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Moustafa S, Kassela K, Bampali M, Dovrolis N, Kakkanas A, Beloukas A, Mavromara P, Karakasiliotis I. Hepatitis C Core Protein Induces a Genotype-Specific Susceptibility of Hepatocytes to TNF-Induced Death In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112521. [PMID: 36423130 PMCID: PMC9692671 DOI: 10.3390/v14112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is a multifunctional protein that is involved in the proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis mechanism of hepatocytes. HCV core protein genetic variability has been implicated in various outcomes of HCV pathology and treatment. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the role of the HCV core protein in tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced death under the viewpoint of HCV genetic variability. Immortalized hepatocytes (IHH), and not the Huh 7.5 hepatoma cell line, stably expressing HCV subtype 4a and HCV subtype 4f core proteins showed that only the HCV 4a core protein could increase sensitivity to TNFα-induced death. Development of two transgenic mice expressing the two different core proteins under the liver-specific promoter of transthyretin (TTR) allowed for the in vivo assessment of the role of the core in TNFα-induced death. Using the TNFα-dependent model of lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/Dgal), we were able to recapitulate the in vitro results in IHH cells in vivo. Transgenic mice expressing the HCV 4a core protein were more susceptible to the LPS/Dgal model, while mice expressing the HCV 4f core protein had the same susceptibility as their littermate controls. Transcriptome analysis in liver biopsies from these transgenic mice gave insights into HCV core molecular pathogenesis while linking HCV core protein genetic variability to differential pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvina Moustafa
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Kassela
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Bampali
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolas Dovrolis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Athanassios Kakkanas
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, Department of Public Health Policy, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Juanez K, Ghose P. Repurposing the Killing Machine: Non-canonical Roles of the Cell Death Apparatus in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:825124. [PMID: 35237604 PMCID: PMC8882910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.825124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we highlight the increasingly divergent functions of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell elimination genes in the nervous system, beyond their well-documented roles in cell dismantling and removal. We describe relevant background on the C. elegans nervous system together with the apoptotic cell death and engulfment pathways, highlighting pioneering work in C. elegans. We discuss in detail the unexpected, atypical roles of cell elimination genes in various aspects of neuronal development, response and function. This includes the regulation of cell division, pruning, axon regeneration, and behavioral outputs. We share our outlook on expanding our thinking as to what cell elimination genes can do and noting their versatility. We speculate on the existence of novel genes downstream and upstream of the canonical cell death pathways relevant to neuronal biology. We also propose future directions emphasizing the exploration of the roles of cell death genes in pruning and guidance during embryonic development.
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Hildebrandt F, Andersson A, Saarenpää S, Larsson L, Van Hul N, Kanatani S, Masek J, Ellis E, Barragan A, Mollbrink A, Andersson ER, Lundeberg J, Ankarklev J. Spatial Transcriptomics to define transcriptional patterns of zonation and structural components in the mouse liver. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7046. [PMID: 34857782 PMCID: PMC8640072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of heterogeneity through single cell transcriptional profiling has greatly advanced our understanding of the spatial liver transcriptome in recent years. However, global transcriptional differences across lobular units remain elusive in physical space. Here, we apply Spatial Transcriptomics to perform transcriptomic analysis across sectioned liver tissue. We confirm that the heterogeneity in this complex tissue is predominantly determined by lobular zonation. By introducing novel computational approaches, we enable transcriptional gradient measurements between tissue structures, including several lobules in a variety of orientations. Further, our data suggests the presence of previously transcriptionally uncharacterized structures within liver tissue, contributing to the overall spatial heterogeneity of the organ. This study demonstrates how comprehensive spatial transcriptomic technologies can be used to delineate extensive spatial gene expression patterns in the liver, indicating its future impact for studies of liver function, development and regeneration as well as its potential in pre-clinical and clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alma Andersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sami Saarenpää
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Noémi Van Hul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sachie Kanatani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Masek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141-86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Mollbrink
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, SE-171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Microbial Single Cell Genomics facility, SciLifeLab, Biomedical Center (BMC) Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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4
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Jana S, Aujla P, Hu M, Kilic T, Zhabyeyev P, McCulloch CA, Oudit GY, Kassiri Z. Gelsolin is an important mediator of Angiotensin II-induced activation of cardiac fibroblasts and fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21932. [PMID: 34549830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100038rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a characteristic of various cardiomyopathies, and myocardial fibroblasts play a central role in this process. Gelsolin (GSN) is an actin severing and capping protein that regulates actin assembly and may be involved in fibroblast activation. While the role of GSN in mechanical stress-mediated cardiac fibrosis has been explored, its role in myocardial fibrosis in the absence of mechanical stress is not defined. In this study, we investigated the role of GSN in myocardial fibrosis induced by Angiotensin II (Ang II), a profibrotic hormone that is elevated in cardiovascular disease. We utilized mice lacking GSN (Gsn-/- ) and cultured primary adult cardiac fibroblasts (cFB). In vivo, Ang II infusion in mice resulted in significantly less severe myocardial fibrosis in Gsn-/- compared with Gsn+/+ mice, along with diminished activation of the TGFβ1-Smad2/3 pathway, and reduced expression of cardiac extracellular matrix proteins (collagen, fibronectin, periostin). Moreover, Gsn-deficient hearts exhibited suppressed activity of the AMPK pathway and its downstream effectors, mTOR and P70S6Kinase, which could contribute to the suppressed TGFβ1 activity. In vitro, the Ang II-induced activation of cFBs was reduced in Gsn-deficient fibroblasts evident from decreased expression of αSMA and periostin, diminished actin filament turnover; which also exhibited reduced activity of the AMPK-mTOR pathway, and P70S6K phosphorylation. AMPK inhibition compensated for the loss of GSN, restored the levels of G-actin in Gsn-/- cFBs and promoted activation to myofibroblasts by increasing αSMA and periostin levels. This study reveals a novel role for GSN in mediating myocardial fibrosis by regulating the AMPK-mTOR-P70S6K pathway in cFB activation independent from mechanical stress-induced factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Jana
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Preetinder Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tolga Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pavel Zhabyeyev
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Morris JS, Hassan MM, Zohner YE, Wang Z, Xiao L, Rashid A, Haque A, Abdel-Wahab R, Mohamed YI, Ballard KL, Wolff RA, George B, Li L, Allen G, Weylandt M, Li D, Wang W, Raghav K, Yao J, Amin HM, Kaseb AO. HepatoScore-14: Measures of Biological Heterogeneity Significantly Improve Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk. Hepatology 2021; 73:2278-2292. [PMID: 32931023 PMCID: PMC7956911 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Therapeutic, clinical trial entry and stratification decisions for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are made based on prognostic assessments, using clinical staging systems based on small numbers of empirically selected variables that insufficiently account for differences in biological characteristics of individual patients' disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS We propose an approach for constructing risk scores from circulating biomarkers that produce a global biological characterization of individual patient's disease. Plasma samples were collected prospectively from 767 patients with HCC and 200 controls, and 317 proteins were quantified in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified biomarker testing laboratory. We constructed a circulating biomarker aberration score for each patient, a score between 0 and 1 that measures the degree of aberration of his or her biomarker panel relative to normal, which we call HepatoScore. We used log-rank tests to assess its ability to substratify patients within existing staging systems/prognostic factors. To enhance clinical application, we constructed a single-sample score, HepatoScore-14, which requires only a subset of 14 representative proteins encompassing the global biological effects. Patients with HCC were split into three distinct groups (low, medium, and high HepatoScore) with vastly different prognoses (medial overall survival 38.2/18.3/7.1 months; P < 0.0001). Furthermore, HepatoScore accurately substratified patients within levels of existing prognostic factors and staging systems (P < 0.0001 for nearly all), providing substantial and sometimes dramatic refinement of expected patient outcomes with strong therapeutic implications. These results were recapitulated by HepatoScore-14, rigorously validated in repeated training/test splits, concordant across Myriad RBM (Austin, TX) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, and established as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS HepatoScore-14 augments existing HCC staging systems, dramatically refining patient prognostic assessments and therapeutic decision making and enrollment in clinical trials. The underlying strategy provides a global biological characterization of disease, and can be applied broadly to other disease settings and biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Manal M Hassan
- Department of Epidemiology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Zeya Wang
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Abedul Haque
- Department of Hematopathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Reham Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yehia I Mohamed
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Robert A Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Bhawana George
- Department of Hematopathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Genevera Allen
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - James Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ahmed Omar Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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6
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Cytoskeletal Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination. J Neurosci 2018; 37:7797-7799. [PMID: 28821599 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1398-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Sanchez V, Golyardi F, Mayaki D, Echavarria R, Harel S, Xia J, Hussain SNA. Negative regulation of angiogenesis by novel micro RNAs. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:173-181. [PMID: 30414893 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is a ligand of Tie-2 receptors that promotes survival, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells (ECs). Recent studies have identified several microRNA (miRNA) families that either promote or inhibit angiogenesis. To date, the nature and functional importance of miRNAs in Ang-1-induced angiogenesis are unknown. Microarray screening of known miRNAs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) revealed that the expressions of miR-103b, miR-330-5p, miR-557, miR-575, miR-1287-5p, and miR-1468-5p significantly decrease following exposure to Ang-1 for 24 h. Exposure to the angiogenesis factors angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, and transforming growth factor β also inhibits miR-103b expression, but exerts varying effects on the other miRNAs. By overexpressing miR-103b, miR-330-5p, miR-557, miR-575, miR-1287-5p, and miR-1468-5p with selective mimics, we demonstrated that the pro-survival effects of Ang-1 are eliminated, Caspase-3 activity increases, and cell migration, proliferation, and capillary-like tube formation decreases. Conversely, transfection with selective miRNA inhibitors increases cell survival, inhibits Caspase-3 activity, and stimulates migration, proliferation and tube formation. miRNet miRNA-target gene network analyses revealed that miR-103, miR-330-5p, miR-557, miR-575, miR-1287-5p, and miR-1468-5p directly interact with 47, 95, 165, 108, 49, and 16 gene targets, respectively. Since many of these genes are positive regulators of angiogenic processes, we conclude that these miRNAs function as anti-angiogenic miRNAs and that their downregulation may be essential for Ang-1-induced angiogenesis to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Flora Golyardi
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dominique Mayaki
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raquel Echavarria
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sharon Harel
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Janguo Xia
- Institute of Parasitology and Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabah N A Hussain
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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8
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Qiao X, Zhou Y, Xie W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tian T, Dou J, Yang X, Shen S, Hu J, Qiao S, Wu Y. Scinderin is a novel transcriptional target of BRMS1 involved in regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1008-1018. [PMID: 30034938 PMCID: PMC6048394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis suppressor factor BRMS1 can regulate the metastasis of breast cancer and other tumors. Here we report scinderin (SCIN) as a novel transcriptional target of BRMS1. SCIN protein belongs to the cytoskeletal gelsolin protein superfamily and its involvement in tumorigenesis remains largely illusive. An inverse correlation between the expression levels of BRMS1 and SCIN was observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and tissues. On the molecular level, BRMS1 binds to SCIN promoter and exerts a suppressive role in regulating SCIN transcription. FACS analysis and caspase 9 immunoblot reveal that knockdown of SCIN expression can sensitize HCC cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, leading to suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Consistently, overexpression of SCIN protects cells from apoptotic death, contributing to increased xenografted HCC cell growth. In summary, our study reveals SCIN as a functional apoptosis regulator as well as a novel target of BRMS1 during HCC tumorigenesis. Inhibition of SCIN might bring a potential cancer therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yiren Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Tian Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH89XD, Scotland
| | - Jianming Dou
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Suqin Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Shouyi Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433, P. R. China
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9
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Han SY, Lee EM, Choi HS, Chun BH, Baek EJ. The effects of plasma gelsolin on human erythroblast maturation for erythrocyte production. Stem Cell Res 2018; 29:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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10
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Overexpression of GSN could decrease inflammation and apoptosis in EAE and may enhance vitamin D therapy on EAE/MS. Sci Rep 2017; 7:604. [PMID: 28377587 PMCID: PMC5428824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The decrease of gelsolin (GSN) in the blood has been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) animals, but the protective effect of GSN on EAE/MS lacks of evidence. In our study, we increased the GSN level in EAE by injecting GSN-overexpress lentivirus (LV-GSN) into the lateral ventricle and caudal vein and found that GSN administration can delay the onset and decrease the severity of EAE. Vitamin D is proven to have a therapeutic effect on MS/EAE; however, we previously found that vitamin D caused a downregulation of GSN, which might limit vitamin D efficacy. In our current research, we obtained a better symptom and a slowing down progression in EAE after combining vitamin D treatment with a proper increase of GSN. Furthermore, we discovered that the mediation of vitamin D on GSN might occur through the vitamin D receptor (VDR) by using gene interruption and overexpression to regulate the level of VDR in PC12 cells (a rat sympathetic nerve cell line). We also confirmed the anti-apoptotic function of GSN by GSN RNA interference in PC12. Collectively, these results support the therapeutic effect of GSN in EAE, which might enhance Vitamin D therapy in EAE/MS.
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11
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Mindaye ST, Surdo JL, Bauer SR, Alterman MA. System-wide survey of proteomic responses of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) to in vitro cultivation. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:655-664. [PMID: 26523674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs, also loosely called bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) are the subject of increasing numbers of clinical trials and laboratory research. Our group recently reported on the optimization of a workflow for a sensitive proteomic study of hBMSCs. Here, we couple this workflow with a label-free protein quantitation method to investigate the molecular responses of hBMSCs to long-term in vitro passaging. We explored the proteomic responses of hBMSCs by assessing the expression levels of proteins at early passage (passage 3, P3) and late passage (P7). We used multiple biological as well as technical replicates to ensure that the detected proteomic changes are repeatable between cultures and thus likely to be biologically relevant. Over 1700 proteins were quantified at three passages and a list of differentially expressed proteins was compiled. Bioinformatics-based network analysis and term enrichment revealed that metabolic pathways are largely altered, where many proteins in the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and TCA pathways were shown to be largely upregulated in late passages. We also observed significant proteomic alterations in functional categories including apoptosis, and ER-based protein processing and sorting following in vitro cell aging. We posit that the comprehensive map outlined in this report of affected phenotypes as well as the underpinning molecular factors tremendously benefit the effort to uncovering targets that are not just used only to monitor cell fitness but can be employed to slowdown the in vitro aging process in hBMSCs and hence ensure manufacturing of cells with known quality, efficacy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Mindaye
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Lo Surdo
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Cellular and Tissue Therapies Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Michail A Alterman
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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12
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Meng L, Mulcahy B, Cook SJ, Neubauer M, Wan A, Jin Y, Yan D. The Cell Death Pathway Regulates Synapse Elimination through Cleavage of Gelsolin in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1737-48. [PMID: 26074078 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse elimination occurs in development, plasticity, and disease. Although the importance of synapse elimination has been documented in many studies, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. Here, using the development of C. elegans RME neurons as a model, we have uncovered a function for the apoptosis pathway in synapse elimination. We find that the conserved apoptotic cell death (CED) pathway and axonal mitochondria are required for the elimination of transiently formed clusters of presynaptic components in RME neurons. This function of the CED pathway involves the activation of the actin-filament-severing protein, GSNL-1. Furthermore, we show that caspase CED-3 cleaves GSNL-1 at a conserved C-terminal region and that the cleaved active form of GSNL-1 promotes its actin-severing ability. Our data suggest that activation of the CED pathway contributes to selective elimination of synapses through disassembly of the actin filament network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Meng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ben Mulcahy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Steven J Cook
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marianna Neubauer
- Department of Physics and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Airong Wan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yishi Jin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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13
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Zhu Y, Qin Z, Gao J, Yang M, Qin Y, Shen T, Liu S. Vitamin D Therapy in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Could be Limited by Opposing Effects of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate and Gelsolin Dysregulation. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:733-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Keskin N, Mammadov R, Ili P. The effects of Crataegus aronia var. dentata Browicz extract on biochemical indices and apoptosis in partially hepatectomized liver in rats. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2012; 12:177-81. [PMID: 22938545 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2012.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crataegus species have been widely used in herbal medicine, especially for the hearth diseases. In the present study, the effect of Crataegus aronia var. dentata Browicz extract on partially hepatectomized rats was investigated with biochemical and TUNEL apoptosis assays. The extracts of the plant at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1 ml/100 g body weight/day were administered orally to the two experimental groups including partially hepatectomized rats for 42 days. At the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for the assessment of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and the liver tissue was used for TUNEL assay. In biochemical assay, it was found a significant decrease in the levels of serum ALT and AST in the experimental groups. On the other hand, the plant extract did not cause any significant changes in the level of GGT in these groups. In apoptosis assay, TUNEL positive hepatocytes could not be detected in both experimental groups. The present findings can suggest that Crataegus aronia var. dentata Browicz extract can decrease the levels of serum ALT and AST and play a role in apoptosis of hepatocytes in the liver of partially hepatectomized rats. However, further studies are required to confirm the effects of the plant extract on hepatoprotection and apoptosis in the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Keskin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Pamukkale, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey.
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15
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Woo DH, Kim SK, Lim HJ, Heo J, Park HS, Kang GY, Kim SE, You HJ, Hoeppner DJ, Kim Y, Kwon H, Choi TH, Lee JH, Hong SH, Song KW, Ahn EK, Chenoweth JG, Tesar PJ, McKay RDG, Kim JH. Direct and indirect contribution of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells to liver repair in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:602-11. [PMID: 22138358 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Many studies of embryonic stem cells have investigated direct cell replacement of damaged tissues, but little is known about how donor cell-derived signals affect host tissue regeneration. We investigated the direct and indirect roles of human embryonic stem cell-derived cells in liver repair in mice. METHODS To promote the initial differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into mesendoderm, we activated the β-catenin signaling pathway with lithium; cells were then further differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells. The differentiated cells were purified by indocyanine green staining and laser microdissection and characterized by immunostaining, polymerase chain reaction, biochemical function, electron microscopy, and transplantation analyses. To investigate indirect effects of these cells, secreted proteins (secretomes) were analyzed by a label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. Carbon tetrachloride was used to induce acute liver injury in mice; cells or secreted proteins were administered by intrasplenic or intraperitoneal injection, respectively. RESULTS The differentiated hepatocyte-like cells had multiple features of normal hepatocytes, engrafted efficiently into mice, and continued to have hepatic features; they promoted proliferation of host hepatocytes and revascularization of injured host liver tissues. Proteomic analysis identified proteins secreted from these cells that might promote host tissue repair. Injection of the secreted proteins into injured livers of mice promoted significant amounts of tissue regeneration without cell grafts. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells contribute to recovery of injured liver tissues in mice, not only by cell replacement but also by delivering trophic factors that support endogenous liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Woo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Li GH, Arora PD, Chen Y, McCulloch CA, Liu P. Multifunctional roles of gelsolin in health and diseases. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:999-1025. [PMID: 22886630 DOI: 10.1002/med.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gelsolin, a Ca(2+) -regulated actin filament severing, capping, and nucleating protein, is an ubiquitous, multifunctional regulator of cell structure and metabolism. More recent data show that gelsolin can act as a transcriptional cofactor in signal transduction and its own expression and function can be influenced by epigenetic changes. Here, we review the functions of the plasma and cytoplasmic forms of gelsolin, and their manifold impacts on cancer, apoptosis, infection and inflammation, cardiac injury, pulmonary diseases, and aging. An improved understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of gelsolin may lead to new considerations of this protein as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Hua Li
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Chen HB, Huang Y, Song HW, Li XL, He S, Xie JT, Huang C, Zhang SJ, Liu J, Zou Y. Clinical Research on the Relation Between Body Mass Index, Motilin and Slow Transit Constipation. Gastroenterology Res 2010; 3:19-24. [PMID: 27956980 PMCID: PMC5139835 DOI: 10.4021/gr2010.02.168w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Constipation is a common clinical symptom but its etiology remains unknown. The aims of the study are to discuss the relation between body mass index (BMI), motilin and the slow transit constipation (STC). Methods A total of 178 patients with STC and 123 healthy volunteers as controls were divided into three groups according to the BMI, group A (BMI <20), group B (BMI 20-25), and group C (BMI > 25). Fasting and one hour postprandial plasma motilin were measured and the results were analyzed. Results There was significant difference in the constituent ratio between STC patients and healthy controls (p < 0.05). The percentage of group A, B and C in STC patients was 49.4% (88/178), 23.0% (41/178) and 27.6% (49/178), respectively; and group A had a higher percentage. Plasma motilin of fasting and one hour postprandial in STC patients of group A was significantly lower than that of group B and C (p < 0.05), but there was no difference between group B and C (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the results of plasma motilin of fasting and one hour postprandial among the three groups of healthy controls (p > 0.05). Plasma motilin of fasting and one hour postprandial in STC patients of group A was significantly lower than those healthy controls of group A (p < 0.05). The same results of plasma motilin of fasting and one hour postprandial could be seen in group B and C, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions A higher proportion of low BMI sufferers was found in the STC patients. The reason may be related to the lower release of the plasma motilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Hui Wen Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Xiao Lin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Jia Tia Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Sheng Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Radiology, Sanming First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Sanming 365000, China
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18
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Leifeld L, Kothe S, Söhl G, Hesse M, Sauerbruch T, Magin TM, Spengler U. Keratin 18 provides resistance to Fas-mediated liver failure in mice. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:481-8. [PMID: 19397691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratins are intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells with pivotal functions for cell integrity. They comprise keratins 18 [K18] and 8 [K8] in hepatocytes. Keratins are of major importance for an intact cellular microarchitecture and have protective functions in human liver diseases. In mice, K8 has been demonstrated to protect against Fas-antibody-induced liver failure by direct interaction with apoptotic regulators, while the role of K18 remains unresolved. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed effects of K18 deficiency on Fas-induced liver failure in mice. We determined survival and analysed induction of apoptosis after injection of the agonistic Fas antibody Jo2 into K18(-/-) and wild-type control mice by TUNEL assay and fluorometrically analysed caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities 1, 2 and 3 h after Jo2 injection. RESULTS In K18(-/-) mice, survival of Fas-antibody treated mice was significantly shorter than that of wild-type controls (P = 0.02). However, shortened survival of K18(-/-) mice was caused by increased hepatic damage but was not correlated to enhanced induction of apoptotic pathways, as neither numbers of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells nor activities of caspases-3, -8 and -9 differed between K18(-/-) and K18(+/+) mice at any point of time. CONCLUSION K18(-/-) mice are significantly more susceptible to Fas-antibody-induced liver failure. The cytoprotective effect of K18 is not explained by a differential activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9, suggesting that K18 does not directly interfere with apoptotic regulators. Importantly, however, K18 exerts significant protective functions by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leifeld
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Kalk, Cologne, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
More than 500 million people worldwide are persistently infected with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus. Although both viruses are poorly cytopathic, persistence of either virus carries a risk of chronic liver inflammation, potentially resulting in liver steatosis, liver cirrhosis, end-stage liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. Virus-specific T cells are a major determinant of the outcome of hepatitis, as they contribute to the early control of chronic hepatitis viruses, but they also mediate immunopathology during persistent virus infection. We have analyzed the role of platelet-derived vasoactive serotonin during virus-induced CD8(+) T cell-dependent immunopathological hepatitis in mice infected with the noncytopathic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. After virus infection, platelets were recruited to the liver, and their activation correlated with severely reduced sinusoidal microcirculation, delayed virus elimination and increased immunopathological liver cell damage. Lack of platelet-derived serotonin in serotonin-deficient mice normalized hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction, accelerated virus clearance in the liver and reduced CD8(+) T cell-dependent liver cell damage. In keeping with these observations, serotonin treatment of infected mice delayed entry of activated CD8(+) T cells into the liver, delayed virus control and aggravated immunopathological hepatitis. Thus, vasoactive serotonin supports virus persistence in the liver and aggravates virus-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Spengler
- University of Bonn, Department of Internal Medicine I, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Gonzalez H, Ottervald J, Nilsson KC, Sjögren N, Miliotis T, Von Bahr H, Khademi M, Eriksson B, Kjellström S, Vegvari A, Harris R, Marko-Varga G, Borg K, Nilsson J, Laurell T, Olsson T, Franzén B. Identification of novel candidate protein biomarkers for the post-polio syndrome - implications for diagnosis, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. J Proteomics 2008; 71:670-81. [PMID: 19100873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Survivors of poliomyelitis often develop increased or new symptoms decades after the acute infection, a condition known as post-polio syndrome (PPS). The condition affects 20-60% of previous polio patients, making it one of the most common causes of neurological deficits worldwide. The underlying pathogenesis is not fully understood and accurate diagnosis is not feasible. Herein we investigated whether it was possible to identify proteomic profile aberrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PPS patients. CSF from 15 patients with well-defined PPS were analyzed for protein expression profiles. The results were compared to data obtained from nine healthy controls and 34 patients with other non-inflammatory diseases which served as negative controls. In addition, 17 samples from persons with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) were added as relevant age-matched references for the PPS samples. The CSF of persons with PPS displayed a disease-specific and highly predictive (p=0.0017) differential expression of five distinct proteins: gelsolin, hemopexin, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, glutathione synthetase and kallikrein 6, respectively, in comparison with the control groups. An independent ELISA confirmed the increase of kallikrein 6. We suggest that these five proteins should be further evaluated as candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and development of new therapies for PPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Khurana S, George SP. Regulation of cell structure and function by actin-binding proteins: villin's perspective. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2128-39. [PMID: 18307996 PMCID: PMC2680319 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Villin is a tissue-specific actin modifying protein that is associated with actin filaments in the microvilli and terminal web of epithelial cells. It belongs to a large family of actin-binding proteins which includes actin-capping, -nucleating and/or -severing proteins such as gelsolin, severin, fragmin, adseverin/scinderin and actin crosslinking proteins such as dematin and supervillin. Studies done in epithelial cell lines and villin knock-out mice have demonstrated the function of villin in regulating actin dynamics, cell morphology, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cell migration and cell survival. In addition, the ligand-binding properties of villin (F-actin, G-actin, calcium, phospholipids and phospholipase C-gamma1) are mechanistically important for the crosstalk between signaling pathways and actin reorganization in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Khurana
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Nash 402, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
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22
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Sharov AA, Falco G, Piao Y, Poosala S, Becker KG, Zonderman AB, Longo DL, Schlessinger D, Ko MS. Effects of aging and calorie restriction on the global gene expression profiles of mouse testis and ovary. BMC Biol 2008; 6:24. [PMID: 18522719 PMCID: PMC2426674 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aging of reproductive organs is not only a major social issue, but of special interest in aging research. A long-standing view of 'immortal germ line versus mortal soma' poses an important question of whether the reproductive tissues age in similar ways to the somatic tissues. As a first step to understand this phenomenon, we examine global changes in gene expression patterns by DNA microarrays in ovaries and testes of C57BL/6 mice at 1, 6, 16, and 24 months of age. In addition, we compared a group of mice on ad libitum (AL) feeding with a group on lifespan-extending 40% calorie restriction (CR). Results We found that gene expression changes occurred in aging gonads, but were generally different from those in somatic organs during aging. For example, only two functional categories of genes previously associated with aging in muscle, kidney, and brain were confirmed in ovary: genes associated with complement activation were upregulated, and genes associated with mitochondrial electron transport were downregulated. The bulk of the changes in gonads were mostly related to gonad-specific functions. Ovaries showed extensive gene expression changes with age, especially in the period when ovulation ceases (from 6 to 16 months), whereas testes showed only limited age-related changes. The same trend was seen for the effects of CR: CR-mediated reversal of age-associated gene expression changes, reported in somatic organs previously, was limited to a small number of genes in gonads. Instead, in both ovary and testis, CR caused small and mostly gonad-specific effects: suppression of ovulation in ovary and activation of testis-specific genes in testis. Conclusion Overall, the results are consistent with unique modes of aging and its modification by CR in testis and ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei A Sharov
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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23
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Diaz F, Garcia S, Hernandez D, Regev A, Rebelo A, Oca-Cossio J, Moraes CT. Pathophysiology and fate of hepatocytes in a mouse model of mitochondrial hepatopathies. Gut 2008; 57:232-42. [PMID: 17951359 PMCID: PMC2730640 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although oxidative phosphorylation defects can affect the liver, these conditions are poorly understood, partially because of the lack of animal models. AIMS To create and characterise the pathophysiology of mitochondrial hepatopathies in a mouse model. METHODS A mouse model of mitochondrial hepatopathies was created by the conditional liver knockout (KO) of the COX10 gene, which is required for cytochrome c oxidase (COX) function. The onset and progression of biochemical, molecular and clinical phenotypes were analysed in several groups of animals, mostly at postnatal days 23, 56, 78 and 155. RESULTS Biochemical and histochemical analysis of liver samples from 23-56-day-old KO mice showed liver dysfunction, a severe COX deficiency, marked mitochondrial proliferation and lipid accumulation. Despite these defects, the COX-deficient hepatocytes were not immediately eliminated, and apoptosis followed by liver regeneration could be observed only at age 78 days. Hepatocytes from 56-78-day-old KO mice survived despite very low COX activity but showed a progressive depletion of glycogen stores. In most animals, hepatocytes that escaped COX10 ablation were able to proliferate and completely regenerate the liver between days 78 and 155. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that when faced with a severe oxidative phosphorylation defect, hepatocytes in vivo can rely on glycolysis/glycogenolysis for their bioenergetic needs for relatively long periods. Ultimately, defective hepatocytes undergo apoptosis and are replaced by COX-positive cells first observed in the perivascular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - D Hernandez
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Regev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Rebelo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Oca-Cossio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - C T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Hwa AJ, Fry RC, Sivaraman A, So PT, Samson LD, Stolz DB, Griffith LG. Rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells survive without exogenous VEGF in 3D perfused co-cultures with hepatocytes. FASEB J 2007; 21:2564-79. [PMID: 17426068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7473com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) are generally refractory to extended in vitro culture. In an attempt to recreate some features of the complex set of cues arising from the liver parenchyma, we cocultured adult rat liver SECs, identified by the expression of the marker SE-1, with primary adult rat hepatocytes in a 3D culture system that provides controlled microscale perfusion through the tissue mass. The culture was established in a medium containing serum and VEGF, and these factors were then removed to assess whether cells with the SE-1 phenotype could be supported by the local microenvironment in vitro. Rats expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in all liver cells were used for isolation of the SE-1-positive cells added to cocultures. By the 13th day of culture, EGFP-expressing cells had largely disappeared from 2D control cultures but exhibited moderate proliferation in 3D perfused cultures. SE-1-positive cells were present in 3D cocultures after 13 days, and these cultures also contained Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and CD31-expressing endothelial cells. Global transcriptional profiling did not reveal profound changes between 2D and 3D cultures in expression of most canonical angiogenic factors but suggested changes in several pathways related to endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Hwa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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25
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Dinubile MJ. Plasma gelsolin: in search of its raison d'être. Focus on “Modifications of cellular responses to lysophosphatidic acid and platelet-activating factor by plasma gelsolin”. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C1240-2. [PMID: 17428843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00007.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Unterluggauer H, Hütter E, Voglauer R, Grillari J, Vöth M, Bereiter-Hahn J, Jansen-Dürr P, Jendrach M. Identification of cultivation-independent markers of human endothelial cell senescence in vitro. Biogerontology 2007; 8:383-97. [PMID: 17377850 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-007-9082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human aging processes are regulated by many divergent pathways and on many levels. Thus, to understand such a complex system and define conserved mechanisms of aging, the use of cell culture-based models is a widespread practice. An often stated advantage of in vitro aging of primary cells is the high reproducibility compared to the much more intricate aging of organisms. However, the aging process of cultured cells is, like aging of organisms, not only defined by genetic but also by environmental factors, making it difficult to distinguish between cell culture condition-induced artefacts and true aspects of aging. Therefore we investigated aging of HUVEC (human umbilical vascular endothelial cells), a well-known and widely used model system for in vitro aging, with different, already well-established cell culture protocols. Culturing conditions had indeed a strong impact on cell proliferation, the replicative lifespan and apoptosis rates. However, despite these significant differences, we found also various robust markers that define senescent HUVEC: morphological changes, increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining, cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, lowered mitochondrial membrane potential and increased oxidatively modified proteins were displayed independent of cell culture protocols and could therefore be considered also as markers for in vivo aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Unterluggauer
- Department of Mol. Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Abstract
We have previously shown that the Ca(2+)-dependent actin-severing protein gelsolin plays an important role in regulated insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to determine the role of gelsolin in beta-cell survival as it has been shown to play a dual role in apoptosis in other cell types. MIN6 subclones B1 and C3, shown previously to express gelsolin at different levels (B1>>C3 cells), were used for this purpose. We demonstrate that B1 cells have lower levels of apoptosis and active caspase-3 when compared with C3 cells, in both standard (25 mmol/l glucose and 15% FCS) and deprived (5 mmol/l glucose and 1% FCS) conditions. Overexpression of gelsolin resulted in a decrease in the percentage of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)(+) and active caspase-3(+) cells. Conversely, knockdown of gelsolin by RNA interference in B1 cells caused an increase in the number of TUNEL(+) and active caspase-3(+) cells. Finally, the anti-apoptotic role of gelsolin was confirmed in purified primary mouse beta-cells where overexpression of gelsolin resulted in a decrease in the percentage of TUNEL(+) cells. In summary, our results show for the first time that gelsolin plays a pro-survival role in pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Yermen
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University Medical Center, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland.
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