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Li X, Liang S, Inokoshi M, Zhao S, Hong G, Yao C, Huang C. Different surface treatments and adhesive monomers for zirconia-resin bonds: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2024; 60:175-189. [PMID: 38938474 PMCID: PMC11208804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examined the efficacy of surface treatments and adhesive monomers for enhancing zirconia-resin bond strength. A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library yielded relevant in vitro studies. Employing pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analyses, 77 articles meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed. Gas plasma was found to be ineffective, while treatments including air abrasion, silica coating, laser, selective infiltration etching, hot etching showed varied effectiveness. Air abrasion with finer particles (25-53 µm) showed higher immediate bond strength than larger particles (110-150 µm), with no significant difference post-aging. The Rocatec silica coating system outperformed the CoJet system in both immediate and long-term bond strength. Adhesives containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) were superior to other acidic monomers. The application of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and silane did not improve bonding performance. Notably, 91.2 % of bonds weakened after aging, but this effect was less pronounced with air abrasion or silica coating. The findings highlight the effectiveness of air abrasion, silica coating, selective infiltration etching, hot etching, and laser treatment in improving bond strength, with 10-MDP in bonding agents enhancing zirconia bonding efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shengjie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Masanao Inokoshi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1–5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8549, Japan
| | - Shikai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang Hong
- Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chenmin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Cui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Fahimi MA, Azarbayejani S, Mohammadi-Bassir M. Comparing the effect of two polishing systems on surface roughness of feldspathic, lithium disilicate, and translucent zirconia ceramics after orthodontic bracket debonding: An in vitro study. Int Orthod 2024; 22:100923. [PMID: 39332084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2024.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Debonding of orthodontic brackets on ceramic restorations leave a rough surface which should be efficiently polished. In this study the effect of two diamond polishing systems (DPS), namely Optra Fine® (OF) and Diapol Twist® (DT) on surface roughness (SR) of feldspathic (F), lithium disilicate (LD), and translucent zirconia (TZ) ceramics assessed after bracket debonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety disc-shaped specimens fabricated from F, LD, and TZ ceramics and glazed (Gl). Ten glazed specimens of 3 ceramic types served as control (C) groups (n=30). Other 60 specimens were deglazed, and after specific surface preparation according to ceramic type, upper central incisor brackets were bonded. After debonding, the remaining adhesive composite removed with tungsten carbide bur and specimens randomly assigned into 6 groups. The nine experimental groups defined as: Glazed F specimens (C), Deglazed F specimens polished with DT, Deglazed F specimens polished with OF, Glazed LD specimens (C), Deglazed LD specimens polished with DT, Deglazed LD specimens polished with OF, Glazed TZ specimens (C), Deglazed TZ specimens polished with DT, Deglazed TZ specimens polished with OF. The SR assessed quantitatively by profilometry (Ra and Rz parameter) and qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative data were statistically analysed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS No significant difference found in SR of three glazed ceramic types (P=0.293 for Ra and P=0.473 for Rz). There was no significant difference of Ra between polished and glazed groups (P>0.05). However, difference in Rz was significant (P<0.05), and only TZ specimens could reach to the level of smoothness caused by glazing. CONCLUSIONS Both diamond polishing systems can efficiently reduce the surface roughness, despite of ceramic type. Optra Fine® system showed a superior performance than Diapol Twist® without significant difference. LIMITATIONS In this study only one brand of each ceramic type was investigated. This study was approved by Ethical Review Committee (IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1401.156).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Fahimi
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Azarbayejani
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Kwon TY, Han SH, Lee DH, Park JW, Kim YK. Effect of universal adhesive pretreatments on the bond strength durability of conventional and adhesive resin cements to zirconia ceramic. J Adv Prosthodont 2024; 16:105-114. [PMID: 38694193 PMCID: PMC11058350 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2024.16.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of three different universal adhesives (Single Bond Universal [SBU], All-Bond Universal [ABU], and Prime&Bond universal [PBU]) on the bonding durability of an adhesive (Panavia F 2.0, PF) and a conventional (Duo-Link, DL) resin cements to air-abraded zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rectangular-shaped zirconia specimens were prepared. The chemical composition and surface energy parameters of the materials were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and contact angle measurement, respectively. To evaluate resin bonding to the zirconia, all the bonding specimens were immersed in water for 24 h and the specimens to be aged were additionally thermocycled 10000 times before the shear bond strength (SBS) test. RESULTS The materials showed different surface energy parameters, including the degree of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. While the DL/CON (no pretreatment) showed the lowest SBS and a significant decrease in the value after thermocycling (P < .001), the PF/CON obtained a higher SBS value than the DL/CON (P < .001) and no decrease even after thermocycling (P = .839). When the universal adhesives were used with DL, their SBS values were higher than the CON (P < .05), but the trend was adhesive-specific. In conjunction with PF, the PF/SBU produced the highest SBS followed by the PF/ABU (P = .002), showing no significant decrease after thermocycling (P > .05). The initial SBS of the PF/PBU was similar to the PF/CON (P = .999), but the value decreased after thermocycling (P < .001). CONCLUSION The universal adhesive pretreatment did not necessarily show a synergistic effect on the bonding performance of an adhesive resin cement, whereas the pretreatment was beneficial to bond strength and durability of a conventional resin cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Han
- Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyung Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Rigos AE, Sarafidou K, Kontonasaki E. Zirconia bond strength durability following artificial aging: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:138-159. [PMID: 37274447 PMCID: PMC10238491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study systematically reviewed the literature regarding the bond strength durability of zirconia ceramics to resin-based luting cements after application of different bonding protocols and aging conditions. Electronic searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were performed for relevant literature published between January 1st 2015 and November 15th 2022. Ninety-three (93) English language in-vitro studies were included. The percentage of the mean bond strength change was recorded prior to and after artificial aging, and the weighted mean values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Bonding protocols were classified based on the combination of MDP/non-MDP containing cement/primer and surface pretreatment, as well as the level of artificial aging performed. Alumina sandblasting (SA) was identified as the most frequently used surface pre-treatment while an insufficient number of studies was identified for each category of alternative surface treatments. The combination of MDP cement with tribochemical silica coating (TSC) or SA yielded more durable results after aging, while the application of SA and TSC improved bond durability when a non-MDP cement and a non-MDP primer were used. TSC may lead to increased bond durability compared to SA, whereas MDP cements may act similarly when combined with SA or TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios E. Rigos
- Resident, Graduate Prosthodontics, Texas A&M School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Katia Sarafidou
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleana Kontonasaki
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Maletin A, Knežević MJ, Koprivica DĐ, Veljović T, Puškar T, Milekić B, Ristić I. Dental Resin-Based Luting Materials-Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4156. [PMID: 37896400 PMCID: PMC10610675 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As cementation represents the last stage of the work involved in making various indirect restorations (metal ceramic crowns and bridges, full ceramic crowns and bridges, inlays, onlays, and fiber posts), its quality significantly contributes to the clinical success of the therapy performed. In the last two decades, the demand for ceramic indirect restorations in everyday dental practice has considerably increased primarily due to the growing significance of esthetics among patients, but also as a result of hypersensitivity reactions to dental alloys in some individuals. In this context, it is essential to ensure a permanent and reliable adhesive bond between the indirect restoration and the tooth structure, as this is the key to the success of aesthetic restorations. Resin-based luting materials benefit from excellent optical (aesthetic) and mechanical properties, as well as from providing a strong and durable adhesive bond between the restoration and the tooth. For this reason, resin cements are a reliable choice of material for cementing polycrystalline ceramic restorations. The current dental material market offers a wide range of resin cement with diverse and continually advancing properties. In response, we wish to note that the interest in the properties of resin-based cements among clinicians has existed for many years. Yet, despite extensive research on the subject and the resulting continued improvements in the quality of these materials, there is still no ideal resin-based cement on the market. The manuscript authors were guided by this fact when writing the article content, as the aim was to provide a concise overview of the composition, properties, and current trends, as well as some future guidelines for research in this field that would be beneficial for dental practitioners as well as the scientific community. It is extremely important to provide reliable and succinct information and guidelines for resin luting materials for dental dental practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maletin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.J.K.); (D.Đ.K.); (T.V.); (T.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Milica Jeremić Knežević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.J.K.); (D.Đ.K.); (T.V.); (T.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Daniela Đurović Koprivica
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.J.K.); (D.Đ.K.); (T.V.); (T.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Tanja Veljović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.J.K.); (D.Đ.K.); (T.V.); (T.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Tatjana Puškar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.J.K.); (D.Đ.K.); (T.V.); (T.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Bojana Milekić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.J.K.); (D.Đ.K.); (T.V.); (T.P.); (B.M.)
| | - Ivan Ristić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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Fathpour K, Nili Ahmadabadi M, Atash R, Fathi AH. Effect of Different Surface Treatment Methods on the Shear Bond Strength of Resin Composite/Zirconia for Intra-oral Repair of Zirconia Restorations. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:809-817. [PMID: 36220116 PMCID: PMC10569880 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A durable resin/zirconia bond is essential for successful intra-oral repair of zirconia restorations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of two mechanical treatments followed by seven chemical treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, 280 zirconia blocks (Y-TZP) were either air-abraded or bur roughened and divided into seven experimental groups (n = 20) in terms of primer/resin application: 1) ZPP, Z-Prime Plus; 2) ZPP + GP, Z-Prime Plus followed by G-premio bond; 3) ZPP + ALB, Z-Prime Plus followed by All Bond Universal; 4) ZPP + CLRF, Z-Prime Plus followed by Clearfil SE Bond; 5)GP, G-Premio Bond 6) ALB, All Bond Universal; and 7) CLRF, Clearfil SE Bond. After composite bonding and storage in distilled water (24 hours), half of each group specimen (n = 10) were thermocycled. All specimens were subjected to shear force. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test (α = 0.05). RESULTS Significant reduction in SBS was observed in all groups after thermocycling(p < 0.05), except for the air-abraded ZPP + CLRF (p = 0.143). After aging, air-abraded CLRF exhibited the highest SBS (13.55 ± 7.8 MPa) and bur roughened ZPP showed the lowest SBS (1.16 ± 1.23 MPa). In the aged specimens, there was a significant difference between air abrasion and bur roughening in all groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Air-abrasion followed by application of adhesive (with/without prior primer application) is the most efficient technique for repair of veneered zirconia restorations with resin composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Fathpour
- Department of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, Dental Material Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Nili Ahmadabadi
- Department of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ramin Atash
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amir Hossein Fathi
- Dental Materials Research Center, Dental Prosthodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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A randomized clinical study of the performance of self-etching adhesives containing HEMA and 10-MDP on non-carious cervical lesions: A 2-year follow-up study. J Dent 2023; 130:104407. [PMID: 36621551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of HEMA and 10-MDP in the clinical performance of self-etching adhesives in the restoration of NCCLs during 2-years. MATERIALS AND METHODS 60 restorations were performed in 17 volunteers and randomized into three groups: G1 (n = 20) - Prime and Bond Universal (10-MDP); G2 (n = 20) - Optibond All-in-One (HEMA); and G3 (n = 20) - Clearfil SE (10-MDP and HEMA). No cavity preparation was performed. After 2 years, the restorations were evaluated using the modified USPHS criteria for retention, marginal adaptation/ staining, postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries. The results were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS All groups showed 100% retention rate, except G1, who lost two restorations (p > 0.05). Regarding marginal adaptation, G1 showed greater deficiency, as only eight restorations (40%) remained intact (p < 0.05). Regarding marginal staining, G1 and G2 showed higher rate, as only 12 restorations (65%) in each one were free of staining (p < 0.05). All groups showed similar results for postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The association of HEMA and 10-MDP monomers in the self-etching adhesives did not influence the clinical performance of the NCCL restorations with respect to retention, postoperative sensitivity, and incidence of secondary caries. However, positively influenced the marginal adaptation and marginal staining at the 2-year follow-up. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The association of HEMA and 10-MDP monomers in the self-etching adhesives positively influence the clinical performance of the NCCL restorations with respect to marginal adaptation and marginal staining.
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Evaluation of the Bond Strength of Self-Etching Adhesive Systems Containing HEMA and 10-MDP Monomers: Bond Strength of Adhesives Containing HEMA and 10-MDP. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:5756649. [PMID: 35722040 PMCID: PMC9205737 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5756649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the bond strength of self-etching adhesives containing HEMA and 10-MDP monomers. Twenty-four bovine teeth were divided into three groups. Two cylinders of composite resin were made in each tooth (n = 16): G1-Prime and Bond Universal (control); G2-OptiBond All-in-One (HEMA); and G3-Clearfil SE (10-MDP and HEMA). After 24-hour storage in distilled water, the specimens were fixed to a universal testing machine (Kratos Equipamentos Ltda.) for the microshear test at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. A qualitative analysis of the fracture pattern was also performed using scanning electron microscopy (500× magnification). The normality of sample data distribution was determined using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The results were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, and α level of 5% was used for the analysis. The results indicated a statistical difference (p > 0.05) between G3 (15.6080 MPa) and G2 (11.2180 MPa). No statistical difference was observed when G1 (14,6325 MPa) was compared with the other two groups. It was also observed that a mixed fracture pattern was predominant in all groups. The self-etching adhesive containing HEMA and 10-MDP monomers showed to be promising in increasing the bond strength between the dental substrate and the composite resin, whereas the adhesive containing only HEMA exhibited lower bond strength to dentin.
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Mezarina-Kanashiro FN, Bronze-Uhle ES, Rizzante FAP, Lisboa-Filho PN, Borges AFS, Furuse AY. A new technique for incorporation of TiO 2 nanotubes on a pre-sintered Y-TZP and its effect on bond strength as compared to conventional air-borne particle abrasion and silicatization TiO 2 nanotubes application on pre-sintered Y-TZP. Dent Mater 2022; 38:e220-e230. [PMID: 35750506 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the microshear bond strength of a resin cement to Y-TZP after different methods of TiO2 nanotubes (nTiO2) incorporation on pre-sintered Y-TZP surfaces. METHODS nTiO2 were synthesized and incorporated on Y-TZP slices as follows (n = 15): 1) nTiO2 mixed with isopropyl alcohol/manual application (MAl); 2) nTiO2 mixed with acetone/manual application (MAc); 3) nTiO2 mixed with isopropyl alcohol/high-pressure vacuum application (HPVAl); 4) nTiO2 mixed with acetone/high-pressure vacuum application (HPVAc). As controls, surfaces were sandblasted with Al2O3 (OX) or Rocatec silicatization (ROC). All ceramics were sintered after nTiO2 incorporation. Surface treatments of OX and ROC were made after sintering. Surfaces were characterized by confocal laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Resin composite cylinders (1.40 mm diameter and 1 mm height) were cemented with a resin cement, stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h and thermocycled for 10 000 cycles before microshear bond strength evaluation. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Games-Howell (α = 0.05), and fracture analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope. RESULTS EDS confirmed the presence of TiO2 on treated Y-TZP. The confocal analysis showed higher roughness for HPVAc and OX. There were significant differences between surface treatments (p < 0.001). HPVAl (22.96 ± 10.3), OX (34.16 ± 7.9) and ROC (27.71 ± 9.4) showed higher microshear bond strengths and were statistically similar (p > 0.05). MAC showed intermediary values, and HPVAc and MAl presented decreased bond strength, with a high percentage of premature debonding. CONCLUSION High-pressure vacuum application of nTiO2 mixed with isopropyl alcohol was able to produce bond strength values compared to conventional air abrasion and Rocatec silicatization. SIGNIFICANCE The infiltration of TiO2 nanostructures on the pre-sintered Y-TZP is an interesting approach that can improve bond strength without the need of sandblasting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Naoki Mezarina-Kanashiro
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Erika Soares Bronze-Uhle
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil; Department of Physics, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Fabio Antonio Piola Rizzante
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation at Medical University of South Carolina, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Ana Flavia Sanches Borges
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Adilson Yoshio Furuse
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
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Lührs A, Brachmann C, Jacker‐Guhr S. Dentin contamination during repair procedures: A threat to universal adhesives? Clin Exp Dent Res 2022. [PMCID: PMC9209802 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the influence of surface contamination during repair procedures with hydrofluoric acid, silane, or ammonium polyfluoride on the bond strength of universal adhesives to dentin using different etching modes before and after thermocycling. Materials and Methods Dentin surfaces of human molars were contaminated in different ways (silane, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium polyfluoride, and no pretreatment as control) followed by application of a universal adhesive (etch & rinse or self‐etch mode). After a composite build‐up was placed onto each tooth, sticks for the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test were sectioned. Half of the sticks were tested after water storage for 24 h, the other half after thermocycling (15,000 cycles, 5/55°C). The MTBS data were analyzed statistically by using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, one‐way analysis of variance, and Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The fracture patterns of all specimens were evaluated and analyzed using a χ2 test. Results Dentin contamination with a multifunctional silane does not influence microtensile bond strength irrespective of aging. Contamination with hydrofluoric acid or an ammonium polyfluoride primer leads to a significantly lower bond strength after aging, irrespective of the etch mode. Conclusion Dentin contamination with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium polyfluorides during repair procedures should be avoided, as they appear to decrease the bond strength of universal adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Katrin Lührs
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Cosima Brachmann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Research Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Silke Jacker‐Guhr
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
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Koko M, Takagaki T, Abd El-Sattar NEA, Tagami J, Abdou A. MDP Salts: A New Bonding Strategy for Zirconia. J Dent Res 2022; 101:769-776. [PMID: 35081830 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211070758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Durable resin-ceramic adhesion may influence the clinical success of ceramic restorations, which has been one of the challenging issues in dentistry. The present study assessed the bond strength and chemical interaction of 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), MDP+silane, and MDP-salt primers to alumina-blasted zirconia ceramic by tensile bond strength test, surface elemental composition with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, contact angle measurement, surface morphology with scanning electron microscopy, and surface topography with 3-dimensional confocal laser scanning microscope analyses. MDP-salt showed the highest tensile bond strength before and after thermocycling when compared with MDP and MDP+silane (P < 0.05). The measured contact angle values differed significantly (P < 0.001) in the order of MDP-salt > control (no chemical pretreatment) > MDP+silane > MDP. There was no difference in surface roughness (P = 0.317) and surface topography among all tested groups. Zirconia treated with MDP-salt showed phosphorus peaks in addition to zirconia and alumina peaks. MDP-salt has zirconia priming properties, which improves bonding performance to resin cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koko
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Dental Medicine Mandalay, Chanmyathazi, Mandalay, Myanmar.,Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Takagaki
- Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan
| | - N E A Abd El-Sattar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - J Tagami
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Abdou
- Division of Biomaterials, Prosthodontic Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Salman International University, El Tur, South Sinai, Egypt
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12
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Mohit KG, Lakha TA, Chinchwade A, Batul QA, Shaikh M, Kheur SM. Effects of surface modification techniques on zirconia substrates and their effect on bonding to dual cure resin cement - An in- vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2022; 22:179-187. [PMID: 36511029 PMCID: PMC9132501 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_298_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aims to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments of monolithic zirconia on the bond strength of resin to zirconia and, to explore alternative methods to improve this bonding. Settings and Design In-Vitro study. Materials and Methods Fifty rectangular sintered blocks of Yttria-stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal ceramics of dimensions were milled and sintered. These specimens were further divided into five groups (control, air abrasion, etching with primer application, air abrasion with primer application and novel glass infiltrated zirconia surface group), containing 10 samples each. The specimens were analyzed for surface roughness, tensile bond strength to resin cements, and adhesive and cohesive mode of failures. Statistical Analysis Used ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey test was perform to evaluate the significant differences in the mean values of the groups. Results Air-abraded samples showed the highest surface roughness (4.95 ± 0.65) (P < 0.05). The group with air abrasion followed by primer application showed the highest tensile bond strength (7.12 ± 0.69) (P < 0.05). The lowest surface roughness (0.638 ± 0.8093) and tensile bond strength (2.03 ± 0.58) was seen in samples that were subjected to etchant treatment followed by application of methacryloyloxydecyl di-hydrogen phosphate (MDP) primer. The changes in comparison to the control group were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Except Groups A (control) and C (etchant followed by primer), all other groups showed a cohesive failure. Conclusion Air abrasion of the zirconia surface with 50 μm alumina particles increases the surface roughness without damaging the surface. Air abrasion followed by MDP primer application is the recommended method of surface treatment to achieve superior bonding. Glass infiltration also showed promising results in terms of tensile bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Mohit
- Department of and Prosthodontics and Implantology, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. K. G. Mohit, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India. E-mail:
| | - Tabrez Amin Lakha
- Department of and Prosthodontics and Implantology, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aishwarya Chinchwade
- Department of and Prosthodontics and Implantology, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Qamri A. Batul
- Department of Prosthodontics, Implantology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohsin Shaikh
- Department of and Prosthodontics and Implantology, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Supriya M. Kheur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, D.Y. Patil Dental College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Investigations of silane-MDP interaction in universal adhesives: A ToF-SIMS analysis. Dent Mater 2021; 38:183-193. [PMID: 34952711 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to investigate whether the presence of silane in universal adhesives affects the functions of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) and adhesion to zirconia. METHODS Two silane-containing universal adhesives (Scotchbond Universal (SBU) and Clearfil Universal-Bond (CUB)) and two silane-free adhesives (All-Bond Universal (ABU) and SE-Bond primer (SE)) were individually applied on zirconia disks. Time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) examined the distributions of MDP- and silane-related ions, as well as evidence of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) compounds, on the surface and interfacial regions using a depth profiling mode. The hydrophilicity and resin wettability of the treated zirconia were examined using a contact angle test. For the shear bond strength (SBS) test, the zirconia disks were air-blasted, treated with the assigned adhesives, and bonded with pre-cured composite cylinders using a resin cement. These resin-zirconia assemblies received a bond test after 24-h storage. RESULTS Both SBU and CUB exhibited silane-related ions and ZrO2(OH)-, but fewer PO- ions in the interfacial regions. CUB had more siloxane-related ions. SE-treated zirconia had abundant PO- ions and particularly high PO3-- and ZrP- related ions in the interfacial regions. The silane-free adhesives exhibited a higher affinity to both water and adhesive liquids. SE showed significantly higher SBSs compared to ABU, while SBU and CUB were not statistically different. SIGNIFICANCE The silane content may cause hydroxylation of zirconia and affect MDP adsorption. An acidic pH accelerated the condensation of silanol. The bond performance of the MDP-based adhesive could be influenced by the silane content and other components.
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14
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Khanlar LN, Abdou A, Takagaki T, Mori S, Ikeda M, Nikaido T, Zandinejad A, Tagami J. The effects of different silicatization and silanization protocols on the bond durability of resin cements to new high-translucent zirconia. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:3547-3561. [PMID: 34859327 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different silicatization protocols with various silane treatment methods on the bond performance to high-translucent zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-translucent zirconia specimens were assigned to five groups according to mechanical surface pretreatment: as-sintered (Con), 0.2 MPa alumina sandblasting (AB2), tribochemical silica coating (TSC), 0.2 and 0.4 MPa glass bead air abrasion (GB2) and (GB4). Each group was subjected to 4 different cementation protocols: Panavia SA Universal (SAU), Panavia SA plus (SAP), silane + SAP (S-SAP), and Universal adhesive + SAP (U-SAP). Tensile bond strength (TBS) was measured after 24 h and 10,000 thermocycling (TC). Surface topography, surface energy, and elemental composition of the abraded zirconia surface analyses were completed. TBS data was analyzed using the Weibull analysis method. Surface roughness and surface energy were compared by one-way ANOVA analysis of variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS After 24 h, higher TBS was achieved with all cementation protocols in AB2 and TSC, also, in GB2 with all protocols except U-SAP, and in GB4 with SAU and S-SAP. After aging, GB4/S-SAP, GB2/S-SAP, AB2/U-SAP, and TSC/S-SAP showed the highest bond strength. GB groups showed the lowest surface roughness and highest surface energy. CONCLUSION Glass bead abrasion achieved the durable bond strength to high-translucent zirconia using a separate silane coupling agent while altered surface chemistry, surface energy, and roughness without effect on morphology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Glass bead air abrasion is an alternative to alumina sandblasting and tribochemical silica coating and improves bond strength to high translucent zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Nasiry Khanlar
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Abdou
- Prosthodontic Dentistry Department, Division of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, King Salman International University, El Tur, 46511, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Tomohiro Takagaki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Hozumi 1851, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, S4-501, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masaomi Ikeda
- Oral Prosthetic Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Toru Nikaido
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Hozumi 1851, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
| | - Amirali Zandinejad
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Junji Tagami
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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15
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Karadas M. Do universal adhesives provide the benefits from double-application or an extra bonding layer in composite repair? Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1363-1370. [PMID: 34811843 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the application of extra hydrophobic resin (EHR) or double layer (DL) improves microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of two universal adhesives to composite resin. Composite blocks were fabricated and exposed to thermal cycles. The specimens were horizontally sectioned into two halves. Scotch Bond Universal (SBU) and Clearfil S3 Bond Universal (CSBU) were applied to the ground composite surface according to the manufacturers' instructions, or with DL application or EHR application. The repair composite was incrementally placed to bonded planes. Composite sticks were achieved and tensed with a universal testing machine, followed by examining the fracture surfaces by a scanning electron microscope. Data were evaluated by Weibull analysis (shape and scale [σθ and σ0.10 ] parameters) using the maximum likelihood method. The σθ and σ0.10 , respectively, estimate strength at 63.2 and 10% probability of failure. Shape parameter values showed significant differences among treatments. DL application of CSBU did not affect μTBS values at σθ of failure but caused to decrease μTBS values at σ0.10 of failure. DL application of SBU reduced μTBS values at σθ of failure. DL or EHR coating did not improve μTBS of SBU. EHR application increased μTBS of CSBU, whereas DL application did not benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Karadas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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16
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Almaskin D, Alzaher ZA, Qaw M, Al-Thobity AM, Alshahrani A, Alsalman A, Akhtar S, Shetty AC, Gad MM. The Bond Strength of a Universal Adhesive System with Silane to Lithium Disilicates in Comparison with an Isolated Silane Coupling Agent. J Prosthodont 2021; 31:512-520. [PMID: 34626145 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different durations of silane coupling agent application compared to a universal adhesive system regarding the shear bond strength of two ceramic materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 human molars were ground to the dentinal coronal third and then fixed into an acrylic resin holder. Lithium disilicate specimens were divided into two main groups according to the ceramic type: computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing IPS e.max CAD and heat-pressed Initial LiSi Press GC (dimensions of 4 × 3× 3 mm). Each main group was subdivided into 6 subgroups (n = 10) according to the duration of the silane and universal adhesive system application (20, 60, or 120 seconds) on the ceramic surface before cementation; then, the cementation procedures were performed. All specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles at 5 and 55°C before testing. The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test multiple comparisons tests were conducted (α = 0.05). RESULTS The shear bond strength increased as the duration of the silane and universal adhesive system application increased. The highest bond value for each material was found for the silane application at 120 seconds, with a significant difference between 120 and 60, and 20 seconds for both e. max CAD and Initial LiSi materials (p = 0.029 and p ˂ 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was found between 60 and 20 seconds when silane and universal adhesive system were applied for both e. max CAD and Initial LiSi materials (p = 0.169 and p = 0.120, respectively). All groups treated with the silane primer showed significantly higher values than the universal adhesive system for each application time (p ˂ 0.001). CONCLUSION Increasing the duration of the silane coupling agent and universal adhesive system application to 120 seconds on the ceramic surface before cementation improved the shear bond strength of the ceramic-cement interface. Ceramic pretreatment with silane could be an essential step for bonding ceramic to dentin regardless of silane presence in the universal adhesive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danah Almaskin
- Fellowship Program in Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahra A Alzaher
- Fellowship Program in Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoumah Qaw
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad M Al-Thobity
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alshahrani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Alsalman
- Consultant of Prosthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Armed Forced Hospital Dhahran, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwin C Shetty
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Costa SO, Lima SNL, Nassif MV, Millan Cardenas AF, Tavarez RRDJ, Lima DM, Bandeca MC. Evaluation of the Bond Strength of Densely Sintered Ceramics Subjected to Extended Firing. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:371-377. [PMID: 34512033 PMCID: PMC8420077 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s247610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Critical failures in ceramic materials can be caused by the processing mode, which includes all steps taken in the manufacture of a ceramic part, from molding to firing. Purpose To evaluate the effect of extended firing on bond strength in densely sintered ceramics of the zirconium reinforced lithium silicate, lithium disilicate, and feldspathic ceramic. Materials and Methods Three types of ceramics were evaluated: zirconium reinforced lithium silicate, lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic. A total of 6 ceramic blocks, two for each material were used in the study. Each block was cut into four square sections. A total of 24 ceramic surfaces were randomly distributed into 6 groups (n = 4 surfaces per group) divided according to the variables: heat treatment: conventional firing or extended firing; test time: immediate (24 hours after cementation) or longevity (after 1000 cycles of thermocycling). The bond strength tests were performed in a semi-universal test machine for microshear bond strength. For data analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to evaluate the normality between the groups measured, and regarding homoscedasticity (homogeneity of variances) by the Bartlett test. The comparisons between the groups were made using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results There was no statistically significant difference of the resistance values in relation to the thermal treatment methods (conventional firing and extended firing) in any ceramic group (p <0.05). Among the times (immediate and long), there was a statistically significant difference (p <0.05), with higher resistance values for immediate time. Conclusion Extended firing did not influence the micro-shear bond strength of zirconium reinforced lithium silicate, lithium disilicate, feldspathic ceramic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Oliveira Costa
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry, CEUMA University, São Luis, Maranhão, 65075-120, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Victória Nassif
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry, University of Tuiuti of Paraná, Curitiba, 82010-330, Brazil
| | | | | | - Darlon Martins Lima
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Matheus Coelho Bandeca
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry, University of Tuiuti of Paraná, Curitiba, 82010-330, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
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Wawrzynkiewicz A, Rozpedek-Kaminska W, Galita G, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Lapinska B, Sokolowski J, Majsterek I. The Toxicity of Universal Dental Adhesives: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162653. [PMID: 34451192 PMCID: PMC8400476 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus in the literature regarding the potential toxicity of universal dental adhesives (UDA). Being used in close proximity to the pulp, their biocompatibility should be an important factor in dental research. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of UDA in an in vitro model. The study was performed using a monocyte/macrophage peripheral blood SC cell line (ATCC CRL-9855) on four specific UDA, namely: All-Bond Universal (Bisco); CLEARFIL Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray); G-Premio BOND (GC); Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE). The cytotoxicity of the investigated UDA was measured using the XTT colorimetric assay. The genotoxicity of the analyzed compounds was evaluated using an alkaline version of the comet assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry (FC) apoptosis detection was performed using the FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I. FC cell-cycle arrest assessment was performed using propidium iodide staining. The study observed significant differences in the toxicity of the UDA that were tested, as G-Premio BOND showed significant in vitro toxicity in all of the tests performed, while All-Bond Universal, CLEARFIL Universal Bond Quick and Single Bond Universal did not present any significant toxic effects toward SC cell line. The in vitro toxicity of UDA should be taken into consideration prior to in vivo and clinical studies. The flow cytometry could improve the accuracy of dental materials research and should be incorporated into the standardization criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
| | - Wioletta Rozpedek-Kaminska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Galita
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
| | - Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.-S.); (B.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Barbara Lapinska
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.-S.); (B.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jerzy Sokolowski
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.-S.); (B.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.); (W.R.-K.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-5300
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Do Chemical-Based Bonding Techniques Affect the Bond Strength Stability to Cubic Zirconia? MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143920. [PMID: 34300836 PMCID: PMC8305836 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of chemical-based adhesive techniques on promoting immediate and aged bond strength between zirconia and luting cement. A total of 128 discs of zirconia were divided into 4 groups (n = 32) according to the adhesive treatment: tribochemical silica-coating followed by silane (Silane Primer, Kerr) and bonding (Optibond FL, Kerr), Signum Zirconia Bond (Hereaus), Z-Prime Plus (Bisco), and All-Bond Universal (Bisco). Composite cylinders were cemented on the zirconia sample with Duo-Link Universal (Bisco). Eight specimens per group were subjected to 10,000 thermocycles and subsequently bond strength was tested with shear-bond strength test. ANOVA test showed that artificial aging significantly affected the bond strength to zirconia. Bonferroni test highlighted a significant influence of adhesive treatment (Signum) on bond strength after thermocycling. It was concluded that 10-MDP-based bonding systems showed no improvement in initial bond strength compared with tribochemical treatment. All chemical bonding techniques tested in this study were influenced by thermocycling.
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20
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Sato T, Takagaki T, Hatayama T, Nikaido T, Tagami J. Update on Enamel Bonding Strategies. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.666379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal strategies for the application of an adhesive differ between enamel and dentin because of the differences in their composition. The development of adhesive systems has mainly focused on the bonding of dentin, rather than on the enamel, by etching with phosphoric acid (PA). Dental adhesive technologies continue to rapidly advance, and various adhesive systems have been developed since the study of Buonocore in 1955. He introduced the enamel acid-etch technique. Then, the etch-and-rinse (ER) system was developed, and subsequently, the self-etch (SE) system. Universal adhesives are a new generation of one-bottle SE adhesives that can be applied with either ER mode or SE mode, or a combined system involving selective enamel etching mode. Since the combination of PA etching and the SE system differs from conventional ER systems, the enamel bonding strategy should be carefully considered. This concise review of the literature on reliable enamel bonding strategies should prove helpful to clinicians to choose an appropriate adhesive system to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.
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Behera R, Mishra L, Divakar DD, Al-Kheraif AA, Singh NR, Lukomska-Szymanska M. The One-Year In Vivo Comparison of Lithium Disilicate and Zirconium Dioxide Inlays. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113102. [PMID: 34198824 PMCID: PMC8200959 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the one-year clinical performance of lithium disilicate (LD) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) class II inlay restorations. Thirty healthy individuals who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled for the study. The patients were randomly divided into two study groups (n = 15): LD (IPS e.max press) and ZrO2 (Dentcare Zirconia). In the ZrO2 group, the internal surfaces of the inlays were sandblasted and silanized with Monobond N (Ivoclar, Leichsteistein, Germany). In the LD group, the internal surfaces of the inlays were etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid. The ceramic inlays were cemented with self-cure resin cement (Multilink N). Clinical examinations were performed using modified United State Public Health Codes and Criteria (USPHS) after 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 months and 1 year. The one-year survival rate was evaluated. In total, one failure was observed in the ZrO2 group. The survival probability after 1 year for the ZrO2 inlays was 93%, and for the LD inlays was 100%, which was statistically insignificant. The differences between both groups for most USPHS criteria (except for colour match) were statistically insignificant. Within the imitations of the present study, the lithium disilicate- and zirconia dioxide-based inlays exhibited comparable clinical performances. However, the colour and translucency match was superior for the lithium disilicate restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Behera
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ’O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar P.O. Box 751003, India; (R.B.); (L.M.); (N.R.S.)
| | - Lora Mishra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ’O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar P.O. Box 751003, India; (R.B.); (L.M.); (N.R.S.)
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Department of Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 10219, Saudi Arabia; (D.D.D.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Department of Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 10219, Saudi Arabia; (D.D.D.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Naomi Ranjan Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ’O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar P.O. Box 751003, India; (R.B.); (L.M.); (N.R.S.)
| | - Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
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22
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Bunz O, Kalz P, Benz CI, Naumova EA, Arnold WH, Piwowarczyk A. Cold Atmospheric Plasma Improves Shear Bond Strength of Veneering Composite to Zirconia. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9060059. [PMID: 34064262 PMCID: PMC8224273 DOI: 10.3390/dj9060059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chipping of veneering is the most common clinical complication for zirconia restorations. Veneering composite could be a promising alternative to renew restorations. Zirconia discs (3-YSZ) were prepared with varying surface treatments and bonded to indirect composite as follows: air abrasion and Scotchbond Universal (A/SU); air abrasion and Clearfil Ceramic Primer (A/C); air abrasion and MKZ Primer (A/M); air abrasion and Monobond Plus (A/MP); silica-coating and Scotchbond Universal (S/SU); air abrasion (AP/SU), additional cold atmospheric plasma treatment, and Scotchbond Universal. An indirect composite material was then applied to the zirconia specimens. Specimens were divided into subgroups for short-term (14 days storage at 37 °C and 5000 thermal cycles) and long-term (250 days storage and 37,500 thermal cycles) artificial aging. Shear bond strength measurement (SBS) was performed, and data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis-test and multiple comparison testing with Dunn’s correction (p ≤ 0.05). The median SBS values (MPa) of short- and long-term artificial aging were: 3.09/1.36 (A/SU); 0.77/1.43 (S/SU); 2.82/2.15 (AP/SU); 1.97/1.80 (A/C); 2.01/1.58 (A/M); and 1.70/1.68 (A/MP). For short-term artificial aging A/SU showed the highest median SBS values, whereas in the long-term trial, AP/SU showed the highest values and the difference was significant. A prolonged artificial aging decreased SBS in all groups, except S/SU. In summary, treatment with CAP can improve SBS in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Bunz
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (C.I.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paul Kalz
- Private Practice, 45128 Essen, Germany;
| | - Carla I. Benz
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (C.I.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Ella A. Naumova
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (E.A.N.); (W.H.A.)
| | - Wolfgang H. Arnold
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (E.A.N.); (W.H.A.)
| | - Andree Piwowarczyk
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (C.I.B.); (A.P.)
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Shin Y, Kim Y, Cho BH. Flexural test as an alternative to tensile test for bond strength of resin cement to zirconia. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104525. [PMID: 33892335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been a great many technical difficulties in measuring the bond strengths between brittle dental substrates and materials, especially in preparing specimens. This study evaluated the validity of the relatively easy flexural bond strength (FBS) test in measuring bond strength of resin cement to zirconia as an alternative to the cumbersome tensile bond strength (TBS) and micro-tensile bond strength (MTBS) tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS The FBS and TBS of resin cement to zirconia were measured experimentally after three surface treatments on a zirconia ceramic: air abrasion only (A), conditioning with Single Bond Universal (U) after air abrasion, and conditioning with Z-Prime Plus (Z) after air abrasion. The data were investigated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Weibull statistics, and a theoretical simulation. RESULTS In both the FBS and TBS tests, the experimental data were consistent and quantitatively similar. First, according to ANOVA, the U group showed the highest bond strengths in both tests, followed by the Z group and the A group. In each surface treatment group, the FBS was always higher than the TBS. Second, the Weibull fitting showed the same order of strength in both tests (A < Z < U) and in all surface treatment groups (FBS > TBS). Third, the theoretical ratios calculated from the Weibull moduli agreed well with the experimental ratios of the FBS to the TBS. CONCLUSION The FBS test can be an alternative to the TBS and MTBS tests in measuring the bond strength of brittle resin cement to zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Shin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Research Institute of Marine Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea; Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Technology-leading Open Platform for Dental Instrumentation, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Elraggal A, Silikas N. Effect of Air-Abraded Versus Laser-Fused Fluorapatite Glass-Ceramics on Shear Bond Strength of Repair Materials to Zirconia. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061468. [PMID: 33802778 PMCID: PMC8002453 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zirconia repair could be a feasible alternative option to total replacement in fractured zirconia-based restorations. Maximising the bond strength by enriching zirconia with fluorapatite glass-ceramics (FGC) powder has been addressed and compared to other surface treatments. Besides resin composite, other repair materials have been proposed and compared. Zirconia blocks received different surface treatments (A-sandblasting with tribochemical silica-coated alumina (CoJet). B-sandblasting with FGC powder (FGC), C-fluorapatite glass-ceramic coat+ neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation (FGC + Nd: YAG), and D-no surface treatment). The surface roughness, topography, and crystallinity were investigated by a profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, respectively. For each surface treatment, three repair materials (feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate, and resin composite) were bonded to zirconia with 10, Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-Monobond Plus/ Multilink Automix. Bonded specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles and tested for shear bond strength (SBS) at a speed of 1 mm/min, followed by the analysis of the mode of failure. FGC + Nd: YAG laser group reported the highest surface roughness and monoclinic content compared to CoJet, FGC, and control groups. The highest mean SBS was found in FGC-blasted zirconia, followed by FGC + Nd: YAG laser and CoJet treated groups. However, the lowest SBS was found in control groups regardless of the repair material. Sandblasting zirconia with FGC powder increased SBS of resin to zirconia with lower monoclinic phase transformation compared to FGC + Nd: YAG or CoJet groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaaeldin Elraggal
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1145096263
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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Gutierrez MF, Perdigão J, Malaquias P, Cardenas AM, Siqueira F, Hass V, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Effect of Methacryloyloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate–Containing Silane and Adhesive Used Alone or in Combination on the Bond Strength and Chemical Interaction With Zirconia Ceramics Under Thermal Aging. Oper Dent 2020; 45:516-527. [DOI: 10.2341/18-093-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical Relevance
Achieving durable bonding to zirconia is fundamental for the application of a methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)–containing silane solution or an MDP-containing silane solution associated with an MDP-containing universal adhesive.
SUMMARY
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)–containing silane coupling agent and universal adhesive, used alone or in combination, on the microshear bond strength (μSBS) to zirconia after 24 hours of water storage (24h) and after 10,000 thermocycles (TC), complemented with chemical analysis of the surface to establish the presence of MDP on the surface of the zirconia after bonding procedures.
Methods and Materials: Thirty computer-aided design/computed-aided manufacturing blocks of zirconia were cut into four sections (6×6×6 mm) and sintered. Zirconia sections (n=96) were assigned to 24 groups according to three factors: 1) silane (no silane, Monobond S [MBS], Monobond P [MB+]), 2) adhesive + resin cement (no adhesive + Enforce [ENF], no adhesive + RelyX Ultimate [REX], Prime&Bond Elect + Enforce [PBE/ENF], Scotchbond Universal + RelyX Ultimate [SBU/REX]), and 3) thermocycling (no thermocycling [24h], 10,000 thermocycles [TC]). Upon silane/adhesive application, cylinder-shaped matrices were filled with resin cement and light cured. Specimens were tested in μSBS (1.0 mm/min) after 24h or TC. The μSBS data were analyzed using twoway ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α=0.05). In addition, micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the zirconia surface for immediate chemical interaction analysis (n=24).
Results: For the 24h condition, PBE/ENF resulted in lower mean μSBS than both groups with silane without PBE (MBS and MB+ groups; p<0.001). SBU alone or MB+ alone and MB+ associated with SBU showed the highest mean μSBS (p<0.001). For the TC condition, all groups showed a significant decrease in mean μSBS compared with those of 24h (p<0.001), with the exception of MB+ associated to SBU (p>0.05). However, the application of MB+ alone or MB+ associated to SBU resulted in higher mean μSBS (p<0.001) after TC than the remaining TC groups. In terms of chemical interaction, only the SBU groups, alone or combined with both of the silane agents, were associated with the methacrylate groups after rinsing.
Conclusions: The results of the current study support the use of an MDP-containing silane solution or an MDP-containing silane solution associated with an MDP-containing universal adhesive for bonding to air-abraded zirconia, as a more stable bonding after thermocycling.
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Yoshida K. Effect of 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate Concentrations in Primers on Bonding Resin Cements to Zirconia. J Prosthodont 2020; 30:356-362. [PMID: 32896068 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) concentration in primers on bonding of resin cements to zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Highly translucent partially stabilized zirconia plates were bonded to stainless steel rods using one of 3 commercially available resin cements without adhesive functional monomers and without air-abrasion. Ten specimens of each resin cement group were pretreated with one of the primers containing 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 wt% of MDP dissolved in ethanol, or one of 3 commercial ceramic primers containing MDP and silane coupling agents. Untreated specimens were used as controls. The tensile bond strength was measured after 24 hours (TC0) and after thermal cycling at 4 to 60°C (TC3,500). Data were statistically analyzed using 1- or 2-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS The mean tensile bond strength in the unpretreated group was significantly lower compared to that in the pretreated groups with MDP-containing primers regardless of the resin cement used (p < 0.0001). The tensile bond strengths increased with an increase in MDP concentration from 0.5 wt% to 3.0 wt% or 4.0 wt%. Pretreated groups with 4.0-wt% MDP-containing primer showed significantly higher tensile bond strengths than pretreated groups with commercial ceramic primers regardless of the resin cement used and thermal cycling (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Primers containing 4.0-wt% MDP achieved higher bond strengths of resin cements to zirconia compared to commercial ceramic primers containing MDP and silane coupling agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yoshida
- Clinic of Fixed Prosthodontics, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Atalay C, Uslu A, Yazici AR. Does laser etching have an effect on application mode of a universal adhesive?-A microleakage and scanning electron microscopy evaluation. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:125-132. [PMID: 32852126 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the microleakage of a universal adhesive's different application modes incorporated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser on Class V resin composite restorations. Sound human molar teeth (n = 30) were used for microleakage evaluations. Specimens with 60 standardized Class V cavities were divided into five groups according to the adhesive modes of universal adhesive, Adhese Universal (n = 12). Group 1-etch-and-rinse mode with phosphoric acid; Group 2-etch-and-rinse mode with Er,Cr:YSGG laser; Group 3-selective-etch mode with phosphoric acid; Group 4-selective-etch mode with Er,Cr:YSGG laser; Group 5-self-etch. After restorations were performed with a resin composite, Tetric N-Ceram, the specimens were polished and subjected to thermocycling (10,000X). Following immersion in 0.5% basic fuschin for a day, the teeth were sectioned and the degree of microleakage was determined along the tooth-resin composite interface using a light microscopy(40X). Five specimens from each group were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The Kruskal-Wallis, Siegel Castello, and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analyses (α = .05). At the enamel margins, significant differences were obtained among the groups (p < .05). Significantly higher microleakage scores were detected in Group 5 in comparison with Groups 1, 2, and 3. There were no significant differences between different adhesive strategies at the dentin margins (p > .05). While analyzing enamel and dentin microleakage scores, no statistically significant differences were observed in Groups 4 and 5 (p > .05). The laser application time and the adhesive modes of universal adhesives could affect the microleakage at the enamel margins. Different adhesive modes of universal adhesives combined with laser etching had no influence on the microleakage scores of dentin margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Atalay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aybuke Uslu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Ruya Yazici
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Hacettepe University Dental Laser Application and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Lepe X, Streiff KR, Johnson GH. Long-term retention of zirconia crowns cemented with current automixed cements. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 125:788-794. [PMID: 32669207 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Automixing and dispensing cements is a straightforward approach with consistent dosing. Previous studies have demonstrated clinically significant differences in crown retention between power-liquid and paste-paste forms of the same cement, as the composition between the 2 differs. A self-adhesive modified-resin (SAMR) and a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cement, originally offered as a powder-liquid, are now in common use as paste-paste automixed cements. With the increased use of zirconia restorations, the long-term retention of zirconia crowns for these 2 automixed cements should be evaluated. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether zirconia crowns cemented with 2 automixed cements provided clinically acceptable retention after 6 months of aging with monthly thermocycling. MATERIAL AND METHODS Extracted molars were mounted in resin and prepared with a flat occlusal surface, 20-degree taper, approximately 4-mm axial length, and with the axio-occlusal line angle slightly rounded. Prepared teeth were equally distributed into 3 cementation groups (n=12) to achieve nearly equal mean preparation surface areas for each group. Zirconia crowns (IPS ZirCAD LT) were fabricated with an added occlusal bar to facilitate removal of the cemented crowns. Cement space was set at 45 μm axially and 55 μm occlusally. After sintering and before delivery, the intaglio surfaces were airborne-particle abraded with 50-μm alumina at 275-kPa pressure for 3 seconds and then steam cleaned. Cements were the original powder-liquid RelyX Luting (RMGI; RXL) as the control, paste-paste, automixed systems RelyX Luting Plus Automix (RMGI; RXLA), and RelyX Unicem 2 Automix (SAMR; RXUA). Crowns were cemented under 196 N force, placed in an oven at 37 °C and 100% humidity during setting and then thermocycled (5 °C-55 °C) for 5000 cycles monthly for 6 months. The crowns were removed axially with a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. Removal forces were recorded and dislodgement stress calculated by using the surface area of each preparation. One-way ANOVA was used for dislodgement stress and force. Chi-square test was used for cement location after testing (α=.05). RESULTS RXLA demonstrated considerably lower crown retention (1.3 MPa) and differed significantly (P<.001) from RXUA (3.1 MPa) and RXL (3.1 MPa). Modes of failure showed most of the cement remaining only in the crown intaglio for RXLA for all specimens, whereas half of the crowns for RXL and RXUA demonstrated cement adhesion to both dentin and the intaglio surface, indicating cohesive failure of the cement at separation. As the Levene test was significant, the Games-Howell test was used for mean differences. The χ2 analysis was significant. CONCLUSIONS After long-term aging with monthly thermocycling, high-strength zirconia crowns were strongly retained by 2 (RXL, RXUA) of the 3 cements. Crown retention for RelyX Luting Plus Automix was less than half in comparison and with cement found only on the intaglio surface after separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lepe
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Wash.
| | - Kerry R Streiff
- Clinical Instructor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Wash
| | - Glen H Johnson
- Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Wash
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Monteiro RV, Dos Santos DM, Bernardon JK, De Souza GM. Effect of surface treatment on the retention of zirconia crowns to tooth structure after aging. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2020; 32:699-706. [PMID: 32627364 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the retention between zirconia crowns and tooth structure after in vitro aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human third molars (n = 44) received crown preparations and CAD/CAM zirconia crowns were manufactured. Specimens were divided into two groups: no aging, control (NAC, n = 11) or aging (A, n = 33). NAC were bonded with universal adhesive (UA). Aged specimens were divided into three subgroups (n = 11) according to surface treatment: Control: no abrasion + UA; Alumina: alumina abrasion + UA; Silica: tribochemical silica coating + UA. The crowns were cemented with dual-cure resin cement. Specimens in group A were aged by a combination of mechanical, thermal, and pH cycling. Retention strength values were obtained by tensile tests and results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (P < .05). RESULTS Aging decreased the retention strength in control specimens (P < .001). Surface treatment improved the retention strength of aged specimens (P < .001), with similar results between alumina and tribochemical silica coating. CONCLUSION The chemical interaction between the universal bonding system and zirconia's surface was not sufficient to withstand artificial aging. Tribochemical silica coating did not promote additional retention in comparison to alumina blasting. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The long-term retention of translucent zirconia crowns to tooth structure using phosphate-based materials is improved by means of mechanical surface treatments such as alumina blasting and tribochemical silica coating.
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Cuevas-Suárez CE, de Oliveira da Rosa WL, Vitti RP, da Silva AF, Piva E. Bonding Strength of Universal Adhesives to Indirect Substrates: A Meta-Analysis of in Vitro Studies. J Prosthodont 2020; 29:298-308. [PMID: 31994803 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the in vitro bond strength of universal adhesive systems to indirect substrates. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two reviewers performed a literature search up to March 2018 in seven databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, Scopus, LILACS, IBECS, and BBO. The review included studies that compared the bond strength of universal adhesives and well-established material-specific primers to indirect substrates: lithium disilicate ceramic, yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide ceramic, leucite-reinforced ceramic, feldspathic porcelain, polymer infiltrated ceramic material, resin composite or metal alloys. Analyses were carried out using RevMan 5.3.5. A global comparison was performed with the standardized mean difference using a random-effects models at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 45 studies were included in the qualitative analysis, and the meta-analysis was performed with 42 studies. Bond strength to glass-based ceramics and alloys was improved with the use of a specific-primer as separate step before the bonding procedures (lithium disilicate, p < 0.001; alloys, p < 0.001). The bond strength to zirconium substrates was improved with the use of universal adhesives (p < 0.001). For bond strength to composite resin as indirect substrate, universal adhesives performed in a manner similar to that of the material-specific primer (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS The clinical procedure of luting zirconia and resin composite restorations could be simplified by using single-bottle universal adhesives. However, the ability of universal adhesives to achieve an adequate and durable bond to glass-based ceramics and alloys appears to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hgo, 42160, Mexico
| | - Wellington Luiz de Oliveira da Rosa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Goncalves Cháves 457, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pino Vitti
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Quatro de Março, 432, Taubaté, 12020-270, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Goncalves Cháves 457, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Goncalves Cháves 457, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil
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Abu Ruja M, De Souza GM, Finer Y. Ultrashort-pulse laser as a surface treatment for bonding between zirconia and resin cement. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1545-1556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lima RBW, Barreto SC, Hajhamid B, de Souza GM, de Goes MF. Effect of cleaning protocol on silica deposition and silica-mediated bonding to Y-TZP. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1603-1613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zanatta RF, Silva TM, Esper MALR, Bresciani E, Gonçalves SEP, Caneppele TMF. Bonding Performance of Simplified Adhesive Systems in Noncarious Cervical Lesions at 2-year Follow-up: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Oper Dent 2019; 44:476-487. [DOI: 10.2341/18-049-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objectives:
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding performance of a universal adhesive used according to self-etching or etch-and-rinse protocols in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and to compare the two protocols with their respective gold standard techniques.
Methods and Materials:
This randomized, double-blind clinical study enrolled 34 participants who met the inclusion criteria, 29 of whom returned after two years. They received 152 restorations bonded with one of the three adhesives (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, Adper Single Bond 2, or Clearfil SE Bond) and one of the two bonding techniques tested. The NCCLs were restored with nanocomposite resin (Filtek Supreme). Final contours were done with a fine diamond rotary instrument and polished with rubber points. The restorations were evaluated using the FDI World Dental Federation criteria at baseline (seven days after the restoration procedure), 6, 12, and 24 months. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman analysis of variance, and least significant difference tests were performed.
Results:
No statistically significant differences were found in esthetics or the functional and biological evaluated criteria among the adhesive systems and techniques.
Conclusions:
The Scotchbond Universal system behaved similarly to the conventional etch-and-rinse or self-etching systems in all the adhesion strategies in the evaluated periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- RF Zanatta
- Rayssa Ferreira Zanatta, DDS, MS, PhD, assistant professor, University of Taubaté - UNITAU, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - TM Silva
- Tania Mara Silva, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University – UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - MALR Esper
- Maria Angela LR Esper, DDS, Ms, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentisry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Bresciani
- Eduardo Bresciani, DDS, MSc, PhD, associate professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University – UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - SEP Gonçalves
- Sergio EP Gonçalves, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University – UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - TMF Caneppele
- Taciana M F Caneppele, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University – UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lima RBW, Barreto SC, Alfrisany NM, Porto TS, De Souza GM, De Goes MF. Effect of silane and MDP-based primers on physico-chemical properties of zirconia and its bond strength to resin cement. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1557-1567. [PMID: 31395450 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of surface treatments on yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) characteristics and on resin-mediated zirconia bond. METHODS Y-TZP slabs were grit blasted with 45μm alumina or with 30μm silica-coated alumina particles. The chemical treatments were: no-chemical treatment (NC), silane-containing primer (SP), MDP (10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate) and silane-containing primer (MPS), MDP-containing primer (MP) and MDP and silane-containing adhesive (MPA). Contact angle as a function of surface roughness (θm) and surface roughness parameter (Sdr) were measured using Fringe Projection Phase Shifting (FPPS). Surface free energy (γsTOT) was calculated with a goniometer. Chemical interaction between primers/adhesive and zirconia was analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Resin cement microshear bond strength (μSBS) was analyzed at either 24-h or 8-months water storage (37°C). θm values, Sdr values, γsTOT and μSBS values were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test (α=0.05). RESULTS Chemical treatment had an effect (p<0.001) on all surface parameters analyzed: θm, γsTOT and Sdr. MP-treated group showed higher incidence of P-O-Zr bonds than the other groups, indicating more chemical linkages. Grit blasting (p<0.001) and the interaction chemical treatment*storage (p<0.001) did not affect μSBS; all silane-containing primers showed significant drop in μSBS after aging. SIGNIFICANCE MDP and/or silane-based solutions affect the physicochemical properties of blasted-zirconia. An MDP-based primer is fundamental to achieve a stable resin-zirconia bonding, but the chemical reactivity of MDP is impaired when this molecule is present in a multicomponent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renally Bezerra Wanderley Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry (Dental Materials Area), Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Suelem Chasse Barreto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Najm Mohsen Alfrisany
- Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA.
| | - Thiago Soares Porto
- Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA.
| | | | - Mario Fernando De Goes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry (Dental Materials Area), Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Scaminaci Russo D, Cinelli F, Sarti C, Giachetti L. Adhesion to Zirconia: A Systematic Review of Current Conditioning Methods and Bonding Materials. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:dj7030074. [PMID: 31374820 PMCID: PMC6784479 DOI: 10.3390/dj7030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Reliable bonding between resin composite cements and high strength ceramics is difficult to achieve because of their chemical inertness and lack of silica content that makes etching impossible. The purpose of this review is to classify and analyze the existing methods and materials suggested to improve the adhesion of zirconia to dental substrate by using composite resins, in order to explore current trends in surface conditioning methods with predictable results. Methods. The current literature, examining the bond strength of zirconia ceramics, and including in vitro studies, clinical studies, and a systematic review, was analyzed. The research in the literature was carried out using PubMed and Cochrane Library databases, only papers in English, published online from 2013 to 2018. The following keywords and their combinations were used: Zirconia, 3Y-TZP, Adhesion, Adhesive cementation, Bonding, Resin, Composite resin, Composite material, Dentin, Enamel. Results. Research, in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases, provided 390 titles with abstracts. From these, a total of 93 publications were chosen for analysis. After a full text evaluation, seven articles were discarded. Therefore, the final sample was 86, including in vitro, clinical studies, and one systematic review. Various adhesive techniques with different testing methods were examined. Conclusions. Airborne-particle abrasion and tribo-chemical silica coating are the pre-treatment methods with more evidence in the literature. Increased adhesion could be expected after physico-chemical conditioning of zirconia. Surface contamination has a negative effect on adhesion. There is no evidence to support a universal adhesion protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Scaminaci Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Unit of Dentistry, University of Florence, Via del Ponte di Mezzo, 48-50127 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Cinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Unit of Dentistry, University of Florence, Via del Ponte di Mezzo, 48-50127 Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Unit of Dentistry, University of Florence, Via del Ponte di Mezzo, 48-50127 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Giachetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Unit of Dentistry, University of Florence, Via del Ponte di Mezzo, 48-50127 Firenze, Italy.
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Shafiei F, Fattah Z, Kiomarsi N, Dashti MH. Influence of Primers and Additional Resin Layer on Zirconia Repair Bond Strength. J Prosthodont 2019; 28:826-832. [PMID: 30582263 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of alloy/zirconia primer and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-containing resin layer treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to zirconia after aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty zirconia (Y-TZP) blocks were air-abraded (35-µm Al2 O3 ) and divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 10) in terms of primer/resin layer as follows: (1) control, without any primer or resin; (2) AP, Alloy Primer; (3) ZPP, Z-Prime Plus; (4) PL/ZPP, Z-Prime Plus with light polymerization; (5) AP+SEB, Alloy Primer along with light-cured bonding resin of a self-etch adhesive system (SE Bond); and (6) ZPP+SEB, Z-Prime Plus with SE Bond. After composite resin placement and light polymerization, the specimens were stored in distilled water (37°C for 4 months) and thermal-cycled for 6000 cycles. The SBS was tested with a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis of the SBS data was performed with one-way ANOVA, followed by HSD Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS There were significant differences between the groups (p < 0.001, F = 116.5). All the groups revealed significantly higher SBS than the control (p < 0.001). ZPP+SEB group exhibited the highest SBS (16.14 ± 2.52 MPa) and AP group the lowest SBS (7.00 ± 1.97 MPa) among experimental groups; both had significant differences with the other groups (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between ZPP, PL/ZPP, and AP+SEB groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The bond strength between zirconia ceramic and composite resin was affected by different primers/resin layer. Applying an MDP-containing resin layer along with both primers resulted in significant enhancement of SBS. This improvement for Z-Prime Plus was significantly higher than that of Alloy Primer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Shafiei
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Fattah
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Kiomarsi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dental Faculty, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Dashti
- Department of Restorative Sciences and Biomaterials, Postdoctoral Prosthetics, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
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Nagarkar S, Theis-Mahon N, Perdigão J. Universal dental adhesives: Current status, laboratory testing, and clinical performance. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2121-2131. [PMID: 30637932 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demand for simplified and user-friendly adhesive systems has led to the development of a new class of adhesives termed as Universal Adhesives (UAs). The term "Universal" reflects manufacturers' claims that these adhesives can be applied with any adhesion strategy and offer the versatility of use with a variety of direct and indirect restorative materials. The aim of this review was to synthesize the literature regarding the current status of UAs, their adhesion potential to various substrates and their performance in different restorative situations. In vitro studies, clinical trials and systematic reviews were identified utilizing controlled vocabulary and keyword searches in Medline and EMBASE databases. About 282 studies (272 in vitro studies; 11 clinical studies) were included. Available laboratory and clinical evidence does not support the claim that UAs can be used with any adhesive strategy. Although, they can chemically bond to various tooth and direct/indirect restorative substrates, the stability of this bond is material-dependent and subject to hydrolytic degradation. Hence, additional measures are still needed to ensure long-term durability. which undermines the versatility of UAs. The lack of long-term data regarding the clinical performance of UAs further complicates clinical decision-making. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2121-2131, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Nagarkar
- Park Dental Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Clinical Research Assistant Professor (affiliated), Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Jorge Perdigão
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Moura DMD, do Nascimento Januário AB, de Araújo AMM, de Oliveira Dal Piva AM, Özcan M, Bottino MA, Souza ROA. Effect of primer-cement systems with different functional phosphate monomers on the adhesion of zirconia to dentin. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 88:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Binmahfooz AM, Basunbul GI, ArRejaie AS. Evaluation of the Effect of Glow Discharge Plasma Surface Treatment on Bonding Cements to Zirconia. Open Dent J 2018; 12:846-855. [PMID: 30505365 PMCID: PMC6210499 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601812010846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The major difference in the chemical composition of Y-TZP ceramics, as compared with conventional porcelain, led researchers to develop alternative solutions for achieving durable and long term bonding with the zirconia surface. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the effects of glow discharge treatment on the bonding between cement and zirconia. Methods: The zirconia rings and rods were prepared with the Zirconia Y-TZP powder and TZ-3YSB-E (Tosoh-Zirconia) through auto-mix to investigate the glow discharge and thermo-cycling. An orientation Teflon mold was used to centralize each rod into the zirconia ring, and aided as a cementation jig during the cementation procedure. Results: Cohesive failure (2/3 or more of luting agent remained on the zirconia surface) has been majorly observed with RelyX Ultimate, while adhesion failure (less than 1/3 of the luting agent remained on the zirconia surface) has been primarily observed in Ketac-Cem. Mixed failure was observed among the three specimen including Rely X Unicem 2, Multilink Auto-mix and Ceramir. Conclusion: The glow discharge surface treatment procedure had a major impact on bond strength to zirconia.
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Sena LMFD, Barbosa HAM, Caldas SGFR, Ozcan M, Souza RODAE. Effect of different bonding protocols on degree of monomer conversion and bond strength between orthodontic brackets and enamel. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e58. [PMID: 29898031 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments and polymerization protocols on the bond strength of brackets to enamel, and the degree of conversion of the bonding agents. 120 bovine crowns were embedded in acrylic resin blocks and sanded. Next, the blocks were randomly assigned into 12 groups. Metal brackets were bonded to enamel according to the "surface treatment" factor (A: Phosphoric Acid; ATxt: Phosphoric Acid + Transbond XT Primer®; Tse: Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer®; and SBU: Scotchbond Universal®) and "polymerization" factor (R20: Radii-Cal®/20 seconds; V20: Valo Cordless®/20 seconds; and V3: Valo Cordless®/3 seconds). All samples were stored for 6 months (water, 37ºC) and then subjected to a shear bond strength test (SBS). Bond failures were classified according to the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) and analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (5%). Using the same factors, 120 resin discs were made to assess the degree of conversion (DC) of the monomer. Data from the SBS (MPa) and DC (%) were analyzed by analysis of variance (2 factors) and Tukey's test (5%). For the SBS, the factors "polymerization" (R20 = 8.1B; V20 = 13.2A; V3 = 5.2C, p = 0.0001) and "surface treatment" (A = 3.1C; ATxt = 13.6A; Tse = 12.3A; SBU = 6.3B, p = 0.0001) were statistically significant among groups. The highest adhesion value were found for the ATxt/V20 group (22.2A) and the lowest value for the A/R20 group (1.2E). Regarding ARI, score 2 was the most prevalent in groups A, ATxt, V20 and V3, while score 4 was the most prevalent in the Tse, SBU and R20 groups, with no significant difference between them (p = 1.0). Regarding DC, the factors "polymerization" (R20 = 66.6A; V20 = 58.4B; V3 = 45.1C, p = 0.0001) and "surface treatment" (A = 52B, ATxt = 59.7A, Tse = 51.4B, SBU = 63.8A, p = 0.0001) were statistically significant. Tse was more sensitive to the variations in polymerization protocols than the other surface treatments. Treatment A did not present suitable bond strength or degree of conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mutlu Ozcan
- University of Zurich, Department of Dental Materials, Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Bonding of composite cements to zirconia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:258-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Tamura Y, Takamizawa T, Shimamura Y, Akiba S, Yabuki C, Imai A, Tsujimoto A, Kurokawa H, Miyazaki M. Influence of air-powder polishing on bond strength and surface-free energy of universal adhesive systems. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:762-769. [PMID: 28701636 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influences of air-powder polishing with glycine or sodium bicarbonate powders on shear bond strengths (SBS) and surface-free energies of universal adhesives were examined. Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU, 3M ESPE), G-Premio Bond (GP, GC), Adhese Universal (AU, Ivoclar Vivadent), and All-Bond Universal (AB, Bisco) were used in this study. Bovine dentin surfaces were air polished with glycine or sodium bicarbonate powders prior to the bonding procedure, and resin pastes were bonded to the dentin surface using universal adhesives. SBSs were determined after 24-h storage in distilled water at 37°C. Surface-free energy was then determined by measuring contact angles using three test liquids on dentin surfaces. Significantly lower SBSs were observed for dentin that was air-powder polished and surface-free energies were concomitantly lowered. This study indicated that air-powder polishing influences SBSs and surface-free energies. However, glycine powder produced smaller changes in these surface parameters than sodium bicarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Tamura
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Yutaka Shimamura
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Shunsuke Akiba
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Chiaki Yabuki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Arisa Imai
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Akimasa Tsujimoto
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroyasu Kurokawa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masashi Miyazaki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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Fu J, Saikaew P, Kawano S, Carvalho RM, Hannig M, Sano H, Selimovic D. Effect of air-blowing duration on the bond strength of current one-step adhesives to dentin. Dent Mater 2017; 33:895-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Llerena-Icochea AE, Costa RM, Borges AFS, Bombonatti JFS, Furuse AY. Bonding Polycrystalline Zirconia With 10-MDP–containing Adhesives. Oper Dent 2017; 42:335-341. [DOI: 10.2341/16-156-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of adhesives with different 10-MDP concentrations on the shear bond strength of a resin cement to zirconia.
Methods and Materials:
Six experimental adhesives were prepared with the following composition: camphorquinone, 1,2-diaminobenzene, butylhydroxytoluene, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, bisphenol A diglycidyl methacrylate, and ethanol. The 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) monomer was added at 0wt%, 3wt%, 6wt%, 9wt%, 12wt%, or 15wt%. Three commercially available adhesives were evaluated: Single Bond Universal, Single Bond 2, and Signum Zirconia Bond. Resin cement cylinders made with RelyX Ultimate were bonded to yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal with one of the evaluated adhesives and were subjected to the shear bond strength evaluation. Failure modes were analyzed with a stereoscopic loupe. Statistical analyses were performed with one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test (α=0.05). Pearson's was used to correlate the percentage of 10-MDP in the experimental adhesives and shear bond strength.
Results:
There were significant differences between adhesives (p<0.00001). The highest shear bond strength values were obtained with the Signum Zirconia Bond and Single Bond Universal. Single Bond 2 showed the lowest values. There were no differences between experimental adhesives. All groups showed adhesives failures. A nonlinear correlation was found between bond strength and percentage of 10-MDP in experimental adhesives (r=0.872).
Conclusions:
The commercially available adhesives indicated for bonding to zirconia showed the highest bonding values.
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Affiliation(s)
- AE Llerena-Icochea
- Alfredo E. Llerena-Icochea, DDS, MS. Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - RM Costa
- Reginaldo Mendonça da Costa, BCh, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AFS Borges
- Ana Flávia S. Borges, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - JFS Bombonatti
- Juliana Fraga Soares Bombonatti, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AY Furuse
- Adilson Y. Furuse, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tsujimoto A, Barkmeier WW, Takamizawa T, Wilwerding TM, Latta MA, Miyazaki M. Interfacial Characteristics and Bond Durability of Universal Adhesive to Various Substrates. Oper Dent 2017; 42:E59-E70. [DOI: 10.2341/15-353-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objective: This study investigated the interfacial characteristics and bond durability of universal adhesives to various substrates.
Methods and Materials: Two universal adhesives were used: 1) Scotchbond Universal and 2) G-Premio Bond. The substrates used were bovine enamel and dentin with or without phosphoric acid etching, resin composite, lithium disilicate and leucite-reinforced glass ceramics, zirconia, and metal alloys. The surface free energy and the parameters of various substrates and of substrates treated by adhesive after light irradiation were determined by measuring the contact angles of three test liquids. Resin composite was bonded to the various substrates to determine shear bond strength after 24 hours water storage and 10,000 thermal cycles. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post hoc test were used for the surface free energy data, and a two-way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test were used for analysis of shear bond strength data (α=0.05).
Results: The interfacial characteristics of the various substrates show significant differences depending on the type of substrate, but the interfacial characteristics of substrate treated by adhesive after light irradiation did not show any significant differences regardless of the substrate used. The bond durability of two universal adhesives to various substrates differs depending on the type of substrate and the adhesive.
Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that universal adhesives modify the interfacial characteristics of a wide range of substrates and create a consistent surface, but the bond durability of universal adhesive to various substrates differs depending on the type of substrate and the adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsujimoto
- Akimasa Tsujimoto, DDS, PhD, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Operative Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan and Creighton University, General Dentistry, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - WW Barkmeier
- Wayne W Barkmeier, DDS, MS, Creighton University, General Dentistry, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - T Takamizawa
- Toshiki Takamizawa, DDS, PhD, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Operative Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - TM Wilwerding
- Terry M Wilwerding, DDS, MS, Creighton University School of Dentistry, Prosthodontics, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - MA Latta
- Mark A Latta, DMD, MS, Creighton University, General Dentistry, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - M Miyazaki
- Masashi Miyazaki, DDS, PhD, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Operative Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Yao C, Zhou L, Yang H, Wang Y, Sun H, Guo J, Huang C. Effect of silane pretreatment on the immediate bonding of universal adhesives to computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing lithium disilicate glass ceramics. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:173-180. [PMID: 28233438 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenmin Yao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Yake Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Hualing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jingmei Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Cui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School & Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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Akazawa N, Koizumi H, Nogawa H, Nakayama D, Kodaira A, Matsumura H. Effect of mechanochemical surface preparation on bonding to zirconia of a tri-n-butylborane initiated resin. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:19-26. [PMID: 27928101 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of surface preparation on bond strength of a tri-n-butylborane initiated resin (MMA-TBB) bonded to zirconia. Zirconia disks were either airborne-particle abraded with alumina or silica-coated. The disks were thereafter primed with one of the following materials: phosphate-silane (Clearfil Ceramic Primer), phosphate (Alloy Primer), or silane (ESPE Sil). The specimens were bonded with the MMA-TBB. Shear bond strength was determined both before and after thermocycling. Bond strength of unprimed zirconia (control) was not affected by the surface roughness of each adherend. Priming with phosphate was effective for bonding alumina-blasted zirconia. Priming with silane was effective for bonding silica-coated zirconia. Priming effect of the phosphate-silane was superior to that of silane alone for bonding silica-coated zirconia. Bond strength to zirconia of the MMATBB is significantly influenced by a combination of the specific functional monomer and the surface modification performed rather than the material surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Akazawa
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
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Lee HY, Han GJ, Chang J, Son HH. Bonding of the silane containing multi-mode universal adhesive for lithium disilicate ceramics. Restor Dent Endod 2017; 42:95-104. [PMID: 28503474 PMCID: PMC5426215 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2017.42.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the influence of a multi-mode universal adhesive (MUA) containing silane (Single Bond Universal, 3M EPSE) on the bonding of resin cement to lithium disilicate. Materials and Methods Thirty IPS e.max CAD specimens (Ivoclar Vivadent) were fabricated. The surfaces were treated as follows: Group A, adhesive that did not contain silane (ANS, Porcelain Bonding Resin, Bisco); Group B, silane (S) and ANS; Group C, hydrofluoric acid (HF), S, and ANS; Group D, MUA; Group E, HF and MUA. Dual-cure resin cement (NX3, Kerr) was applied and composite resin cylinders of 0.8 mm in diameter were placed on it before light polymerization. Bonded specimens were stored in water for 24 hours or underwent a 10,000 thermocycling process prior to microshear bond strength testing. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (p < 0.05). Results Bond strength varied significantly among the groups (p < 0.05), except for Groups A and D. Group C showed the highest initial bond strength (27.1 ± 6.9 MPa), followed by Group E, Group B, Group D, and Group A. Thermocycling significantly reduced bond strength in Groups B, C, and E (p < 0.05). Bond strength in Group C was the highest regardless of the storage conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusions Surface treatment of lithium disilicate using HF and silane increased the bond strength of resin cement. However, after thermocycling, the silane in MUA did not help achieve durable bond strength between lithium disilicate and resin cement, even when HF was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geum-Jun Han
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhea Chang
- Special Care Clinic, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Hyun Son
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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NODA Y, NAKAJIMA M, TAKAHASHI M, MAMANEE T, HOSAKA K, TAKAGAKI T, IKEDA M, FOXTON RM, TAGAMI J. The effect of five kinds of surface treatment agents on the bond strength to various ceramics with thermocycle aging. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:755-761. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari NODA
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masatoshi NAKAJIMA
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masahiro TAKAHASHI
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Teerapong MAMANEE
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University
| | - Keiichi HOSAKA
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tomohiro TAKAGAKI
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masaomi IKEDA
- Oral Prothetic Engineering, Graduate School, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Richard M. FOXTON
- Division of Conservative Dentistry, King’s College London Dental Institute at Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals, King’s College London
| | - Junji TAGAMI
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Global Center of Excellence Program; International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Sai K, Shimamura Y, Takamizawa T, Tsujimoto A, Imai A, Endo H, Barkmeier WW, Latta MA, Miyazaki M. Influence of degradation conditions on dentin bonding durability of three universal adhesives. J Dent 2016; 54:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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