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Kamp JC, Neubert L, Ackermann M, Stark H, Plucinski E, Shah HR, Janciauskiene S, Bergmann AK, Schmidt G, Welte T, Haverich A, Werlein C, Braubach P, Laenger F, Schwerk N, Olsson KM, Fuge J, Park DH, Schupp JC, Hoeper MM, Kuehnel MP, Jonigk DD. A Morphomolecular Approach to Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1110-1121. [PMID: 35649494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) is a rare lung developmental disorder leading to persistent pulmonary arterial hypertension and fatal outcomes in newborns. The current study analyzed the microvascular morphology and the underlying molecular background of ACD. One ACD group (n = 7), one pulmonary arterial hypertension group (n = 20), and one healthy con1trol group (n = 16) were generated. Samples of histologically confirmed ACD were examined by exome sequencing and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Vascular morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy of microvascular corrosion casts. Gene expression and biological pathways were analyzed using two panels on inflammation/kinase-specific genes and a comparison analysis tool. Compartment-specific protein expression was analyzed using immunostaining. In ACD, there was an altered capillary network, a high prevalence of intussusceptive angiogenesis, and increased activity of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A), and angiopoietin signaling pathways compared with pulmonary arterial hypertension/healthy controls. Histologically, there was a markedly increased prevalence of endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor (TEK/TIE2)+ macrophages in ACD, compared with the other groups, whereas the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12 and HIF1A showed high expression in all groups. ACD is characterized by dysfunctional capillaries and a high prevalence of intussusceptive angiogenesis. The results indicate that endothelial CXCR4, HIF1A, and angiopoietin signaling as well as TIE2+ macrophages are crucial for the induction of intussusceptive angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. Future studies should address the use of anti-angiogenic agents in ACD, where TIE2 appears as a promising target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Kamp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lavinia Neubert
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Pathology and Department of Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Helge Stark
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith Plucinski
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harshit R Shah
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke K Bergmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplant and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Werlein
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Laenger
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Schwerk
- Clinic for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology, and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen M Olsson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Fuge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Da-Hee Park
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius M Hoeper
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P Kuehnel
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny D Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Paranjapye A, NandyMazumdar M, Browne JA, Leir SH, Harris A. Krüppel-like factor 5 regulates wound repair and the innate immune response in human airway epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100932. [PMID: 34217701 PMCID: PMC8353497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex network of transcription factors regulates genes involved in establishing and maintaining key biological properties of the human airway epithelium. However, detailed knowledge of the contributing factors is incomplete. Here we characterize the role of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), in controlling essential pathways of epithelial cell identity and function in the human lung. RNA-seq following siRNA-mediated depletion of KLF5 in the Calu-3 lung epithelial cell line identified significant enrichment of genes encoding chemokines and cytokines involved in the proinflammatory response and also components of the junctional complexes mediating cell adhesion. To determine direct gene targets of KLF5, we defined the cistrome of KLF5 using ChIP-seq in both Calu-3 and 16HBE14o- lung epithelial cell lines. Occupancy site concordance analysis revealed that KLF5 colocalized with the active histone modification H3K27ac and also with binding sites for the transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ). Depletion of KLF5 increased both the expression and secretion of cytokines including IL-1β, a response that was enhanced following exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide. Calu-3 cells exhibited faster rates of repair after KLF5 depletion compared with negative controls in wound scratch assays. Similarly, CRISPR-mediated KLF5-null 16HBE14o- cells also showed enhanced wound closure. These data reveal a pivotal role for KLF5 in coordinating epithelial functions relevant to human lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekh Paranjapye
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Monali NandyMazumdar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James A Browne
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shih-Hsing Leir
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann Harris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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3
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Xia S, Menden HL, Townley N, Mabry SM, Johnston J, Nyp MF, Heruth DP, Korfhagen T, Sampath V. Delta-like 4 is required for pulmonary vascular arborization and alveolarization in the developing lung. JCI Insight 2021; 6:134170. [PMID: 33830085 PMCID: PMC8119184 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which endothelial cells (ECs) regulate pulmonary vascularization and contribute to alveolar epithelial cell development during lung morphogenesis remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that delta-like 4 (DLL4), an EC Notch ligand, is critical for alveolarization by combining lung mapping and functional studies in human tissue and DLL4-haploinsufficient mice (Dll4+/lacz). DLL4 expressed in a PECAM-restricted manner in capillaries, arteries, and the alveolar septum from the canalicular to alveolar stage in mice and humans. Dll4 haploinsufficiency resulted in exuberant, nondirectional vascular patterning at E17.5 and P6, followed by smaller capillaries and fewer intermediate blood vessels at P14. Vascular defects coincided with polarization of lung EC expression toward JAG1-NICD-HES1 signature and decreased tip cell-like (Car4) markers. Dll4+/lacZ mice had impaired terminal bronchiole development at the canalicular stage and impaired alveolarization upon lung maturity. We discovered that alveolar type I cell (Aqp5) markers progressively decreased in Dll4+/lacZ mice after birth. Moreover, in human lung EC, DLL4 deficiency programmed a hypersprouting angiogenic phenotype cell autonomously. In conclusion, DLL4 is expressed from the canalicular to alveolar stage in mice and humans, and Dll4 haploinsufficiency programs dysmorphic microvascularization, impairing alveolarization. Our study reveals an obligate role for DLL4-regulated angiogenesis in distal lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Heather L. Menden
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Nick Townley
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Sherry M. Mabry
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey Johnston
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael F. Nyp
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel P. Heruth
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas Korfhagen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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4
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Okolo F, Zhang G, Rhodes J, Gittes GK, Potoka DA. Intra-Amniotic Sildenafil Treatment Promotes Lung Growth and Attenuates Vascular Remodeling in an Experimental Model of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Fetal Diagn Ther 2020; 47:787-799. [PMID: 32663823 DOI: 10.1159/000508986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective lung development resulting in lung hypoplasia and an attenuated and hypermuscularized pulmonary vasculature contributes to significant postnatal mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We hypothesize that deficient embryonic pulmonary blood flow contributes to defective lung development in CDH, which may therefore be ameliorated via enhancement of embryonic pulmonary blood flow. METHODS The mouse nitrofen model of CDH was utilized to measure embryonic pulmonary blood flow by in utero intracardiac injection of FITC-labeled tomato lectin and color-flow Doppler ultrasound. The effect of prenatal intra-amniotic treatment with sildenafil on survival, lung growth, and vascular morphology in the nitrofen model was determined. RESULTS Nitrofen-treated embryos exhibited decreased blood flow in the lung periphery compared to controls, and intra-amniotic sildenafil significantly improved embryonic pulmonary blood flow. Similar to nitrofen alone, pups delivered after nitrofen treatment and intra-amniotic injection of dextrose control exhibited respiratory distress and never survived beyond 6 h. Intra-amniotic sildenafil ameliorated respiratory distress in nitrofen-treated pups and improved postnatal survival to 82%. Following intra-amniotic sildenafil treatment at embryonic day (E)10.5, nitrofen-treated P0 lungs were larger with increased left lobe weight, reduced small pulmonary arterial wall muscularization, and increased airway branching complexity compared to controls. Intra-amniotic sildenafil treatment later at E15.5 also resulted in improved survival, lung growth, and attenuation of vascular remodeling in nitrofen-treated embryos. CONCLUSIONS Defective embryonic pulmonary blood flow may contribute to lung maldevelopment in CDH. Enhancement of embryonic pulmonary blood flow via intra-amniotic sildenafil results in lung growth and attenuation of pulmonary vascular remodeling and may have therapeutic potential for CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Okolo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - GuangFeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Rhodes
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - Douglas A Potoka
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Gilfillan M, Das P, Shah D, Alam MA, Bhandari V. Inhibition of microRNA-451 is associated with increased expression of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and mitgation of the cardio-pulmonary phenotype in a murine model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Respir Res 2020; 21:92. [PMID: 32321512 PMCID: PMC7178994 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been implicated as a protective factor in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and is known to be regulated by MicroRNA-451 (miR-451). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of miR-451 and the MIF signaling pathway in in vitro and in vivo models of BPD. Methods Studies were conducted in mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) exposed to hyperoxia and in a newborn mouse model of hyperoxia-induced BPD. Lung and cardiac morphometry as well as vascular markers were evaluated. Results Increased expression of miR-451 was noted in MLECs exposed to hyperoxia and in lungs of BPD mice. Administration of a miR-451 inhibitor to MLECs exposed to hyperoxia was associated with increased expression of MIF and decreased expression of angiopoietin (Ang) 2. Treatment with the miR-451 inhibitor was associated with improved lung morphometry indices, significant reduction in right ventricular hypertrophy, decreased mean arterial wall thickness and improvement in vascular density in BPD mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated preservation of MIF expression in BPD animals treated with a miR-451 inhibitor and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), Ang1, Ang2 and the Ang receptor, Tie2. Conclusion We demonstrated that inhibition of miR-451 is associated with mitigation of the cardio-pulmonary phenotype, preservation of MIF expression and increased expression of several vascular growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gilfillan
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA
| | - Pragnya Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Neonatology Research Laboratory, Education and Research Building, Cooper University Hospital, (Room #206), Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Dilip Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Neonatology Research Laboratory, Education and Research Building, Cooper University Hospital, (Room #206), Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Mohammad Afaque Alam
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.,Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA. .,St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA. .,Neonatology Research Laboratory, Education and Research Building, Cooper University Hospital, (Room #206), Camden, NJ, 08103, USA. .,Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA. .,Neonatology, The Children's Regional Hospital at Cooper, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
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6
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Birjiniuk A, Glinton KE, Villafranco N, Boyer S, Laufman J, Mizerik E, Scott D, Elsea SH, Galambos C, Varghese NP, Scaglia F. Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 1: An unusual cause of developmental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:755-761. [PMID: 31970900 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (pHTN) is a severe, life-threatening disease, which can be idiopathic or associated with an underlying syndrome or genetic diagnosis. Here we discuss a patient who presented with severe pHTN and was later found to be compound heterozygous for pathogenic variants in the NFU1 gene causing multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 1 (MMDS1). Review of autopsy slides from an older sibling revealed the same diagnosis along with pulmonary findings consistent with a developmental lung disorder. In particular, these postmortem, autopsy findings have not been described previously in humans with this mitochondrial syndrome and suggest a possible developmental basis for the severe pHTN seen in this disease. Given the rarity of patients reported with MMDS1, we review the current state of knowledge of this disease and our novel management strategies for pHTN and MMDS1-associated complications in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Birjiniuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin E Glinton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalie Villafranco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Suzanne Boyer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Laufman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Mizerik
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daryl Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah H Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Csaba Galambos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nidhy P Varghese
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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7
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Whitsett JA, Kalin TV, Xu Y, Kalinichenko VV. Building and Regenerating the Lung Cell by Cell. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:513-554. [PMID: 30427276 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique architecture of the mammalian lung is required for adaptation to air breathing at birth and thereafter. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling its morphogenesis provides the framework for understanding the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung diseases. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing data and high-resolution imaging identify the remarkable heterogeneity of pulmonary cell types and provides cell selective gene expression underlying lung development. We will address fundamental issues related to the diversity of pulmonary cells, to the formation and function of the mammalian lung, and will review recent advances regarding the cellular and molecular pathways involved in lung organogenesis. What cells form the lung in the early embryo? How are cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation regulated during lung morphogenesis? How do cells interact during lung formation and repair? How do signaling and transcriptional programs determine cell-cell interactions necessary for lung morphogenesis and function?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
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8
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Bolte C, Whitsett JA, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. Transcription Factors Regulating Embryonic Development of Pulmonary Vasculature. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 228:1-20. [PMID: 29288383 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68483-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lung morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process beginning with the appearance of lung buds on approximately embryonic day 9.5 in the mouse. Endodermally derived epithelial cells of the primitive lung buds undergo branching morphogenesis to generate the tree-like network of epithelial-lined tubules. The pulmonary vasculature develops in close proximity to epithelial progenitor cells in a process that is regulated by interactions between the developing epithelium and underlying mesenchyme. Studies in transgenic and knockout mouse models demonstrate that normal lung morphogenesis requires coordinated interactions between cells lining the tubules, which end in peripheral saccules, juxtaposed to an extensive network of capillaries. Multiple growth factors, microRNAs, transcription factors, and their associated signaling cascades regulate cellular proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation during formation of the peripheral lung. Dysregulation of signaling events caused by gene mutations, teratogens, or premature birth causes severe congenital and acquired lung diseases in which normal alveolar architecture and the pulmonary capillary network are disrupted. Herein, we review scientific progress regarding signaling and transcriptional mechanisms regulating the development of pulmonary vasculature during lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Bolte
- Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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9
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Qin JH, Ke ZY, Zhou Q, Wang L, Liang Y, Wang YM, Yang T, Gao X, Ye J, Kumar R, Wang RA. Metastasis-Associated Protein 1 Deficiency Results in Compromised Pulmonary Alveolar Capillary Angiogenesis in Mice. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3932-3941. [PMID: 28808223 PMCID: PMC5567764 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) deficiency during angiogenesis of pulmonary alveolar capillaries in mice and to determine the molecular mechanisms involved. Material/Methods The expressions of MTA1, CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and HIF-1α were analyzed in the lungs of MTA1-knockout (KO) and wild-type mice at embryonic day 18.5 and 2 months by quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. The morphological changes were investigated during pulmonary alveolar capillary formation. The heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratio and the size of the right ventricular wall cardiomyocytes were also measured. Regulation of MTA1 on HIF-1α was determined in vitro. Results MTA1 deficiency reduced the number of pulmonary alveolar capillaries compared to the wild-type mice. MTA1-KO mice exhibited a decreased expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in the lungs. The retarded growth of the MTA1-KO mice was also noticed during the first week after birth. Accordingly, MTA1 deficiency resulted in increased infant mortality. In surviving adult mice, MTA1 deficiency induced myocardial hypertrophy, highlighted by an increased heart weight/body weight ratio and larger cardiomyocytes. In cultured cells, HIF-1α and VEGF levels were significantly upregulated upon MTA1 overexpression, suggesting a close relationship between all 3 molecules. Conclusions MTA1 participates in the formation of pulmonary capillaries via stabilization of HIF-1α. This finding sheds new light on the function of MTA1 in lung development, opening new avenues for the diagnosis/treatment of related pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Qin
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhen-Yu Ke
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Chang'an Animal Health Inspection Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Ying-Mei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Tong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Rekesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Rui-An Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland).,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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10
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[Clinicopathological analysis of pulmonary vascular disease in 38 neonates died of respiratory failure]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017. [PMID: 28446408 PMCID: PMC6744086 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.04.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the data of 38 neonates who died of respiratory failure. Paraffin sections of the autopsy lung samples were examined with HE staining or immunolabeling for CD34, CD68 and CK to observe the development of the pulmonary vessels and detect potential pulmonary vascular diseases (PVDs). Five cases were identified to have PVDs, including pulmonary hypertensive vascular remodeling in 3 cases and alveolar capillary dysplasia in 2 cases. The result indicated that PVD was one of the important reasons for respiratory failure in these neonates.
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11
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Belle M, Godefroy D, Couly G, Malone SA, Collier F, Giacobini P, Chédotal A. Tridimensional Visualization and Analysis of Early Human Development. Cell 2017; 169:161-173.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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de Wijs-Meijler DP, Duncker DJ, Tibboel D, Schermuly RT, Weissmann N, Merkus D, Reiss IK. Oxidative injury of the pulmonary circulation in the perinatal period: Short- and long-term consequences for the human cardiopulmonary system. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:55-66. [PMID: 28680565 PMCID: PMC5448552 DOI: 10.1086/689748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the pulmonary circulation is a complex process with a spatial pattern that is tightly controlled. This process is vulnerable for disruption by various events in the prenatal and early postnatal periods. Disruption of normal pulmonary vascular development leads to abnormal structure and function of the lung vasculature, causing neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases. Premature babies are especially at risk of the development of these diseases, including persistent pulmonary hypertension and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Reactive oxygen species play a key role in the pathogenesis of neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases and can be caused by hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation, hypoxia, and inflammation. Besides the well-established short-term consequences, exposure of the developing lung to injurious stimuli in the perinatal period, including oxidative stress, may also contribute to the development of pulmonary vascular diseases later in life, through so-called "fetal or perinatal programming." Because of these long-term consequences, it is important to develop a follow-up program tailored to adolescent survivors of neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases, aimed at early detection of adult pulmonary vascular diseases, and thereby opening the possibility of early intervention and interfering with disease progression. This review focuses on pathophysiologic events in the perinatal period that have been shown to disrupt human normal pulmonary vascular development, leading to neonatal pulmonary vascular diseases that can extend even into adulthood. This knowledge may be particularly important for ex-premature adults who are at risk of the long-term consequences of pulmonary vascular diseases, thereby contributing disproportionately to the burden of adult cardiovascular disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne P. de Wijs-Meijler
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph T. Schermuly
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (ECCPS), Department of Internal Medicine, Members of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (ECCPS), Department of Internal Medicine, Members of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irwin K.M. Reiss
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sağsöz H, Saruhan BG, Erdoğan S. Functional roles of angiogenic factors and receptors on non-endothelial cells in the oropharyngeal cavity of the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sağsöz
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dicle University; 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Berna G. Saruhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dicle University; 21280 Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Serkan Erdoğan
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Namık Kemal University; 59030 Tekirdağ Turkey
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14
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Sağsöz H, Liman N, Alan E. Physiological roles of the angiogenic factors during posthatching development period and adults in the quail lung. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sağsöz
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Dicle; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Erciyes; Kayseri Turkey
| | - Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Erciyes; Kayseri Turkey
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15
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Luo Y, El Agha E, Turcatel G, Chen H, Chiu J, Warburton D, Bellusci S, Qian BP, Menke DB, Shi W. Mesenchymal adenomatous polyposis coli plays critical and diverse roles in regulating lung development. BMC Biol 2015; 13:42. [PMID: 26092405 PMCID: PMC4702410 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is a tumor suppressor that inhibits Wnt/Ctnnb1. Mutations of Apc will not only lead to familial adenomatous polyposis with associated epithelial lesions, but will also cause aggressive fibromatosis in mesenchymal cells. However, the roles of Apc in regulating mesenchymal cell biology and organogenesis during development are unknown. Results We have specifically deleted the Apc gene in lung mesenchymal cells during early lung development in mice. Loss of Apc function resulted in immediate mesenchymal cell hyperproliferation through abnormal activation of Wnt/Ctnnb1, followed by a subsequent inhibition of cell proliferation due to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, which was caused by a mechanism independent of Wnt/Ctnnb1. Meanwhile, abrogation of Apc also disrupted lung mesenchymal cell differentiation, including decreased airway and vascular smooth muscle cells, the presence of Sox9-positive mesenchymal cells in the peripheral lung, and excessive versican production. Moreover, lung epithelial branching morphogenesis was drastically inhibited due to disrupted Bmp4-Fgf10 morphogen production and regulation in surrounding lung mesenchyme. Lastly, lung mesenchyme-specific Apc conditional knockout also resulted in altered lung vasculogenesis and disrupted pulmonary vascular continuity through a paracrine mechanism, leading to massive pulmonary hemorrhage and lethality at mid-gestation when the pulmonary circulation should have started. Conclusions Our study suggests that Apc in lung mesenchyme plays central roles in coordinating the proper development of several quite different cellular compartments including lung epithelial branching and pulmonary vascular circulation during lung organogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0153-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Luo
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Gianluca Turcatel
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Joanne Chiu
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - David Warburton
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Hessen, Germany.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Bang-Ping Qian
- Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Douglas B Menke
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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16
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Mammoto T, Mammoto A. Implantation of fibrin gel on mouse lung to study lung-specific angiogenesis. J Vis Exp 2014:52012. [PMID: 25548859 PMCID: PMC4396947 DOI: 10.3791/52012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and repair damage in simple tissues in the orthopedic and periodontal fields. However, attempts to regenerate the structures and functions of more complex three-dimensional (3D) organs such as lungs have not been very successful because the biological processes of organ regeneration have not been well explored. It is becoming clear that angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays key roles in organ regeneration. Newly formed vasculatures not only deliver oxygen, nutrients and various cell components that are required for organ regeneration but also provide instructive signals to the regenerating local tissues. Therefore, to successfully regenerate lungs in an adult, it is necessary to recapitulate the lung-specific microenvironments in which angiogenesis drives regeneration of local lung tissues. Although conventional in vivo angiogenesis assays, such as subcutaneous implantation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich hydrogels (e.g., fibrin or collagen gels or Matrigel - ECM protein mixture secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells), are extensively utilized to explore the general mechanisms of angiogenesis, lung-specific angiogenesis has not been well characterized because methods for orthotopic implantation of biomaterials in the lung have not been well established. The goal of this protocol is to introduce a unique method to implant fibrin gel on the lung surface of living adult mouse, allowing for the successful recapitulation of host lung-derived angiogenesis inside the gel. This approach enables researchers to explore the mechanisms by which the lung-specific microenvironment controls angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions. Since implanted biomaterials release and supply physical and chemical signals to adjacent lung tissues, implantation of these biomaterials on diseased lung can potentially normalize the adjacent diseased tissues, enabling researchers to develop new therapeutic approaches for various types of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School;
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School;
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17
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Debruin EJ, Hughes MR, Sina C, Liu A, Cait J, Jian Z, Lopez M, Lo B, Abraham T, McNagny KM. Podocalyxin regulates murine lung vascular permeability by altering endothelial cell adhesion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108881. [PMID: 25303643 PMCID: PMC4193771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of CD34-family sialomucins (CD34, podocalyxin and endoglycan) as vascular endothelial cell markers, there is remarkably little known of their vascular function. Podocalyxin (gene name Podxl), in particular, has been difficult to study in adult vasculature as germ-line deletion of podocalyxin in mice leads to kidney malformations and perinatal death. We generated mice that conditionally delete podocalyxin in vascular endothelial cells (Podxl(ΔEC) mice) to study the homeostatic role of podocalyxin in adult mouse vessels. Although Podxl(ΔEC) adult mice are viable, their lungs display increased lung volume and changes to the matrix composition. Intriguingly, this was associated with increased basal and inflammation-induced pulmonary vascular permeability. To further investigate the etiology of these defects, we isolated mouse pulmonary endothelial cells. Podxl(ΔEC) endothelial cells display mildly enhanced static adhesion to fibronectin but spread normally when plated on fibronectin-coated transwells. In contrast, Podxl(ΔEC) endothelial cells exhibit a severely impaired ability to spread on laminin and, to a lesser extent, collagen I coated transwells. The data suggest that, in endothelial cells, podocalyxin plays a previously unrecognized role in maintaining vascular integrity, likely through orchestrating interactions with extracellular matrix components and basement membranes, and that this influences downstream epithelial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J. Debruin
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christina Sina
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alex Liu
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Cait
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhiqi Jian
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Lopez
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bernard Lo
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Abraham
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart + Lung Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Lal CV, Schwarz MA. Vascular mediators in chronic lung disease of infancy: role of endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP II). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:180-8. [PMID: 24619875 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of prematurity. Over the years, the BPD phenotype has evolved, but despite various advances in neonatal management approaches, the reduction in the BPD burden is minimal. With the advent of surfactant, glucocorticoids, and new ventilation strategies, BPD has evolved from a disease of structural injury into a new BPD, marked by an arrest in alveolar growth in the lungs of extremely premature infants. This deficient alveolar growth has been associated with a diminution of pulmonary vasculature. Several investigators have described the epithelial / vascular co-dependency and the significant role of crosstalk between vessel formation, alveologenesis, and lung dysplasia's; hence identification and study of factors that regulate pulmonary vascular emergence and inflammation has become crucial in devising effective therapeutic approaches for this debilitating condition. The potent antiangiogenic and proinflammatory protein Endothelial Monocyte Activating Polypeptide II (EMAP II) has been described as a mediator of pulmonary vascular and alveolar formation and its expression is inversely related to the periods of vascularization and alveolarization in the developing lung. Hence the study of EMAP II could play a vital role in studying and devising appropriate therapeutics for diseases of aberrant lung development, such as BPD. Herein, we review the vascular contribution to lung development and the implications that vascular mediators such as EMAP II have in distal lung formation during the vulnerable stage of alveolar genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charitharth Vivek Lal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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19
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Lange AW, Haitchi HM, LeCras TD, Sridharan A, Xu Y, Wert SE, James J, Udell N, Thurner PJ, Whitsett JA. Sox17 is required for normal pulmonary vascular morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 387:109-20. [PMID: 24418654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The SRY-box containing transcription factor Sox17 is required for endoderm formation and vascular morphogenesis during embryonic development. In the lung, Sox17 is expressed in mesenchymal progenitors of the embryonic pulmonary vasculature and is restricted to vascular endothelial cells in the mature lung. Conditional deletion of Sox17 in splanchnic mesenchyme-derivatives using Dermo1-Cre resulted in substantial loss of Sox17 from developing pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and caused pulmonary vascular abnormalities before birth, including pulmonary vein varices, enlarged arteries, and decreased perfusion of the microvasculature. While survival of Dermo1-Cre;Sox17Δ/Δ mice (herein termed Sox17Δ/Δ) was unaffected at E18.5, most Sox17Δ/Δ mice died by 3 weeks of age. After birth, the density of the pulmonary microvasculature was decreased in association with alveolar simplification, biventricular cardiac hypertrophy, and valvular regurgitation. The severity of the postnatal cardiac phenotype was correlated with the severity of pulmonary vasculature abnormalities. Sox17 is required for normal formation of the pulmonary vasculature and postnatal cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Lange
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Hans Michael Haitchi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D LeCras
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Susan E Wert
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Jeanne James
- Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States
| | - Nicholas Udell
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, United States.
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Castilla-Fernandez Y, Copons-Fernández C, Jordan-Lucas R, Linde-Sillo Á, Valenzuela-Palafoll I, Ferreres Piñas JC, Moreno-Galdó A, Castillo-Salinas F. Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary [corrected] veins: concordance between pathological and molecular diagnosis. J Perinatol 2013; 33:401-3. [PMID: 23624968 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2012.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a newborn with alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV), a rare condition of unknown etiology presenting in the neonatal period with significant persistent pulmonary hypertension. The diagnosis was made by lung biopsy and confirmed at autopsy. Specific genetic analysis demonstrated defects in the FOXF1 gene. The diagnosis of ACD/MPV requires a high level of suspicion and is made by lung biopsy or necropsy examination by a pediatric pathologist with experience in this condition. The availability of genetic testing has led to increasing diagnosis of patients with this lethal disorder and can influence their management, specifically by indicating the need for lung biopsy in a critically ill newborn.
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21
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Joza S, Wang J, Fox E, Hillman V, Ackerley C, Post M. Loss of Semaphorin-Neuropilin-1 Signaling Causes Dysmorphic Vascularization Reminiscent of Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:2003-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Familial pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis early in life. Case Rep Pulmonol 2011; 2011:827591. [PMID: 22937432 PMCID: PMC3420428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/827591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare disease, especially in infancy. Four infants have been reported up to the age of 12 months. So far, no familial patients are observed at this age. Patients. We report three siblings, two female newborns and a foetus of 15-week gestation of unrelated, healthy parents suffering from histologically proven PCH. The first girl presented with increased O2 requirements shortly after birth and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). She subsequently developed progressive respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension and died at the age of five months. The second girl presented with clinical signs of bronchial obstruction at the age of three months. The work-up showed a PDA—which was surgically closed—pulmonary hypertension, and bronchial wall instability with stenosis of the left main bronchus. Transient oxygen therapy was required with viral infections. The girl is now six years old and clinically stable without additional O2 requirements. Failure to thrive during infancy and a somewhat delayed development may be the consequence of the disease itself but also could be attributed to repeated episodes of respiratory failure and a long-term systemic steroid therapy. The third pregnancy ended as spontaneous abortion. The foetus showed histological signs of PCH. Conclusion. Despite the differences in clinical course, the trias of PCH, PDA, and pulmonary hypertension in the two life born girls suggests a genetic background.
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Sluiter I, Reiss I, Kraemer U, Krijger RD, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Vascular abnormalities in human newborns with pulmonary hypertension. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 5:245-56. [PMID: 21510734 DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular disease embodies all congenital or acquired pathologies that affect the pulmonary vasculature. One of them is pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PHN), which is clinically characterized by a persistent high pulmonary vascular resistance postnatally and an abnormal vascular response. Morphologically, the vascular walls of the small pulmonary arteries become thickened, leading to increased resistance of these vessels and thus a worsening of gas exchange. PHN occurs as a primary disease or in association with abnormal lung development, for example as in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and is a critical determinant of morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current knowledge about vascular abnormalities in PHN and discuss the vascular abnormalities in different conditions associated with pulmonary hypertension in human newborns in relation to recent findings from molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sluiter
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Thomas W, Seidenspinner S, Kramer BW, Wirbelauer J, Kawczyńska-Leda N, Szymankiewicz M, Speer CP. Airway angiopoietin-2 in ventilated very preterm infants: association with prenatal factors and neonatal outcome. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:777-84. [PMID: 21337734 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary angiogenesis is a prerequisite for lung development. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) destabilizes endothelial cells through its endothelial receptor TIE-2, enabling vascular sprouting. Ang1 stabilizes new blood vessels. Soluble TIE-2 (sTIE-2) modulates these effects. We hypothesized that histological funisitis is associated with alterations of Ang2 in airways and of the systemic angiopoietin-TIE-2 homeostasis in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, contributing to pulmonary morbidity and mortality. METHODS We measured Ang2 in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF) of 42 VLBW <30 weeks of gestation from day 1 through 15 and Ang1, Ang2, and sTIE-2 in umbilical cord serum of 28 infants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histological examination distinguished three groups: funisitis, chorioamnionitis, and controls. RESULTS Funisitis was associated with lower Ang2 values in TAF but not with changes of Ang1, Ang2, and sTIE-2 in umbilical cord serum. Infants who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or died had a persistently decreased ratio of previously measured Ang1 to Ang2 in TAF on days 1-5 and increased cord serum concentrations of sTIE-2. Moderate BPD/death was associated with an increase of Ang2 in TAF on day 10 and decreased Ang1/Ang2 ratio from day 3-15. Small for gestational age (SGA) infants had increased Ang2 in TAF on day 1-7 and a lower Ang1/Ang2 ratio on days 5-7. CONCLUSIONS The predominance of Ang2 in airway fluid of infants with BPD/death and SGA infants suggests a link between disrupted placental and fetal pulmonary angiogenesis. Histological funisitis with reduced Ang2 in TAF was of minor relevance for outcome in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Thomas
- University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Kulkarni RM, Herman A, Ikegami M, Greenberg JM, Akeson AL. Lymphatic ontogeny and effect of hypoplasia in developing lung. Mech Dev 2010; 128:29-40. [PMID: 20932899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary lymphatic vasculature plays a vital role in maintaining fluid homeostasis required for efficient gas exchange at capillary alveolar barriers and contributes to lung fluid clearance at birth. To further understanding of pulmonary lymphatic function at birth, lineage-tracing analysis of mouse lung was used. Lineage analysis confirmed that lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) bud from extrapulmonary lymphatics and demonstrated that LEC migrate into developing lung along precise pathways. LEC cluster first in the primary bronchovascular region then along the secondary broncho-arterial regions and along veins. Small lymphatic vessels in distal lung develop from LEC that have migrated into lung mesenchyme from the extrapulmonary lymphatics. Finally, proximal and distal lymphatics remodel to form vessels with lumens in stereotypical locations. Loss of function analysis with lung-specific expression of a secreted form of the extracellular domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (dnR3) caused significant embryonic pulmonary lymphatic hypoplasia with fourfold reduction in distal LEC. Lung-specific expression of dnR3 did not affect blood vascular development, overall lung organogenesis or lymphatic development in other organs. Neonatal mice with pulmonary lymphatic hypoplasia developed respiratory distress with significantly increased mortality. During the transition to air breathing, lymphatic hypoplasia adversely affected fetal lung fluid clearance as determined by wet/dry weight analysis and morphometric analysis of bronchovascular cuffing and mesenchymal thickening. Surfactant synthesis was unaffected. Together, these data demonstrate that lung lymphatics develop autonomously and that pulmonary lymphatic hypoplasia is detrimental to survival of the neonate due to impaired lung fluid clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh M Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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26
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Abstract
During the development of the pulmonary vasculature in the fetus, many structural and functional changes occur to prepare the lung for the transition to air breathing. The development of the pulmonary circulation is genetically controlled by an array of mitogenic factors in a temporo-spatial order. With advancing gestation, pulmonary vessels acquire increased vasoreactivity. The fetal pulmonary vasculature is exposed to a low oxygen tension environment that promotes high intrinsic myogenic tone and high vasocontractility. At birth, a dramatic reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance occurs with an increase in oxygen tension and blood flow. The striking hemodynamic differences in the pulmonary circulation of the fetus and newborn are regulated by various factors and vasoactive agents. Among them, nitric oxide, endothelin-1, and prostaglandin I2 are mainly derived from endothelial cells and exert their effects via cGMP, cAMP, and Rho kinase signaling pathways. Alterations in these signaling pathways may lead to vascular remodeling, high vasocontractility, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J. Usha Raj
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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27
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Castro ECC, Devine W, Galambos C. The anatomy of a novel malformation of the cardinal vein system. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2010; 13:318-21. [PMID: 19863444 DOI: 10.2350/09-07-0671-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anomalies of the cardinal vein system (CVS) are uncommon but if unidentified can lead to life-threatening complications. We report a case with a novel malformation of the CVS. Autopsy with in situ dissection of heart and large vessels in a 25-day-old infant was performed. The infant was diagnosed with congenital heart disease, and systemic venous malformations were suspected by imaging. Correlation between premortem imaging and postmortem anatomy was performed. The superior and inferior left venous systems developed abnormally. A persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) drained into the right atrium via the coronary sinus. A persistent left inferior vena cava (PLIVC) continued with the hemiazygos vein (HV), which drained into the PLSVC. The innominate vein was absent. The left renal vein was connected to the HV. Two common iliac veins were identified. The left drained into the PLIVC and the right into the right inferior vena cava (IVC). Perinatal echocardiography identified only the dilated HV draining to an LSVC and a small IVC. Congenital heart disease included hypoplastic left ventricle with hypoplastic aortic arch and subaortic stenosis, which were diagnosed by fetal ultrasound. Remodeling of components of CVS takes place during development, and unknown mechanisms guide this process. Defects of this process can lead to variable malformations, as demonstrated by this case. To our knowledge, the combination of complex malformations of both superior and IVC systems that extends to the common iliac veins has not been reported. We recommend identifying vascular anomalies in situ during autopsy before anatomic relationships are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eumenia C C Castro
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Children's Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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28
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Morimoto M, Liu Z, Cheng HT, Winters N, Bader D, Kopan R. Canonical Notch signaling in the developing lung is required for determination of arterial smooth muscle cells and selection of Clara versus ciliated cell fate. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:213-24. [PMID: 20048339 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development is the result of complex interactions between four tissues: epithelium, mesenchyme, mesothelium and endothelium. We marked the lineages experiencing Notch1 activation in these four cellular compartments during lung development and complemented this analysis by comparing the cell fate choices made in the absence of RBPjkappa, the essential DNA binding partner of all Notch receptors. In the mesenchyme, RBPjkappa was required for the recruitment and specification of arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) and for regulating mesothelial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but no adverse affects were observed in mice lacking mesenchymal RBPjkappa. We provide indirect evidence that this is due to vSMC rescue by endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). In the epithelium, we show that Notch1 activation was most probably induced by Foxj1-expressing cells, which suggests that Notch1-mediated lateral inhibition regulates the selection of Clara cells at the expense of ciliated cells. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to Pofut1-null epithelium, Hes1 expression was only marginally reduced in RBPjkappa-null epithelium, with a corresponding minimal effect on pulmonary neuroendocrine cell fate selection. Collectively, the primary roles for canonical Notch signaling in lung development are in selection of Clara cell fate and in vSMC recruitment. These analyses suggest that the impact of gamma-secretase inhibitors on branching in vitro reflect a non-cell autonomous contribution from endothelial or vSMC-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1095, USA
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29
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Langston C, Dishop MK. Diffuse lung disease in infancy: a proposed classification applied to 259 diagnostic biopsies. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2009; 12:421-37. [PMID: 19323600 DOI: 10.2350/08-11-0559.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thoracoscopic and open lung biopsies are being performed with increasing frequency in neonates and infants and are an important component of the diagnostic evaluation of respiratory compromise in these very young children. Diffuse lung disease in infancy includes a wide spectrum of developmental, genetic, inflammatory, infectious, and reactive disorders. The majority of the entities diagnosed in infancy (68%) in this retrospective lung biopsy series are seen almost exclusively in this age group and not in older children and adults. These include primary disorders of pulmonary and pulmonary vascular development, secondary disorders affecting prenatal and/or postnatal lung growth, genetic disorders of surfactant function, pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy. Although the diagnostic approach to infant lung biopsies is guided primarily by the clinical history and imaging findings, all cases require careful assessment of alveolar growth, vascular architecture, interstitial cellularity, and histologic patterns associated with genetic abnormalities of surfactant metabolism. Recognition of one or more of these processes assists not only in treatment planning but also in further diagnostic evaluation and prognostication and may have implications for subsequent siblings and other family members. In this study, we have applied a classification system developed by a North American multicenter multidisciplinary group to lung biopsies seen at our institution and have used this material to describe and illustrate the spectrum of diffuse lung disease in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Langston
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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30
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Thomas W, Seidenspinner S, Kramer BW, Kawczyńska-Leda N, Chmielnicka-Kopaczyk M, Marx A, Wirbelauer J, Szymankiewicz M, Speer CP. Airway concentrations of angiopoietin-1 and endostatin in ventilated extremely premature infants are decreased after funisitis and unbalanced with bronchopulmonary dysplasia/death. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:468-73. [PMID: 19127216 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181991f35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A systemic inflammatory response of the fetus, reflected by histologic funisitis, is a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Impaired pulmonary angiogenesis accompanied by simplification and rarification of alveoli is a histologic hallmark of BPD. Angiopoietin-1 mediates vascular development, maturation, and stabilization. Endostatin mainly acts as an angiostatic factor. We hypothesized that funisitis was associated with changes of endostatin and angiopoietin-1 concentrations in the airways and that an imbalance between the factors might be associated with BPD or death. We measured concentrations of angiopoietin-1 and endostatin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid samples of 42 ventilated preterm infants during postnatal days 1 through 15. The secretory component for IgA served as reference protein. A standardized histologic examination was used to distinguish three groups: chorioamnionitis, funisitis, and controls without inflammation. Concentrations of the mediators steadily decreased. Funisitis was associated with lower concentrations of both proteins, which might impair their physiologic activities in pulmonary angiogenesis. An increase of the ratio angiopoietin-1/endostatin until day 7 of life indicated a shift of the mediators potentially favoring angiogenesis. However, infants, who developed BPD or died, had a decreased ratio on days 1, 3, and 15, suggesting an imbalance toward inhibition of pulmonary angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Thomas
- University Children's Hospital, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.
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31
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Wang J, Taba Y, Pang J, Yin G, Yan C, Berk BC. GIT1 mediates VEGF-induced podosome formation in endothelial cells: critical role for PLCgamma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 29:202-8. [PMID: 19023093 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.174391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We and others showed that tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs) such as the epidermal growth factor receptor stimulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) phosphorylation via c-Src, which is required for phospholipase C-gamma (PLCgamma) activation, indicating that GIT1 participates in TKR signaling. VEGF is the most important TKR in endothelial cells (ECs); essential for cell survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Podosomes, actin-rich structures, were found to contribute to EC migration, tissue invasion, and matrix remodeling, suggesting a role for podosomes in angiogenesis. Because GIT1 is a substrate of c-Src, and podosome formation is c-Src dependent, we hypothesized that GIT1 plays an important role in VEGF-induced EC podosome formation and cell migration. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of ECs to VEGF for 30 minutes stimulated GIT1 colocalization with podosomes. Depletion of GIT1 by siRNA significantly decreased VEGF-induced podosome formation. A key role for PLCgamma was suggested by several experiments. Double staining PLCgamma and actin showed colocalization of PLCgamma with podosomes. Podosome formation was dramatically reduced by PLCgamma inhibitor U73122, Src inhibitor PP2, or expression of dominant negative small GTPases. Therefore, VEGF-induced EC podosome formation is dependent on Src, GIT1, PLCgamma, and small GTPases. In addition, matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) and MT-MMP1 were detected at sites of VEGF-induced podosomes. Depletion of GIT1 by siRNA also significantly inhibited VEGF-induced MMP2 activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Therefore, GIT1 mediates VEGF-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and ECM degradation by regulating podosome formation. Finally, depletion of GIT1 by siRNA significantly decreased VEGF-induced cell migration. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that GIT1 is an essential mediator for VEGF-induced EC podosome formation and cell migration via PLCgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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32
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Galambos C, Demello DE. Regulation of alveologenesis: clinical implications of impaired growth. Pathology 2008; 40:124-40. [PMID: 18203035 DOI: 10.1080/00313020701818981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During its development that begins in intrauterine life, the lung is transformed from a simple epithelial lined sac that emerges from the foregut into a complex arrangement of blood vessels, airways, and alveoli that make up the mature lung structure. This remarkable transformation that continues for several years postnatally, is achieved by the influence of several genes, transcription factors, growth factors and hormones upon the cells and proteins of the lung bud. A seminal event in this process is the formation of the air-blood barrier within the alveolar wall, an evolutionary modification that permits independent air-breathing existence in mammals. Molecular biological techniques have enabled elucidation of the mechanistic pathways contributing to alveologenesis and have provided probable molecular bases for examples of impaired alveologenesis encountered by the paediatric pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Galambos
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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A neonate with coexisting congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung and alveolar capillary dysplasia: a case report with review of literature. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9:e10-3. [PMID: 18477924 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e318166fa88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE First report of a term neonate with coexistent congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of the lung and alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD). METHODS AND DESIGN Case report and literature review. Our institutional review board waived the need for consent. SETTING We describe a term neonate with antenatally diagnosed CCAM and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) who underwent right upper lobe resection on day 9 of life. Histology confirmed CCAM but closer examination also showed ACD. Postoperatively pulmonary hypertension persisted despite high-frequency oscillation and inhaled nitric oxide, and she was placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Due to the lack of any improvement, intensive care treatment was withdrawn 4 days later. CONCLUSIONS This is the first description of an association between these two rare malformations. Although a causative link between CCAM and ACD is possible, it is unlikely. ACD should always be considered as a cause of severe PPHN when persistent beyond 10 days, even if another etiology of PPHN is present.
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Kimura J, Deutsch GH. Key mechanisms of early lung development. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2007; 10:335-47. [PMID: 17929994 DOI: 10.2350/07-06-0290.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung morphogenesis requires the integration of multiple regulatory factors, which results in a functional air-blood interface required for gas exchange at birth. The respiratory tract is composed of endodermally derived epithelium surrounded by cells of mesodermal origin. Inductive signaling between these 2 tissue compartments plays a critical role in formation and differentiation of the lung, which is mediated by evolutionarily conserved signaling families used reiteratively during lung formation, including the fibroblast growth factor, hedgehog, retinoic acid, bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt signaling pathways. Cells coordinate their response to these signaling proteins largely through transcription factors, which determine respiratory cell fate and pattern formation via the activation and repression of downstream target genes. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in null mutant and transgenic mice models have greatly facilitated the identification and hierarchical classification of these molecular programs. In this review, we highlight select molecular events that drive key phases of pulmonary development, including specification of a lung cell fate, primary lung bud formation, tracheoesophageal septation, branching morphogenesis, and proximal-distal epithelial patterning. Understanding the genetic pathways that regulate respiratory tract development is essential to provide insight into the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies and to develop innovative strategies to treat inherited and acquired lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kimura
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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35
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Abstract
One of the most critical events of birth is the conversion of the fluid-filled lung, unimportant to fetal intrauterine existence, into a hollow organ distended with air and capable of gaseous exchange sufficient to support life. Indeed, it has been argued that the major determinant of perinatal survival is respiratory function (Wigglesworth and Desai 1982). The failure to make this conversion adequately may lead, directly or indirectly, to infant death, and the pathologist often needs to assess the contribution made by respiratory inadequacy to the sequence of events leading to death. In the preterm infant, problems are mainly related to pulmonary immaturity and associated therapy. In the mature infant, birth asphyxia primarily results in cerebral damage but can engender significant respiratory complications when associated with aspiration of meconium. Even in stillbirths, where primary pulmonary pathology is rarely a cause of death, lung pathology may provide clues to antecedent events. Poor lung growth and maturation may point to the presence of pathology elsewhere. Consequently, adequate pathological investigation of the fetal or infant respiratory system is critical in any perinatal autopsy.
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