESULTS

The 149 included trials (28,686 patients with moderate-to-severe AD) evaluated 75 interventions. With high-certainty evidence, high-dose upadacitinib was among the most effective for 5 of 6 patient-important outcomes; high-dose abrocitinib and low-dose upadacitinib were among the most effective for 2 outcomes. These Janus kinase inhibitors were among the most harmful in increasing adverse events. With high-certainty evidence, dupilumab, lebrikizumab, and tralokinumab were of intermediate effectiveness and among the safest, modestly increasing conjunctivitis. Low-dose baricitinib was among the least effective. Efficacy and safety of azathioprine, oral corticosteroids, cyclosporine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, phototherapy, and many novel agents are less certain.

CONCLUSIONS

Among individuals with moderate-to-severe AD, high-certainty evidence demonstrates that high-dose upadacitinib is among the most effective in addressing multiple patient-important outcomes, but also is among the most harmful. High-dose abrocitinib and low-dose upadacitinib are effective, but also among the most harmful. Dupilumab, lebrikizumab, and tralokinumab are of intermediate effectiveness and have favorable safety.

Mechanism underlying polyvalent IgG-induced regulatory T cell activation and its clinical application: Anti-idiotypic regulatory T cell theory for immune tolerance

The regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a functionally defined subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system and maintain immune tolerance through suppression of the development of autoimmune responses to self-antigens and allergic reactions to external antigens. Reduction in the number or function of Treg cells has been suggested as a key immune abnormality underlying the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases. In vitro studies have demonstrated that purified polyvalent immunoglobulin G (IgG) from multiple healthy blood donors can exert immunomodulatory effects on Treg cells. Incubation of polyvalent human IgG with purified CD4+CD25high T cells increased the intracellular expression of interleukin (IL)-10. Intravenous administration of polyvalent human IgG induced significant expansions of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells and clinical improvements in patients with autoimmune diseases. In human clinical trials, intramuscular administration of autologous total IgG significantly increased the percentage of IL-10-producing CD4+ Treg cells in the peripheral blood of healthy subjects and provided significant clinical improvements in patients with atopic dermatitis. These results suggest a clinical usefulness of polyvalent IgG-induced activation of Treg cells in human subjects. This review proposes a new hypothesis for immune tolerance mechanism by integrating the pre-existing "idiotypic network theory" and "Treg cell theory" into an "anti-idiotypic Treg cell theory." Based on this hypothesis, an "active anti-idiotypic therapy" for allergic and autoimmune diseases using autologous polyvalent IgG (as immunizing antigens) is suggested as follows: (1) Intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of autologous polyvalent IgG produces numerous immunogenic peptides derived from idiotypes of autologous IgG through processing of dendritic cells, and these peptides activate anti-idiotypic Treg cells in the same subject. (2) Activated anti-idiotypic Treg cells secrete IL-10 and suppress Th2 cell response to allergens and autoimmune T cell response to self-antigens. (3) These events can induce a long-term clinical improvements in patients with allergic and autoimmune diseases. Further studies are needed to evaluate the detailed molecular mechanism underlying polyvalent IgG-induced Treg cell activation and the clinical usefulness of this immunomodulatory therapy for autoimmune and allergic diseases.

The efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab monotherapy for the management of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing disease. Few biologics are approved for moderate-to-severe AD, and novel interventions are emerging. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lebrikizumab, an IL-13 immunomodulator, as monotherapy vs. placebo in treating moderate-to-severe AD.

Methods

Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov registry (CT.gov) databases were systematically searched. We evaluated lebrikizumab vs. placebo and measured efficacy using Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Body Surface Area (BSA), and Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) change from baseline to week 16. Safety was evaluated by the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs), non-serious adverse events (NSAEs), and mortality. The risk of bias was investigated using the Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool.

Results

Three RCTs (n = 1,149) included 543 (47.25%) men vs. 606 (52.75%) women. Meta-analysis showed statistically significant improvement in EASI, IGA, and BSA. EASI75 at week 16 for all regimens was (RR = 2.62, 95% CI [2.06, 3.34], p < 0.00001) with the first regimen (500 mg loading dose then 200 mg every 2 weeks) showing the most significant improvement (RR = 3.02, 95% CI [2.39, 3.82], p < 0.00001). The pooled analysis of safety outcomes concluded that lebrikizumab did not correlate significantly with the incidence of SAEs, NSAEs, and mortality.

Conclusion

Overall, lebrikizumab showed a significant improvement in all efficacy outcomes. Additionally, it did not contribute to any significant incidence of SAEs, NSAEs, or mortality. The risk of bias in included RCTs was minor except in the randomization domain. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment of the outcomes ranged from low to high, but predominantly high certainty of evidence.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022362438.