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Gupta S, Craig JW. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma in young people. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:379-391. [PMID: 37451943 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a unique form of lymphoid cancer featuring a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and a relative paucity of malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells with characteristic phenotype. Younger individuals (children, adolescents and young adults) are affected as often as the elderly, producing a peculiar bimodal age-incidence profile that has generated immense interest in this disease and its origins. Decades of epidemiological investigations have documented the populations most susceptible and identified multiple risk factors that can be broadly categorized as either biological or environmental in nature. Most risk factors result in overt immunodeficiency or confer more subtle alterations to baseline health, physiology or immune function. Epstein Barr virus, however, is both a risk factor and well-established driver of lymphomagenesis in a significant subset of cases. Epigenetic changes, along with the accumulation of somatic driver mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities are required for the malignant transformation of germinal center-experienced HRS cell precursors. Chromosomal instability and the influence of endogenous mutational processes are critical in this regard, by impacting genes involved in key signaling pathways that promote the survival and proliferation of HRS cells and their escape from immune destruction. Here we review the principal features, known risk factors and lymphomagenic mechanisms relevant to newly diagnosed CHL, with an emphasis on those most applicable to young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, 3rd Floor Hospital Expansion Room 3032, PO Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Craig
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, 3rd Floor Hospital Expansion Room 3032, PO Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B cell lymphoma characterized by few malignant cells and numerous immune effector cells in the tumour microenvironment. The incidence of HL is highest in adolescents and young adults, although HL can affect elderly individuals. Diagnosis is based on histological and immunohistochemical analyses of tissue from a lymph node biopsy; the tissue morphology and antigen expression profile enable classification into one of the four types of classic HL (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-depleted or lymphocyte-rich HL), which account for the majority of cases, or nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL. Although uncommon, HL remains a crucial test case for progress in cancer treatment. HL was among the first systemic neoplasms shown to be curable with radiation therapy and multiagent chemotherapy. The goal of multimodality therapy is to minimize lifelong residual treatment-associated toxicity while maintaining high levels of effectiveness. Recurrent or refractory disease can be effectively treated or cured with high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and prospective trials have demonstrated the potency of immunotherapeutic approaches with antibody-drug conjugates and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This Primer explores the wealth of information that has been assembled to understand HL; these updated observations verify that HL investigation and treatment remain at the leading edge of oncological research.
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Vrzalikova K, Ibrahim M, Nagy E, Vockerodt M, Perry T, Wei W, Woodman C, Murray P. Co-Expression of the Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Membrane Proteins and the Pathogenesis of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090285. [PMID: 30149502 PMCID: PMC6162670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in the tumour cells of a subset of patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), yet the contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of these tumours remains only poorly understood. The EBV genome in virus-associated cHL expresses a limited subset of genes, restricted to the non-coding Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) and viral miRNA, as well as only three virus proteins; the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1), and the two latent membrane proteins, known as LMP1 and LMP2, the latter of which has two isoforms, LMP2A and LMP2B. LMP1 and LMP2A are of particular interest because they are co-expressed in tumour cells and can activate cellular signalling pathways, driving aberrant cellular transcription in infected B cells to promote lymphomagenesis. This article seeks to bring together the results of recent studies of the latent membrane proteins in different B cell systems, including experiments in animal models as well as a re-analysis of our own transcriptional data. In doing so, we summarise the potentially co-operative and antagonistic effects of the LMPs that are relevant to B cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Vrzalikova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-414-4021
| | - Maha Ibrahim
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Martina Vockerodt
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tracey Perry
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S102HQ, UK
| | - Ciaran Woodman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Paul Murray
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.I.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (W.W.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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4
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Paradoxical role of Id proteins in regulating tumorigenic potential of lymphoid cells. Front Med 2018; 12:374-386. [PMID: 30043222 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A family of transcription factors known as Id proteins, or inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation, is capable of regulating cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, and is often upregulated in multiple types of tumors. Due to their ability to promote self-renewal, Id proteins have been considered as oncogenes, and potential therapeutic targets in cancer models. On the contrary, certain Id proteins are reported to act as tumor suppressors in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma in humans, and hepatosplenic and innate-like T cell lymphomas in mice. The contexts and mechanisms by which Id proteins can serve in such contradictory roles to determine tumor outcomes are still not well understood. In this review, we explore the roles of Id proteins in lymphocyte development and tumorigenesis, particularly with respect to inhibition of their canonical DNA binding partners known as E proteins. Transcriptional regulation by E proteins, and their antagonism by Id proteins, act as gatekeepers to ensure appropriate lymphocyte development at key checkpoints. We re-examine the derailment of these regulatory mechanisms in lymphocytes that facilitate tumor development. These mechanistic insights can allow better appreciation of the context-dependent roles of Id proteins in cancers and improve considerations for therapy.
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5
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Biology of classical Hodgkin lymphoma: implications for prognosis and novel therapies. Blood 2018; 131:1654-1665. [PMID: 29500175 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-09-772632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma is considered a prime example of treatment success, with cure rates exceeding 80% using modern combined modality therapies. However, especially in adolescents and young adults, treatment-related toxicity and long-term morbidity still represent persistent challenges. Moreover, outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory disease remain unfavorable in the era of high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell transplantation. Hence, there is a high demand for novel and innovative alternative treatment approaches. In recent years, many new therapeutic agents have emerged from preclinical and clinical studies that target molecular hallmarks of Hodgkin lymphoma, including the aberrant phenotype of the tumor cells, deregulated oncogenic pathways, and immune escape. The antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin and immune checkpoint inhibitors have already shown great success in patients with relapsed/refractory disease, leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval and new trials testing these agents in various clinical settings. The expanding knowledge and understanding of Hodgkin lymphoma biology and disease progression, as well as the development of robust tools for biomarker-driven risk stratification and therapeutic decision making, continue to be fundamentally important for the success of these and other novel agents. We anticipate that the availability and clinical implementation of novel molecular assays will be instrumental in an era of rapid shifts in the treatment landscape of this disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of Hodgkin lymphoma pathobiology, highlighting the related development of novel treatment strategies and prognostic models that hold the promise to continually challenge and change the current standard of care in classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Ghesquières H, Larrabee BR, Casasnovas O, Maurer MJ, McKay JD, Ansell SM, Montgomery D, Asmann YW, Farrell K, Verney A, Slager SL, Allmer C, Perrot A, Delarue R, Habermann TM, Dupuis J, Link BK, Canioni D, Dogan A, Cozen W, Jarrett RF, Cerhan JR, Salles G. A susceptibility locus for classical Hodgkin lymphoma at 8q24 near MYC/PVT1 predicts patient outcome in two independent cohorts. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:286-290. [PMID: 27716907 PMCID: PMC5344766 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Ghesquières
- Department of Haematology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon - INSERM U 1052/CNRS UMR 5286/Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Stephen M. Ansell
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Yan W. Asmann
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katrina Farrell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aurélie Verney
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon - INSERM U 1052/CNRS UMR 5286/Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Aurore Perrot
- Department of Haematology, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Richard Delarue
- Department of Haematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Thomas M. Habermann
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jehan Dupuis
- Lymphoid Malignancies Unit, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) and University Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Brian K. Link
- University of Iowa, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Danielle Canioni
- Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth F. Jarrett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Gilles Salles
- Department of Haematology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon - INSERM U 1052/CNRS UMR 5286/Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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7
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Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA binding and cell differentiation (Id) proteins are members of the large family of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, but they lack any DNA-binding motif. During development, the Id proteins play a key role in the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation by modulating different cell-cycle regulators both by direct and indirect mechanisms. Several Id-protein interacting partners have been identified thus far, which belong to structurally and functionally unrelated families, including, among others, the class I and II bHLH transcription factors, the retinoblastoma protein and related pocket proteins, the paired-box transcription factors, and the S5a subunit of the 26 S proteasome. Although the HLH domain of the Id proteins is involved in most of their protein-protein interaction events, additional motifs located in their N-terminal and C-terminal regions are required for the recognition of diverse protein partners. The ability of the Id proteins to interact with structurally different proteins is likely to arise from their conformational flexibility: indeed, these proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions that, in the case of the HLH region, undergo folding upon self- or heteroassociation. Besides their crucial role for cell-fate determination and cell-cycle progression during development, other important cellular events have been related to the Id-protein expression in a number of pathologies. Dysregulated Id-protein expression has been associated with tumor growth, vascularization, invasiveness, metastasis, chemoresistance and stemness, as well as with various developmental defects and diseases. Herein we provide an overview on the structural properties, mode of action, biological function and therapeutic potential of these regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Roschger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.
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8
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Roschger C, Cabrele C. The Id-protein family in developmental and cancer-associated pathways. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:7. [PMID: 28122577 PMCID: PMC5267474 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA binding and cell differentiation (Id) proteins are members of the large family of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, but they lack any DNA-binding motif. During development, the Id proteins play a key role in the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation by modulating different cell-cycle regulators both by direct and indirect mechanisms. Several Id-protein interacting partners have been identified thus far, which belong to structurally and functionally unrelated families, including, among others, the class I and II bHLH transcription factors, the retinoblastoma protein and related pocket proteins, the paired-box transcription factors, and the S5a subunit of the 26 S proteasome. Although the HLH domain of the Id proteins is involved in most of their protein-protein interaction events, additional motifs located in their N-terminal and C-terminal regions are required for the recognition of diverse protein partners. The ability of the Id proteins to interact with structurally different proteins is likely to arise from their conformational flexibility: indeed, these proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions that, in the case of the HLH region, undergo folding upon self- or heteroassociation. Besides their crucial role for cell-fate determination and cell-cycle progression during development, other important cellular events have been related to the Id-protein expression in a number of pathologies. Dysregulated Id-protein expression has been associated with tumor growth, vascularization, invasiveness, metastasis, chemoresistance and stemness, as well as with various developmental defects and diseases. Herein we provide an overview on the structural properties, mode of action, biological function and therapeutic potential of these regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Roschger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.
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9
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Pharmacological restoration and therapeutic targeting of the B-cell phenotype in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2017; 129:71-81. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-700773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
A pharmacological screening identified compounds that reactivate B-cell–specific gene expression in cHL cell lines. B-cell phenotype-restoring drug combinations render cHL cell lines susceptible to B-NHL–reminiscent targeted therapies.
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10
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Ikeda JI, Wada N, Nojima S, Tahara S, Tsuruta Y, Oya K, Morii E. ID1 upregulation and FoxO3a downregulation by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:562-566. [PMID: 27900085 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are specialized cells that have the ability to self-renew and are multipotent. We recently demonstrated that Forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a)-expressing cells exhibited a CIC-like potential in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). A proportion of HL patients are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 downregulates FoxO3a, suggesting that FoxO3a expression may be abolished in EBV-positive HL. Inhibitors of DNA-binding (ID) proteins are highly conserved transcription factors mediating stem cell functions. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated possible associations among ID1, FoxO3a and LMP1 expression in HL to date. We immunohistochemically evaluated the expression of the three abovementioned factors in HL patients. The ID1 expression level was inversely correlated with that of FoxO3a (P=0.00035). LMP1-positive HL cells abundantly expressed ID1 (P=0.029), but not FoxO3a (P=0.00085). Thus, our previous observation that FoxO3a may serve as a marker of CICs may not be applicable in EBV-positive HL patients, but rather ID1 may be a candidate CIC marker in this type of HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nojima
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Tahara
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Tsuruta
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaori Oya
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Gloury R, Zotos D, Zuidscherwoude M, Masson F, Liao Y, Hasbold J, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD, Belz GT, Shi W, Nutt SL, Tarlinton DM, Kallies A. Dynamic changes in Id3 and E-protein activity orchestrate germinal center and plasma cell development. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1095-111. [PMID: 27217539 PMCID: PMC4886367 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20152003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gloury et al. reveal an essential role for the Id3–E-protein axis in the transcriptional regulation of humoral immunity. The generation of high-affinity antibodies requires germinal center (GC) development and differentiation of long-lived plasma cells in a multilayered process that is tightly controlled by the activity of multiple transcription factors. Here, we reveal a new layer of complexity by demonstrating that dynamic changes in Id3 and E-protein activity govern both GC and plasma cell differentiation. We show that down-regulation of Id3 in B cells is essential for releasing E2A and E2-2, which in a redundant manner are required for antigen-induced B cell differentiation. We demonstrate that this pathway controls the expression of multiple key factors, including Blimp1, Xbp1, and CXCR4, and is therefore critical for establishing the transcriptional network that controls GC B cell and plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Gloury
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dimitra Zotos
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frederick Masson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jhaguaral Hasbold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Phil D Hodgkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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12
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Abstract
The Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) tumor cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), as well as the lymphocyte predominant (LP) cells of nodular lymphocyte predominant HL (NLPHL), are derived from mature B cells. However, HRS cells have largely lost their B-cell phenotype and show a very unusual expression of many markers of other hematopoietic cell lineages, which aids in the differential diagnosis between classical HL (cHL) and NLPHL and distinguishes cHL from all other hematopoietic malignancies. The bi- or multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells most likely derive from the mononuclear Hodgkin cells through a process of incomplete cytokinesis. HRS cells show a deregulated activation of numerous signaling pathways, which is partly mediated by cellular interactions in the lymphoma microenvironment and partly by genetic lesions. In a fraction of cases, Epstein-Barr virus contributes to the pathogenesis of cHL. Recurrent genetic lesions in HRS cells identified so far often involve members of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and JAK/STAT pathways and genes involved in major histocompatibility complex expression. However, further lead transforming events likely remain to be identified. We here discuss the current knowledge on HL pathology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mathas
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, and Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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13
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Aberrantly Expressed OTX Homeobox Genes Deregulate B-Cell Differentiation in Hodgkin Lymphoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138416. [PMID: 26406991 PMCID: PMC4583255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) we recently reported that deregulated homeobox gene MSX1 mediates repression of the B-cell specific transcription factor ZHX2. In this study we investigated regulation of MSX1 in this B-cell malignancy. Accordingly, we analyzed expression and function of OTX homeobox genes which activate MSX1 transcription during embryonal development in the neural plate border region. Our data demonstrate that OTX1 and OTX2 are aberrantly expressed in both HL patients and cell lines. Moreover, both OTX loci are targeted by genomic gains in overexpressing cell lines. Comparative expression profiling and subsequent pathway modulations in HL cell lines indicated that aberrantly enhanced FGF2-signalling activates the expression of OTX2. Downstream analyses of OTX2 demonstrated transcriptional activation of genes encoding transcription factors MSX1, FOXC1 and ZHX1. Interestingly, examination of the physiological expression profile of ZHX1 in normal hematopoietic cells revealed elevated levels in T-cells and reduced expression in B-cells, indicating a discriminatory role in lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, two OTX-negative HL cell lines overexpressed ZHX1 in correlation with genomic amplification of its locus at chromosomal band 8q24, supporting the oncogenic potential of this gene in HL. Taken together, our data demonstrate that deregulated homeobox genes MSX1 and OTX2 respectively impact transcriptional inhibition of (B-cell specific) ZHX2 and activation of (T-cell specific) ZHX1. Thus, we show how reactivation of a specific embryonal gene regulatory network promotes disturbed B-cell differentiation in HL.
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14
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Wein F, Küppers R. The role of T cells in the microenvironment of Hodgkin lymphoma. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:45-50. [PMID: 26320264 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0315-136r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment in HL is dominated by a mixed infiltrate of inflammatory cells with typically only 1 or a few percent of HRS tumor cells. HRS cells orchestrate this infiltrate by the secretion of a multitude of chemokines. T cells are usually the largest population of cells in the HL tissue, encompassing Th cells, T(regs), and CTLs. Th cells and T(regs) presumably provide essential survival signals for the HRS cells, and the T(regs) also play an important role in rescuing HRS cells from an attack by CTLs and NK cells. The interference with this complex interplay of HRS cells with other immune cells in the microenvironment may provide novel strategies for targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Wein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Wein F, Otto T, Lambertz P, Fandrey J, Hansmann ML, Küppers R. Potential role of hypoxia in early stages of Hodgkin lymphoma pathogenesis. Haematologica 2015; 100:1320-6. [PMID: 26160878 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.127498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of the germinal center B cell-derived Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma is their lost B cell phenotype and the aberrant expression of factors of other hematopoietic cell types, including ID2 and NOTCH1. As cellular dedifferentiation and upregulation of ID2 and NOTCH1 are typical consequences of a hypoxic response, we wondered whether hypoxia may impose an HRS cell-like phenotype in B cells. Culturing normal B cells or cell lines of germinal center-type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma under hypoxic conditions caused partial downregulation of several B cell markers, ID2 upregulation, and increased NOTCH1 activity. The hypoxic cells acquired further features of Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cells, including increased JUN expression, and enhanced NFκB activity. The Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cell-expressed epigenetic regulators KDM4C and PCGF2, as well as the phosphatase DUSP1 were partially induced in hypoxic B cells. Inhibition of DUSP1 was toxic for classical Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. Thus, hypoxia induces key Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cell characteristics in mature B cells. We speculate that hypoxic conditions in the germinal center may impose phenotypic changes in germinal center B cells, promoting their survival and initiating their differentiation towards a Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cell-like phenotype. These may then be stabilized by transforming events in the Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Wein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Teresa Otto
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Pascal Lambertz
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
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16
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Lymphomagenesis in Hodgkin lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:14-21. [PMID: 25725205 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for approximately 0.6% of all new cancer cases, 10% of all lymphomas in the USA, leading to an approximate 9000 new cases per year. It is very unique in that the neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical HL account for only 1% of the tumor tissue in most cases, with various inflammatory cells including B-cells, T-cells, mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, and plasma cells comprising the tumor microenvironment. Recent research has identified germinal center B-cells to be the cellular origin of HRS cells. Various transcription factor dysregulation in these neoplastic cells that explains for the loss of B-cell phenotype as well as acquisition of survival and anti-apoptotic features of HRS cells has been identified. Aberrant activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways play a central role in HL pathogenesis. Both intrinsic genetic mechanisms as well as extrinsic signals have been identified to account for the constitutive activation of these pathways. The extrinsic factors that regulate the activation of transcription pathways in HRS cells have also been studied in detail. Cytokines and chemokines produced both by the HRS cells as well as cells of the microenvironment of HL work in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner to promote survival of HRS cells as well as providing mechanisms for immune escape from the body's antitumor immunity. The understanding of various mechanisms involved in the lymphomagenesis of HL including the importance of its microenvironment has gained much interest in the use of these microenvironmental features as prognostic markers as well as potential treatment targets. In this article, we will review the pathogenesis of HL starting with the cellular origin of neoplastic cells and the mechanisms supporting its pathogenesis, especially focusing on the microenvironment of HL and its associated cytokines.
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Weiler S, Ademokun JA, Norton JD. ID helix-loop-helix proteins as determinants of cell survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 25644253 PMCID: PMC4320821 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) family of helix-loop-helix proteins have been causally implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of B-cell lineage malignancy, either on the basis of mutation or by altered expression. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders and is the commonest leukaemia type in the Western world. In this study, we have investigated the pathobiological functions of the ID2 and ID3 proteins in this disease with an emphasis on their role in regulating leukemic cell death/survival. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of microarray gene expression data was used to investigate expression of ID2/ID3 in leukemic versus normal B cells, their association with clinical course of disease and molecular sub-type and to reconstruct a gene regulatory network using the 'maximum information coefficient' (MIC) for target gene inference. In vitro cultured primary leukemia cells, either in isolation or co-cultured with accessory vascular endothelial cells, were used to investigate ID2/ID3 protein expression by western blotting and to assess the cytotoxic response of different drugs (fludarabine, chlorambucil, ethacrynic acid) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. ID2/ID3 protein levels in primary leukemia cells and in MEC1 cells were manipulated by transduction with siRNA reagents. RESULTS Datamining showed that the expression profiles of ID2 and ID3 are associated with distinct pathobiological features of disease and implicated both genes in regulating cell death/survival by targeting multiple non-overlapping sets of apoptosis effecter genes. Consistent with microarray data, the overall pattern of ID2/ID3 protein expression in relation to cell death/survival responses of primary leukemia cells was suggestive of a pro-survival function for both ID proteins. This was confirmed by siRNA knock-down experiments in MEC1 cells and in primary leukemia cells, but with variability in the dependence of leukemic cells from different patients on ID protein expression for cell survival. Vascular endothelial cells rescued leukemia cells from spontaneous and cytotoxic drug-induced cell death at least in part, via an ID protein-coupled redox-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for a pro-survival function of the ID2/ID3 proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and also highlights these proteins as potential determinants of the pathobiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weiler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Jolaolu A Ademokun
- Department of Haematology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Heath Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP4 5PD, UK.
| | - John D Norton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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18
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Murray P, Bell A. Contribution of the Epstein-Barr Virus to the Pathogenesis of Hodgkin Lymphoma. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 390:287-313. [PMID: 26424651 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22822-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of the pathognomonic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells (HRS) of Hodgkin lymphoma was described over a century ago, yet it was only relatively recently that the B-cell origin of these cells was identified. In a proportion of cases, HRS cells harbour monoclonal forms of the B lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This review summarises current knowledge of the pathogenesis of Hodgkin lymphoma with a particular emphasis on the contribution of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Andrew Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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19
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Vockerodt M, Cader FZ, Shannon-Lowe C, Murray P. Epstein-Barr virus and the origin of Hodgkin lymphoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:591-7. [PMID: 25418190 PMCID: PMC4308654 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in the malignant Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of a proportion of cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), how the virus contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease remains poorly defined. It is clear from the studies of other EBV-associated cancers that the virus is usually not sufficient for tumor development and that other oncogenic co-factors are required. This article reviews what is known about the contribution of EBV to the pathogenesis of cHL and focuses on emerging evidence implicating chronic inflammation as a potential oncogenic co-factor in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vockerodt
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, the United Kingdom.
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20
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Cozen W, Timofeeva MN, Li D, Diepstra A, Hazelett D, Delahaye-Sourdeix M, Edlund CK, Franke L, Rostgaard K, Van Den Berg DJ, Cortessis VK, Smedby KE, Glaser SL, Westra HJ, Robison LL, Mack TM, Ghesquieres H, Hwang AE, Nieters A, de Sanjose S, Lightfoot T, Becker N, Maynadie M, Foretova L, Roman E, Benavente Y, Rand KA, Nathwani BN, Glimelius B, Staines A, Boffetta P, Link BK, Kiemeney L, Ansell SM, Bhatia S, Strong LC, Galan P, Vatten L, Habermann TM, Duell EJ, Lake A, Veenstra RN, Visser L, Liu Y, Urayama KY, Montgomery D, Gaborieau V, Weiss LM, Byrnes G, Lathrop M, Cocco P, Best T, Skol AD, Adami HO, Melbye M, Cerhan JR, Gallagher A, Taylor GM, Slager SL, Brennan P, Coetzee GA, Conti DV, Onel K, Jarrett RF, Hjalgrim H, van den Berg A, McKay JD. A meta-analysis of Hodgkin lymphoma reveals 19p13.3 TCF3 as a novel susceptibility locus. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3856. [PMID: 24920014 PMCID: PMC4055950 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) have identified associations with genetic variation at both HLA and non-HLA loci; however, much of heritable HL susceptibility remains unexplained. Here we perform a meta-analysis of three HL GWAS totaling 1,816 cases and 7,877 controls followed by replication in an independent set of 1,281 cases and 3,218 controls to find novel risk loci. We identify a novel variant at 19p13.3 associated with HL (rs1860661; odds ratio (OR)=0.81, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.76-0.86, P(combined) = 3.5 × 10(-10)), located in intron 2 of TCF3 (also known as E2A), a regulator of B- and T-cell lineage commitment known to be involved in HL pathogenesis. This meta-analysis also notes associations between previously published loci at 2p16, 5q31, 6p31, 8q24 and 10p14 and HL subtypes. We conclude that our data suggest a link between the 19p13.3 locus, including TCF3, and HL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cozen
- 1] USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA [2]
| | - M N Timofeeva
- 1] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France [2] Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK [3]
| | | | - A Diepstra
- 1] University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands [2]
| | - D Hazelett
- 1] USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA [2]
| | - M Delahaye-Sourdeix
- 1] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France [2]
| | - C K Edlund
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - L Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Rostgaard
- Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D J Van Den Berg
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - V K Cortessis
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - K E Smedby
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, S-221 00 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S L Glaser
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California 94538, USA
| | - H-J Westra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L L Robison
- St Jude Children's Hospital, Cordova, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - T M Mack
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - H Ghesquieres
- Centre Léon Bérard, UMR CNRS 5239-Université Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - A E Hwang
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - A Nieters
- University Medical Centre Freiburg, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S de Sanjose
- IDIBELL Institut Català d'Oncologia, 8907 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - N Becker
- German Cancer Research Centre, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Maynadie
- CHU de Dijon, EA 4184, University of Burgundy, 21070 Dijon, France
| | - L Foretova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Roman
- University of York, YO10 5DD York, UK
| | - Y Benavente
- IDIBELL Institut Català d'Oncologia, 8907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - K A Rand
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - B N Nathwani
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | | | - A Staines
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - P Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York 10029-6574, USA
| | - B K Link
- University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - L Kiemeney
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S M Ansell
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - L C Strong
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - P Galan
- INSERM U557 (UMR Inserm; INRA; CNAM, Université Paris 13), 93017 Paris, France
| | - L Vatten
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - E J Duell
- IDIBELL Institut Català d'Oncologia, 8907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Lake
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - R N Veenstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Visser
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Y Liu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Y Urayama
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan
| | - D Montgomery
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - V Gaborieau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - L M Weiss
- Clarient Pathology Services, Aliso Viejo, California 92656, USA
| | - G Byrnes
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - M Lathrop
- Genome Quebec, Montreal, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - P Cocco
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - T Best
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5415, USA
| | - A D Skol
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5415, USA
| | - H-O Adami
- 1] Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, S-221 00 Stockholm, Sweden [2] Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - M Melbye
- Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J R Cerhan
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - A Gallagher
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - G M Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, M13 0JH Manchester, UK
| | - S L Slager
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - P Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - G A Coetzee
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - D V Conti
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - K Onel
- 1] The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5415, USA [2]
| | - R F Jarrett
- 1] MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK [2]
| | - H Hjalgrim
- 1] Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark [2]
| | - A van den Berg
- 1] University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands [2]
| | - J D McKay
- 1] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France [2]
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21
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Pathobiology of hodgkin lymphoma. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2014; 6:e2014040. [PMID: 24959337 PMCID: PMC4063617 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2014.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a lymphoid tumour that represents about 1% of all de novo neoplasms occurring every year worldwide. Its diagnosis is based on the identification of characteristic neoplastic cells within an inflammatory milieu. Molecular studies have shown that most, if not all cases, belong to the same clonal population, which is derived from peripheral B-cells. The relevance of Epstein-Barr virus infection at least in a proportion of patients was also demonstrated. The REAL/WHO classification recognizes a basic distinction between nodular lymphocyte predominance HL (NLPHL) and classic HL (CHL), reflecting the differences in clinical presentation, behavior, morphology, phenotype, molecular features as well as in the composition of their cellular background. CHL has been classified into four subtypes: lymphocyte rich, nodular sclerosing, mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted. Despite its well known histological and clinical features, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) has recently been the object of intense research activity, leading to a better understanding of its phenotype, molecular characteristics and possible mechanisms of lymphomagenesis.
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22
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ID proteins regulate diverse aspects of cancer progression and provide novel therapeutic opportunities. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1407-1415. [PMID: 24827908 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of differentiation (ID) proteins are helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressors with established roles in stem cell self-renewal, lineage commitment, and niche interactions. While deregulated expression of ID proteins in cancer was identified more than a decade ago, emerging evidence has revealed a central role for ID proteins in neoplastic progression of multiple tumor types that often mirrors their function in physiological stem and progenitor cells. ID proteins are required for the maintenance of cancer stem cells, self-renewal, and proliferation in a range of malignancies. Furthermore, ID proteins promote metastatic dissemination through their role in remodeling the tumor microenvironment and by promoting tumor-associated endothelial progenitor cell proliferation and mobilization. Here, we discuss the latest findings in this area and the clinical opportunities that they provide.
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23
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Lasorella A, Benezra R, Iavarone A. The ID proteins: master regulators of cancer stem cells and tumour aggressiveness. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:77-91. [PMID: 24442143 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are transcriptional regulators that control the timing of cell fate determination and differentiation in stem and progenitor cells during normal development and adult life. ID genes are frequently deregulated in many types of human neoplasms, and they endow cancer cells with biological features that are hijacked from normal stem cells. The ability of ID proteins to function as central 'hubs' for the coordination of multiple cancer hallmarks has established these transcriptional regulators as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in specific types of human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, 10032 New York, USA
| | - Robert Benezra
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 241, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, 10032 New York, USA
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24
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Roullet MR, Bagg A. Recent insights into the biology of Hodgkin lymphoma: unraveling the mysteries of the Reed–Sternberg cell. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:805-20. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.6.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), a B cell-derived cancer, is one of the most common lymphomas. In HL, the tumor cells--Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells--are usually very rare in the tissue. Although HRS cells are derived from mature B cells, they have largely lost their B cell phenotype and show a very unusual co-expression of markers of various hematopoietic cell types. HRS cells show deregulated activation of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. The activation of these pathways and factors is partly mediated through interactions of HRS cells with various other types of cells in the microenvironment, but also through genetic lesions. The transforming events involved in the pathogenesis of HL are only partly understood, but mutations affecting the NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways are frequent. The dependency of HRS cells on microenvironmental interactions and deregulated signaling pathways may offer novel strategies for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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27
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Cotta CV, Coleman JF, Li S, Hsi ED. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study of six cases concurrently involving the same site. Histopathology 2011; 59:1194-203. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an unusual malignancy in that the tumour cells, the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, are a minor component of the tumour mass, the bulk of which is a mixed cellular infiltrate. There is compelling evidence that HRS cells are clonal B cells that have lost their B cell phenotype. Mature B cells lacking B cell receptors would normally die by apoptosis, and therefore HRS cells must have developed mechanisms to facilitate survival. The escape from apoptosis and transcriptional reprogramming of HRS cells are interlinked and appear central to disease pathogenesis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in the HRS cells of a proportion of cases and expresses genes with a plausible oncogenic function. It is likely that EBV plays a role in reprogramming and survival through dysregulation of several signalling networks and transcription factors, including nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Activation of NF-κB is a feature of all HRS cells and gene mutations affecting this pathway appear common in EBV-negative HL. The HRS cell furthers its own survival by attracting a supportive microenvironment of immune and stromal cells, and suppressing local immune responsiveness. Although many questions remain unanswered, the last two decades have witnessed a considerable increase in our knowledge of this complex disease.
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Glioma-associated oncogene homologue 3, a hedgehog transcription factor, is highly expressed in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1643-52. [PMID: 21531006 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog signaling pathway has been shown to play a pathogenic role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, but has not been assessed in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Glioma-associated oncogene homologues 1, 2, and 3 are transcriptional effectors of the hedgehog pathway. In this study, we first used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to investigate the expressions of GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 in 3 classical Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. GLI1 and GLI2 were variably expressed, but GLI3 was highly expressed in all cell lines. We then used immunohistochemistry to assess glioma-associated oncogene homologues 1, 2, and 3 in 39 classical Hodgkin lymphoma patient samples. Glioma-associated oncogene homologues 1 and 2 were weakly to variably expressed in a subset of classical Hodgkin lymphoma patient samples. In contrast, glioma-associated oncogene homologue 3 showed strong, uniform nuclear expression in virtually all Hodgkin/Reed-Stenberg cells. We then performed an immunohistochemical survey of glioma-associated oncogene homologue 3 expression in 13 cases of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and 218 non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Most other lymphoma types showed variable or no expression of glioma-associated oncogene homologue 3, with a minor subset of cases of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, ALK-positive and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma showing a glioma-associated oncogene homologue 3 staining pattern indistinguishable from classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Our data provide a rationale to further investigate the biologic significance of glioma-associated oncogene homologue 3 in classical Hodgkin lymphoma biology.
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Clinical, molecular, and environmental risk factors for hodgkin lymphoma. Adv Hematol 2010; 2011:736261. [PMID: 21127715 PMCID: PMC2994062 DOI: 10.1155/2011/736261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest unique occurrence patterns of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) worldwide. In most Western countries there is a clear bimodal age distribution with an early peak in young adults followed by a second peak in older adults, particularly among males. In the Middle East and Asia, HL is more common in early childhood. There also are marked racial differences in the presentations of HL and HL subtypes, and particular single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified as etiological factors suggesting that gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are involved. Personal health choices such as exercise and smoking may modify an individual's chances of developing HL. Numerous studies highlight the impact that exposure to Epstein-Barr virus and other environmental factors have on HL risk. Understanding the relative importance of each of these findings and their links to HL development and survival will help clinical researchers expand curative therapies and create preventative strategies for HL.
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Lacroix A, Collot-Teixeira S, Mardivirin L, Jaccard A, Petit B, Piguet C, Sturtz F, Preux PM, Bordessoule D, Ranger-Rogez S. Involvement of human herpesvirus-6 variant B in classic Hodgkin's lymphoma via DR7 oncoprotein. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4711-21. [PMID: 20858841 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is associated with the presence of EBV in Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in ∼40% of cases. Here, we studied the presence of human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) variant B in RS cells of HL patients and correlated results with clinical parameters. We then examined the implication of HHV-6 DR7B protein in cell deregulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HHV-6 DR7B protein was produced in a Semliki Forest virus system. Polyclonal antibodies were then generated and used for immunochemical HHV-6 localization in HL biopsies. Binding between DR7B and p53 was studied using a double-hybrid system. Transactivation of NFκB was observed after transient transfection using reporter gene assays. We looked for Id2 factor expression after stable transfection of the BJAB cell line by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS HHV-6 was more common in nodular sclerosis subtype HL, and DR7B oncoprotein was detected in RS cells for 73.7% of EBV-negative patients. Colocalization of EBV and HHV-6 was observed in RS cells of doubly infected patients. DR7B protein bound to human p53 protein. p105-p50/p65 mRNA expression and activation of the NFκB complex were increased when DR7B was expressed. Stable expression of DR7B exhibited a strong and uniform expression of Id2. A slightly higher percentage of remission was observed in patients with RS cells testing positive for DR7B than in those testing negative. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data provide evidence for the implication of a novel agent, HHV-6, in cases of nodular sclerosis HL.
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Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma With Clusters of LP Cells, Acute Inflammation, and Fibrosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:1725-31. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181b27765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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[Receptor tyrosine kinases in Hodgkin lymphoma as possible therapeutic targets]. DER PATHOLOGE 2009; 30:393-400. [PMID: 19506874 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-009-1157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is the most frequent nodal lymphoma in Europe. The B-cell derived Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells are nearly completely deficient for expression of B-cell markers. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be detected in about 40% of HL cases. Presumably, EBV protects HRS cell precursors from apoptosis. Histologically only single HRS cells are dispersed in a broad reactive cellular background. Interactions between HRS cells and their surrounding cellular infiltrate, among them paracrine activation of several signalling pathways, is crucial in HL. HRS cells also show autocrine activation of several signalling pathways. Among these, the aberrant expression and activation of seven different receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) is of special interest, as many different antibodies and low molecular substances which inhibit RTK activity are already in clinical use for anticancer therapy. Therefore, blocking of RTK activities in HL may be a novel therapeutic option.
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Schmitz R, Stanelle J, Hansmann ML, Küppers R. Pathogenesis of classical and lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 4:151-74. [PMID: 19400691 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells in nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL (NLPHL) are derived from germinal-center B cells. HRS cells have, however, largely lost their B cell phenotype and aberrantly express markers and transcriptional regulators of other hematolymphoid cell types. Deregulation of multiple signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors, including receptor tyrosine kinases, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), is a further hallmark of HRS cells. These cells harbor genetic lesions that contribute to or cause increases in the activity of transcription factors of the NF-kappaB and STAT families. HRS cells are found within a mixed reactive cellular infiltrate and interact with these nonmalignant cells in a complex fashion that appears to be essential for HRS cell survival and proliferation. Less is known about the pathogenesis of L&H cells in NLPHL, but increases in the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases, NF-kappaB, and JAK/STAT have also been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schmitz
- Institute for Cell Biology (Tumor Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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35
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Küppers R. Molecular biology of Hodgkin lymphoma. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2009; 2009:491-496. [PMID: 20008234 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is derived from mature B cells and subdivided into classical HL and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL (NLPHL). HL is unique among human B cell lymphomas because of the rarity of the lymphoma cells, the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical HL and the lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells in NLPHL, which usually account for 0.1% to 10% of the cells in the affected tissues. Moreover, HRS cells are unique in the extent to which they have lost their B cell-typical gene expression pattern. Deregulation of transcription factor networks plays a key role in this reprogramming process. HRS cells show strong constitutive activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Multiple mechanisms likely contribute to this deregulated activation, including signaling through particular receptors and genetic lesions. Inactivating mutations in the TNFAIP3 tumor suppressor gene, encoding a negative regulator of NF-kappaB activity, were recently identified in about 40% of patients with classical HL. HRS cells are latently infected by Epstein-Barr virus in about 40% of patients, and an important role of this virus in HL pathogenesis-in particular for cases in which HRS cells had lost the capacity to express a B-cell receptor due to destructive somatic mutation-was recently substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma was first described in 1832. The aetiology of this lymphoma, however, remained enigmatic for a long time. Only within the past 10 years has the B-cell nature of the pathognomonic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells been revealed, along with several recurrent genetic lesions. The pathogenetic role for Epstein-Barr virus infection has also been substantiated. HRS cells in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma have several characteristics that are unusual for lymphoid tumour cells, and the Hodgkin's lymphoma microenvironment is dominated by an extensive mixed, potentially inflammatory cellular infiltrate. Understanding the contribution of all of these changes to the pathogenesis of this disease is essential for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Tumour Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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37
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Zhao P, Lu Y, Liu L, Zhong M. Aberrant expression of ID2 protein and its correlation with EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) in classical Hodgkin lymphoma in China. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:379. [PMID: 19099554 PMCID: PMC2625365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between the expression of ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) in Chinese classical Hodgkin lymphoma are unknown and need exploring. METHODS Samples of classical Hodgkin lymphoma from 60 Chinese patients were analyzed for the expression of ID2, EBV-LMP1 and p16(INK4A) proteins by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ID2 protein was expressed in 83.3% of this group of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, staining strongly in both cytoplasm and nucleus of the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) were overexpressed in 85.0% and 71.7% of Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. EBV-LMP1 was noted in the cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus of HRS cells; P16(INK4A) was in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Microscopically, ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) staining distinguished the HRS cells from the complex background of lymphocytes. ID2 was positively correlated with EBV-LMP1(P < 0.01), but P16(INK4A) was inversely related to EBV-LMP1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It is suggested that ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) could play an important role in the evolution of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and be considered as potential adjunct markers to identify HRS cells in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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Integrative decomposition procedure and Kappa statistics set up ATF2 ion binding module in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11460-008-0086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brune V, Tiacci E, Pfeil I, Döring C, Eckerle S, van Noesel CJM, Klapper W, Falini B, von Heydebreck A, Metzler D, Bräuninger A, Hansmann ML, Küppers R. Origin and pathogenesis of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma as revealed by global gene expression analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2251-68. [PMID: 18794340 PMCID: PMC2556780 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nodular lymphocyte–predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) and its relationship to other lymphomas are largely unknown. This is partly because of the technical challenge of analyzing its rare neoplastic lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells, which are dispersed in an abundant nonneoplastic cellular microenvironment. We performed a genome-wide expression study of microdissected L&H lymphoma cells in comparison to normal and other malignant B cells that indicated a relationship of L&H cells to and/or that they originate from germinal center B cells at the transition to memory B cells. L&H cells show a surprisingly high similarity to the tumor cells of T cell–rich B cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma, a partial loss of their B cell phenotype, and deregulation of many apoptosis regulators and putative oncogenes. Importantly, L&H cells are characterized by constitutive nuclear factor κB activity and aberrant extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. Thus, these findings shed new light on the nature of L&H cells, reveal several novel pathogenetic mechanisms in NLPHL, and may help in differential diagnosis and lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Brune
- Institute for Cell Biology (Tumor Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Vockerodt M, Morgan SL, Kuo M, Wei W, Chukwuma MB, Arrand JR, Kube D, Gordon J, Young LS, Woodman CB, Murray PG. The Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein, latent membrane protein-1, reprograms germinal centre B cells towards a Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg-like phenotype. J Pathol 2008; 216:83-92. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Id2 intrinsically regulates lymphoid and erythroid development via interaction with different target proteins. Blood 2008; 112:1068-77. [PMID: 18523151 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-133504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA binding (Id) family members are key regulators of cellular differentiation and proliferation. These activities are related to the ability of Id proteins to antagonize E proteins and other transcription factors. As negative regulators of E proteins, Id proteins have been implicated in lymphocyte development. Overexpression of Id1, Id2, or Id3 has similar effects on lymphocyte development. However, which Id protein plays a physiologic role during lymphocyte development is not clear. By analyzing Id2 knock-out mice and retroviral transduced hematopoietic progenitors, we demonstrated that Id2 is an intrinsic negative regulator of B-cell development. Hematopoietic progenitor cells overexpressing Id2 did not reconstitute B-cell development in vivo, which resembled the phenotype of E2A null mice. The B-cell population in bone marrow was significantly expanded in Id2 knock-out mice compared with their wild-type littermates. Knock-down of Id2 by shRNA in hematopoietic progenitor cells promoted B-cell differentiation and induced the expression of B-cell lineage-specific genes. These data identified Id2 as a physiologically relevant regulator of E2A during B lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, we identified a novel Id2 function in erythroid development. Overexpression of Id2 enhanced erythroid development, and decreased level of Id2 impaired normal erythroid development. Id2 regulation of erythroid development is mediated via interacting with transcription factor PU.1 and modulating PU.1 and GATA-1 activities. We conclude that Id2 regulates lymphoid and erythroid development via interaction with different target proteins.
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Ushmorov A, Leithäuser F, Ritz O, Barth TFE, Möller P, Wirth T. ABF-1 is frequently silenced by promoter methylation in follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. Leukemia 2008; 22:1942-4. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Expression of helix-loop-helix proteins in classical hodgkin lymphoma: a possible explanation for a characteristic immunophenotype. Adv Anat Pathol 2008; 15:97-104. [PMID: 18418090 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e3181661363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Histone acetylation and DNA demethylation of B cells result in a Hodgkin-like phenotype. Leukemia 2008; 22:835-41. [PMID: 18256685 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A unique feature of the tumor cells (Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS)) of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is the loss of their B-cell phenotype despite their B-cell origin. Several lines of evidence suggest that epigenomic events, especially promoter DNA methylation, are involved in this silencing of many B-cell-associated genes. Here, we show that DNA demethylation alone or in conjunction with histone acetylation is not able to reconstitute the B-cell-gene expression program in cultured HRS cells. Instead, combined DNA demethylation and histone acetylation of B-cell lines induce an almost complete extinction of their B-cell-expression program and a tremendous upregulation of numerous Hodgkin-characteristic genes, including key players such as Id2 known to be involved in the suppression of the B-cell phenotype. Since the upregulation of Hodgkin-characteristic genes and the extinction of the B-cell-expression program occurred simultaneously, epigenetic changes may also be responsible for the malignant transformation of cHL. The epigenetic upregulation of Hodgkin-characteristic genes thus plays--in addition to promoter DNA hypermethylation of B-cell-associated genes--a pivotal role for the reprogramming of HRS cells and explains why DNA demethylation alone is unable to reconstitute the B-cell-expression program in HRS cells.
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Cotta CV, Leventaki V, Atsaves V, Vidaki A, Schlette E, Jones D, Medeiros LJ, Rassidakis GZ. The helix-loop-helix protein Id2 is expressed differentially and induced by myc in T-cell lymphomas. Cancer 2008; 112:552-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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46
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Kapatai G, Murray P. Contribution of the Epstein Barr virus to the molecular pathogenesis of Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:1342-9. [PMID: 18042690 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2007.050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although the morphology of the pathognomonic Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was described over a century ago, it was not until recently that their origin from B lymphocytes was recognised. The demonstration that a proportion of cases of HL harbour the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and that its genome is monoclonal in these tumours suggests that the virus contributes to the development of HL in some cases. This review summarises current knowledge of the pathogenesis of HL with particular emphasis on the association with EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kapatai
- The Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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47
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Tedoldi S, Mottok A, Ying J, Paterson JC, Cui Y, Facchetti F, van Krieken JHJM, Ponzoni M, Özkal S, Masir N, Natkunam Y, Pileri SA, Hansmann ML, Mason DY, Tao Q, Marafioti T. Selective loss of B-cell phenotype in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. J Pathol 2007; 213:429-40. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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48
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Mathas S. The Pathogenesis of Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Model for B-Cell Plasticity. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2007; 21:787-804. [PMID: 17908620 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that differentiated lymphoid cells can display a broad developmental potential and might even differentiate into other cell types. Recent data implicate such processes in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). In the malignant, B cell-derived Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of HL the expression of B cell-specific genes is lost, and B lineage-inappropriate genes are up-regulated. Experimental evidence has been presented in recent years that functional disruption of the B lineage-specific transcription factor program contributes to this process. HRS cells might be reprogrammed into cells resembling undifferentiated progenitor cells, which might offer an explanation for the unique HL phenotype and demonstrate a high degree of plasticity of human lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mathas
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Wood VHJ, O'Neil JD, Wei W, Stewart SE, Dawson CW, Young LS. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA1 regulates cellular gene transcription and modulates the STAT1 and TGFbeta signaling pathways. Oncogene 2007; 26:4135-47. [PMID: 17486072 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA1 protein is expressed in all virus-associated tumors where it plays an essential role in the maintenance, replication and transcription of the EBV genome. Transcriptional profiling of EBNA1-expressing carcinoma cells demonstrated that EBNA1 also influences the expression of a range of cellular genes including those involved in translation, transcription and cell signaling. Of particular interest was the ability of EBNA1 to enhance expression of STAT1 and sensitize cells to interferon-induced STAT1 activation with resultant enhancement of major histocompatibility complex expression. A negative effect of EBNA1 on the expression of TGFbeta1-responsive betaig-h3 and PAI-1 genes was confirmed at the protein level in EBV-infected carcinoma cells. This effect resulted from the ability of EBNA1 to repress TGFbeta1-induced transcription via a reduction in the interaction of SMAD2 with SMAD4. More detailed analysis revealed that EBNA1 induces a lower steady-state level of SMAD2 protein as a consequence of increased protein turnover. These data show that EBNA1 can influence cellular gene transcription resulting in effects that may contribute to the development of EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H J Wood
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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50
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Abstract
EBV-associated malignancies remain a considerable problem in HIV-infected individuals, even in the era of HAART. Although EBV is a common factor, each disease has a unique pathogenesis. Study of these diseases reveals the viral proteins expressed in the malignancies that might contribute to the development of the disease as well as the molecular basis for pathogenesis. It is likely that this knowledge will contribute to the development of novel therapeutics that will result in more favorable outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Long
- Department of Biochemistry, St.Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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