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Martin M, Chen CY, McCowan T, Wells S. Differential Development of the Chordae Tendineae and Anterior Leaflet of the Bovine Mitral Valve. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:106. [PMID: 38667724 PMCID: PMC11050492 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that some adult mitral valve pathologies may have developmental origins involving errors in cell signaling and protein deposition during valvulogenesis. While early and late gestational stages are well-documented in zebrafish, chicks, and small mammalian models, longitudinal studies in large mammals with a similar gestational period to humans are lacking. Further, the mechanism of chordae tendineae formation and multiplication remains unclear. The current study presents a comprehensive examination of mitral anterior leaflet and chordae tendineae development in a bovine model (a large mammal with the same gestational period as humans). Remarkably distinct from small mammals, bovine development displayed early branched chordae, with increasing attachments only until birth, while the anterior leaflet grew both during gestation and postnatally. Chordae also exhibited accelerated collagen deposition, maturation, and crimp development during gestation. These findings suggest that the bovine anterior leaflet and chordae tendineae possess unique processes of development despite being a continuous collagenous structure and could provide greater insight into human valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Martin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Timothy McCowan
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
- Integrated Science Program, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah Wells
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
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2
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Macdonald JK, Mehta AS, Drake RR, Angel PM. Molecular analysis of the extracellular microenvironment: from form to function. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:602-620. [PMID: 38509768 PMCID: PMC11049795 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) proteome represents an important component of the tissue microenvironment that controls chemical flux and induces cell signaling through encoded structure. The analysis of the ECM represents an analytical challenge through high levels of post-translational modifications, protease-resistant structures, and crosslinked, insoluble proteins. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the analytical challenges involved in addressing the complexities of spatially profiling the extracellular matrix proteome. A synopsis of the process of synthesizing the ECM structure, detailing inherent chemical complexity, is included to present the scope of the analytical challenge. Current chromatographic and spatial techniques addressing these challenges are detailed. Capabilities for multimodal multiplexing with cellular populations are discussed with a perspective on developing a holistic view of disease processes that includes both the cellular and extracellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade K Macdonald
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Peggi M. Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Siddiqui HB, Dogru S, Lashkarinia SS, Pekkan K. Soft-Tissue Material Properties and Mechanogenetics during Cardiovascular Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9020064. [PMID: 35200717 PMCID: PMC8876703 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, changes in the cardiovascular microstructure and material properties are essential for an integrated biomechanical understanding. This knowledge also enables realistic predictive computational tools, specifically targeting the formation of congenital heart defects. Material characterization of cardiovascular embryonic tissue at consequent embryonic stages is critical to understand growth, remodeling, and hemodynamic functions. Two biomechanical loading modes, which are wall shear stress and blood pressure, are associated with distinct molecular pathways and govern vascular morphology through microstructural remodeling. Dynamic embryonic tissues have complex signaling networks integrated with mechanical factors such as stress, strain, and stiffness. While the multiscale interplay between the mechanical loading modes and microstructural changes has been studied in animal models, mechanical characterization of early embryonic cardiovascular tissue is challenging due to the miniature sample sizes and active/passive vascular components. Accordingly, this comparative review focuses on the embryonic material characterization of developing cardiovascular systems and attempts to classify it for different species and embryonic timepoints. Key cardiovascular components including the great vessels, ventricles, heart valves, and the umbilical cord arteries are covered. A state-of-the-art review of experimental techniques for embryonic material characterization is provided along with the two novel methods developed to measure the residual and von Mises stress distributions in avian embryonic vessels noninvasively, for the first time in the literature. As attempted in this review, the compilation of embryonic mechanical properties will also contribute to our understanding of the mature cardiovascular system and possibly lead to new microstructural and genetic interventions to correct abnormal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hummaira Banu Siddiqui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (H.B.S.); (S.D.); (S.S.L.)
| | - Sedat Dogru
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (H.B.S.); (S.D.); (S.S.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Seyedeh Samaneh Lashkarinia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (H.B.S.); (S.D.); (S.S.L.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Kerem Pekkan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; (H.B.S.); (S.D.); (S.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-(533)-356-3595
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Amadeo F, Barbuto M, Bernava G, Savini N, Brioschi M, Rizzi S, Banfi C, Polvani G, Pesce M. Culture Into Perfusion-Assisted Bioreactor Promotes Valve-Like Tissue Maturation of Recellularized Pericardial Membrane. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:80. [PMID: 32478099 PMCID: PMC7235194 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivation of tissue-engineered valve replacements is a strategy to overcome the limitations of the current valve prostheses, mechanical, or biological. In an effort to set living pericardial material for aortic valve reconstruction, we have previously assessed the efficiency of a recellularization strategy based on a perfusion system enabling mass transport and homogenous distribution of aortic valve-derived "interstitial" cells inside decellularized pericardial material. In the present report, we show that alternate perfusion promoted a rapid growth of valve cells inside the pericardial material and the activity of a proliferation-supporting pathway, likely controlled by the YAP transcription factor, a crucial component of the Hippo-dependent signaling cascade, especially between 3 and 14 days of culture. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of protein content in the tissue constructs showed deposition of valve proteins in the decellularized pericardium with a high variability at day 14 and a reproducible tissue maturation at 21 days. These results represent a step forward in the definition of strategies to produce a fully engineered tissue for replacing the calcified leaflets of failing aortic valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amadeo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Barbuto
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bernava
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicla Savini
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rizzi
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unità di Proteomica, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polvani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Dekker S, van Geemen D, van den Bogaerdt AJ, Driessen-Mol A, Aikawa E, Smits AIPM. Sheep-Specific Immunohistochemical Panel for the Evaluation of Regenerative and Inflammatory Processes in Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:105. [PMID: 30159315 PMCID: PMC6104173 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of living heart valve replacements via tissue engineering is actively being pursued by many research groups. Numerous strategies have been described, aimed either at culturing autologous living valves in a bioreactor (in vitro) or inducing endogenous regeneration by the host via resorbable scaffolds (in situ). Whereas a lot of effort is being invested in the optimization of heart valve scaffold parameters and culturing conditions, the pathophysiological in vivo remodeling processes to which tissue-engineered heart valves are subjected upon implantation have been largely under-investigated. This is partly due to the unavailability of suitable immunohistochemical tools specific to sheep, which serves as the gold standard animal model in translational research on heart valve replacements. Therefore, the goal of this study was to comprise and validate a comprehensive sheep-specific panel of antibodies for the immunohistochemical analysis of tissue-engineered heart valve explants. For the selection of our panel we took inspiration from previous histopathological studies describing the morphology, extracellular matrix composition and cellular composition of native human heart valves throughout development and adult stages. Moreover, we included a range of immunological markers, which are particularly relevant to assess the host inflammatory response evoked by the implanted heart valve. The markers specifically identifying extracellular matrix components and cell phenotypes were tested on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of native sheep aortic valves. Markers for inflammation and apoptosis were tested on ovine spleen and kidney tissues. Taken together, this panel of antibodies could serve as a tool to study the spatiotemporal expression of proteins in remodeling tissue-engineered heart valves after implantation in a sheep model, thereby contributing to our understanding of the in vivo processes which ultimately determine long-term success or failure of tissue-engineered heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dekker
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Daphne van Geemen
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthal I. P. M. Smits
- Soft Tissue Engineering & Mechanobiology Division, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Moerman A, Zadpoor AA, Oostlander A, Schoeman M, Rahnamay Moshtagh P, Pouran B, Valstar E. Structural and mechanical characterisation of the peri-prosthetic tissue surrounding loosened hip prostheses. An explorative study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 62:456-467. [PMID: 27281163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about the structure and properties of peri-prosthetic fibrous tissue that is found around loose orthopaedic implants. We describe a method for characterizing the structural organisation (histology, confocal microscopy) as well as the nano- and micro-scale mechanical behaviour (atomic force microscopy, nanoindentation) of peri-prosthetic fibrous tissue. The tissue was collected from 11 patients undergoing revision surgery due to aseptic loosening. Sirius Red and Movat histological staining procedures indicated that the tissue mainly consists of collagen fibres and ground substance. However, large inter- and intra-patient variations in the relative proportions of these tissue components were found, as well as in collagen fibre orientation and possibly also maturation. The nano-scale Young׳s moduli ranged from 0-950kPa, but showed large inter-patient variability. When the results per sample were presented in a probability density function, we could roughly discriminate one peak in the 0-100kPa range and/or one peak in the 100-500Pa range. These nano-scale moduli seem to respectively present the mechanical properties of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen molecules. The majority of the micro-scale Young׳s moduli ranged between 0.5 and 2.0kPa for all samples. This explorative study provides new insights in (the variations of) structural organisation and mechanical properties of peri-prosthetic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Moerman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Oostlander
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Schoeman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Parisa Rahnamay Moshtagh
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Behdad Pouran
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Valstar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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7
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Tibayan FA, Louey S, Jonker S, Espinoza H, Chattergoon N, You F, Thornburg KL, Giraud G. Increased systolic load causes adverse remodeling of fetal aortic and mitral valves. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1490-8. [PMID: 26354842 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00040.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While abnormal hemodynamic forces alter fetal myocardial growth, little is known about whether such insults affect fetal cardiac valve development. We hypothesized that chronically elevated systolic load would detrimentally alter fetal valve growth. Chronically instrumented fetal sheep received either a continuous infusion of adult sheep plasma to increase fetal blood pressure, or a lactated Ringer's infusion as a volume control beginning on day 126 ± 4 of gestation. After 8 days, mean arterial pressure was higher in the plasma infusion group (63.0 mmHg vs. 41.8 mmHg, P < 0.05). Mitral annular septal-lateral diameter (11.9 mm vs. 9.1 mm, P < 0.05), anterior leaflet length (7.7 mm vs. 6.4 mm, P < 0.05), and posterior leaflet length (P2; 4.0 mm vs. 3.0 mm, P < 0.05) were greater in the elevated load group. mRNA levels of Notch-1, TGF-β2, Wnt-2b, BMP-1, and versican were suppressed in aortic and mitral valve leaflets; elastin and α1 type I collagen mRNA levels were suppressed in the aortic valves only. We conclude that sustained elevated arterial pressure load on the fetal heart valve leads to anatomic remodeling and, surprisingly, suppression of signaling and extracellular matrix genes that are important to valve development. These novel findings have important implications on the developmental origins of valve disease and may have long-term consequences on valve function and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Tibayan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Samantha Louey
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sonnet Jonker
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Herbert Espinoza
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Natasha Chattergoon
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Fanglei You
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kent L Thornburg
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - George Giraud
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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MacGrogan D, Luxán G, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten C, Baaijens F, de la Pompa JL. How to make a heart valve: from embryonic development to bioengineering of living valve substitutes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013912. [PMID: 25368013 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease is a significant cause of ill health and death worldwide, and valve replacement remains one of the most common cardiac interventions in high-income economies. Despite major advances in surgical treatment, long-term therapy remains inadequate because none of the current valve substitutes have the potential for remodeling, regeneration, and growth of native structures. Valve development is coordinated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and environmental cues that cause disease when perturbed. Cardiac valves develop from endocardial cushions that become populated by valve precursor mesenchyme formed by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mesenchymal precursors, subsequently, undergo directed growth, characterized by cellular compartmentalization and layering of a structured extracellular matrix (ECM). Knowledge gained from research into the development of cardiac valves is driving exploration into valve biomechanics and tissue engineering directed at creating novel valve substitutes endowed with native form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal MacGrogan
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Bouten
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baaijens
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Dupuis LE, Kern CB. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans exhibit unique spatiotemporal expression profiles during cardiac valve development. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:601-11. [PMID: 24272803 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRPs) play a role in collagen fiber formation and also function as signaling molecules. Given the importance of collagen synthesis to the cardiovascular extracellular matrix (ECM), we examined the spatiotemporal expression of SLRPs, not previously investigated in the murine heart. RESULTS Cardiac expression using antibodies specific for biglycan (BGN), decorin (DCN), fibromodulin (FMOD), and lumican (LUM) revealed distinct patterns among the SLRPs in mesenchymal-derived tissues. DCN showed the most intense localization within the developing valve cusps, while LUM was evident primarily in the hinge region of postnatal cardiac valves. BGN, DCN, and FMOD were immunolocalized to regions where cardiac valves anchor into adjacent tissues. Medial (BGN) and adventitial (BGN, DCN, FMOD and LUM) layers of the pulmonary and aortic arteries also showed intense staining of SLRPs but this spatiotemporal expression varied with developmental age. CONCLUSIONS The unique expression patterns of SLRPs suggest they have adapted to specialized roles in the cardiovascular ECM. SLRP expression patterns overlap with areas where TGFβ signaling is critical to the developing heart. Therefore, we speculate that SLRPs may not only be required to facilitate collagen fiber formation but may also regulate TGFβ signaling in the murine heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren E Dupuis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Balaoing LR, Post AD, Liu H, Minn KT, Grande-Allen KJ. Age-related changes in aortic valve hemostatic protein regulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:72-80. [PMID: 24177329 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although valvular endothelial cells have unique responses compared with vascular endothelial cells, valvular regulation of hemostasis is not well-understood. Heart valves remodel throughout a person's lifetime, resulting in changes in extracellular matrix composition and tissue mechanical properties that may affect valvular endothelial cell hemostatic function. This work assessed valvular endothelial cell regulation of hemostasis in situ and in vitro as a function of specimen age. APPROACH AND RESULTS Porcine aortic valves were assigned to 1 of 3 age groups: Young (YNG) (6 weeks); Adult (ADT) (6 months); or Elderly (OLD) (2 years). Histological examination of valves showed that secreted thrombotic/antithrombotic proteins localize at the valve endothelium and tissue interior. Gene expression and immunostains for von Willebrand factor (VWF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and tissue plasminogen activator in YNG porcine aortic valve endothelial cells were higher than they were for OLD, whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels in OLD were higher than those for YNG and ADT. Histamine-stimulated YNG porcine aortic valve endothelial cells released higher concentrations of VWF proteins than OLD, and the fractions of VWF-140 fragments was not different between age groups. A calcific aortic valve disease in vitro model using valvular interstitial cells confirmed that VWF in culture significantly increased valvular interstitial cell nodule formation and calcification. CONCLUSIONS Hemostatic protein regulation in aortic valve tissues and in valvular endothelial cells changes with age. The presence of VWF and other potential hemostatic proteins increase valvular interstitial cell calcification in vitro. Therefore, the increased capacity of elderly valves to sequester the hemostatic proteins, together with age-associated loss of extracellular matrix organization, warrants investigation into potential role of these proteins in the formation of calcific nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezl R Balaoing
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
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Kawase T, Shibata S, Katori Y, Ohtsuka A, Murakami G, Fujimiya M. Elastic fiber-mediated enthesis in the human middle ear. J Anat 2012; 221:331-40. [PMID: 22803514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to constant vibration (acoustic oscillation) is likely to confer a specific morphology at the bone-tendon and bone-ligament interfaces at the ear ossicles, which therefore represent an exciting target of enthesis research. We histologically examined (i) the bone attachments of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles and (ii) the annular ligament of the incudostapedial joint obtained from seven elderly donated cadavers. Notably, both aldehyde-fuchsin and elastic-Masson staining demonstrated that the major fibrous component of the entheses was not collagen fibers but mature elastic fibers. The positive controls for elastic fiber staining were the arterial wall elastic laminae included in the temporal bone materials. The elastic fibers were inserted deeply into the type II collagen-poor fibrocartilage covering the ear ossicles. The muscle tendons were composed of an outer thin layer of collagen fibers and an inner thick core of elastic fibers near the malleus or stapes. In the unique elastic fiber-mediated entheses, hyaluronan, versican and fibronectin were expressed strongly along the elastic fibers. The hyaluronan seemed to act as a friction-reducing lubricant for the elastic fibers. Aggrecan was labeled strongly in a disk- or plica-like fibrous mass on the inner side of the elastic fiber-rich ligament, possibly due to compression stress from the ligament. Tenascin-c was not evident in the entheses. The elastic fiber-mediated entheses appeared resistant to tissue destruction in an environment exposed to constant vibration. The morphology was unlikely to be the result of age-related degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaki Kawase
- Laboratory of Rehabilitative Auditory Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
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