1
|
Mogi M, Ikegawa Y, Haga S, Hoshide S, Kario K. Hypertension facilitates age-related diseases. ~ Is hypertension associated with a wide variety of diseases?~. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:1246-1259. [PMID: 38491107 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension, a disease whose prevalence increases with age, induces pathological conditions of ischemic vascular disorders such as cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction due to accelerated arteriosclerosis and circulatory insufficiency of small arteries and sometimes causes hemorrhagic conditions such as cerebral hemorrhage and ruptured aortic aneurysm. On the other hand, as it is said that aging starts with the blood vessels, impaired blood flow associated with vascular aging is the basis for the development of many pathological conditions, and ischemic changes in target organs associated with vascular disorders result in tissue dysfunction and degeneration, inducing organ hypofunction and dysfunction. Therefore, we hypothesized that hypertension is associated with all age-related vascular diseases, and attempted to review the relationship between hypertension and diseases for which a relationship has not been previously well reported. Following our review, we hope that a collaborative effort to unravel age-related diseases from the perspective of hypertension will be undertaken together with experts in various specialties regarding the relationship of hypertension to all pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Ikegawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Haga
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hoshide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen VT, Ngo QT, Ramirez RP, Nakamura T, Farman N, Aractingi S, Jaisser F. The myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor regulates dermal angiogenesis and inflammation in glucocorticoid-induced impaired wound healing. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:5222-5232. [PMID: 35861949 PMCID: PMC9826027 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delayed wound healing is among the deleterious consequences of over-activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) induced by topical dermocorticoids. The role of dermal inflammation and angiogenesis in the benefits of MR blockade is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Skin wounds were made on C57Bl6 mice after topical pretreatment with the dermocorticoid clobetasol. The impact of topical MR blockade by canrenoate on inflammation, angiogenesis, and the wound macrophage phenotype was analysed 5 days post-wounding. Similar experiments were conducted on mice with genetic deletion of the MR in myeloid cells. KEY RESULTS Topical inhibition of the MR with canrenoate improved delayed wound healing through the resolution of prolonged inflammation in glucocorticoid-pretreated mouse skin. This effect was associated with a higher ratio of anti-inflammatory macrophages versus pro-inflammatory macrophages in wounds treated by canrenoate. Furthermore, MR blockade led to upregulated expression of pro-angiogenic factors and improved impaired angiogenesis in wounds of glucocorticoid-pretreated skin. Finally, deletion of MR expression by myeloid cells reproduced the benefits of topical pharmacological MR blockade. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Topical MR antagonism facilitates the switching of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which improves prolonged inflammation and induces angiogenesis to accelerate wound healing delayed by glucocorticoid treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Tuan Nguyen
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersSorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéParisFrance,Department of Basic ScienceThai Nguyen University of Agriculture and ForestryThainguyenVietnam
| | - Qui Trung Ngo
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersSorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéParisFrance,Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, INSERM U1016, Cochin InstituteUniversité Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Roberto Palacios Ramirez
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersSorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Toshifumi Nakamura
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersSorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Nicolette Farman
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersSorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, INSERM U1016, Cochin InstituteUniversité Paris CitéParisFrance,Department of DermatologyCochin HospitalParisFrance
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersSorbonne Université, Université Paris CitéParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aldosterone Increases Vascular Permeability in Rat Skin. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172707. [PMID: 36078114 PMCID: PMC9454878 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute aldosterone (ALDO) administration on the vascular permeability of skin. ALDO was injected intradermally into rats, and vascular permeability was measured. Eplerenone (EPL), a selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, was used. Skin biopsies were carried out for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and polymerase chain reactions were performed to analyze the expression of MR, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, von Willebrand factor (vWF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and zonula occludens 1. Our study showed the presence of MR in the rat skin vasculature for the first time. It was found that ALDO injection resulted in a more than 30% increase in vascular permeability and enhanced the endothelial exocytosis of vWF. The effect of ALDO diminished after EPL administration. An accumulation of vWF and a reduction in VEGF IHC staining were observed following chronic EPL administration. No effect of ALDO or EPL on the mRNA expression of the studied genes or skin structure was observed. The results suggest that ALDO increases vascular permeability in the skin via an MR-dependent mechanism. This effect of ALDO on skin microcirculation may have important therapeutic implications for diseases characterized by increased levels of ALDO and coexisting skin microangiopathy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohn J, Son HY, Yu DA, Kim MS, Kwon S, Park WS, Kim JI, Kwon O. Early onset female pattern hair loss: a case–control study for analyzing clinical features and genetic variants. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 106:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
Eirefelt S, Stahlhut M, Svitacheva N, Carnerup MA, Da Rosa JMC, Ewald DA, Marstrand TT, Krogh-Madsen M, Dünstl G, Dack KN, Ollerstam A, Norsgaard H. Characterization of a novel non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist optimized for topical treatment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1501. [PMID: 35087193 PMCID: PMC8795149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used topical treatments for skin diseases but are associated with both local and systemic side effects. In this study, we describe a selective non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist for topical use, LEO 134310, which is rapidly deactivated in the blood resulting in low systemic exposure and a higher therapeutic index in the TPA-induced skin inflammation mouse model compared with betamethasone valerate (BMV) and clobetasol propionate (CP). Selectivity of LEO 134310 for GR was confirmed within a panel of nuclear receptors, including the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which has been associated with induction of skin atrophy. Topical treatment with LEO 134310 in minipigs did not result in any significant reduction in epidermal thickness in contrast to significant epidermal thinning induced by treatment with BMV and CP. Thus, the profile of LEO 134310 may potentially provide an effective and safer treatment option for skin diseases compared with currently used glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georg Dünstl
- LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sözen M, Baldane S, Abusoglu S, Kebapcılar L, Kebapcılar A, Tunçez Akyürek F, Ünlü A, İpekci SH. A study on relationship between androgenetic alopecia and cardiovascular risk using high sensitivity C-reactive protein and galectin-3 in men with early onset baldness. Biomarkers 2021; 27:71-78. [PMID: 34852684 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.2013539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the objective was to evaluate the cardiovascular and metabolic effects in men with male pattern alopecia beginning before 30 years of age. METHODS Total of 81 people (41 androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and 40 healthy individuals) were included in the study. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) measurement, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), galectin-3 were studied. Hamilton-Norwood scale (HNS) was used to determine the AGA types of the cases. RESULTS The mean age in the AGA and control groups was 30.3 ± 7.5 and 30.8 ± 6.0, respectively. Twenty-four-hour ABP measurements, hsCRP, and galectin-3 were similar in both groups. There was a positive correlation between HNS grade with age, BMI, triglyceride levels and fasting blood glucose levels in individuals with AGA. Similarly, there was a positive correlation between HNS grade with daytime pulse wave velocity and night-time reflection magnitude. A significant positive correlation was determined between hsCRP with BMI and waist circumference, and between galectin-3 with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, HOMA-IR in individuals with AGA. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that AGA patients are similar to the normal population in terms of insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome components. However, hsCRP and galectin-3 appear to be associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with AGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sözen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Baldane
- Department Endocrinology and Metabolism, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sedat Abusoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Levent Kebapcılar
- Department Endocrinology and Metabolism, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Kebapcılar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Ünlü
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Hilmi İpekci
- Department Endocrinology and Metabolism, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pérez P. The mineralocorticoid receptor in skin disease. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3178-3189. [PMID: 34788475 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR or NR3C2) is expressed in all cell types of the different skin compartments and can be bound and activated by glucocorticoids (GCs) with higher affinity than its closely related glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR or NR3C1). As both corticosteroid receptors co-express in skin, and considering the therapeutic relevance of GCs to combat skin inflammatory diseases, it was proposed that several of the major side-effects of topical GCs such as skin atrophy and delayed wound healing were due to unintended activation of the MR. Indeed, cutaneous MR blockade using genetic and pharmacological approaches in mice and human reduced the GC-associated skin atrophy in conditions of endogenous and pharmacological GC excess. While data support the safety of topical MR antagonists combined with GCs, it is crucial to address the efficacy of treatment in skin inflammatory conditions and its impact on the overall metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Viengchareun S, Pussard E, Castanet M, Sachs LM, Vu TA, Boileau P, Lombès M, Martinerie L. The invention of aldosterone, how the past resurfaces in pediatric endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111375. [PMID: 34197901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium and water homeostasis are drastically modified at birth, in mammals, by the transition from aquatic life to terrestrial life. Accumulating evidence during the past ten years underscores the central role for the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway, in the fine regulation of this equilibrium, at this critical period of development. Interestingly, regarding evolution, while the mineralocorticoid receptor is expressed in fish, the appearance of its related ligand, aldosterone, coincides with terrestrial life, as it is first detected in lungfish and amphibian. Thus, aldosterone is likely one of the main hormones regulating the transition from an aquatic environment to an air environment. This review will focus on the different actors of the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway from aldosterone secretion in the adrenal gland, to mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the kidney, summarizing their regulation and roles throughout fetal and neonatal development, in the light of evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Pussard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, CHU Rouen, Department of Pediatrics, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 Molecular Physiology and Adaption, Department Adaptation of Life, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Thi An Vu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascal Boileau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, Rue du Champ Gaillard 78300 Poissy France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université de Paris, 75019, Paris, France; Pediatric Endocrinology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debre, 75019, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Slominski RM, Raman C, Elmets C, Jetten AM, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. The significance of CYP11A1 expression in skin physiology and pathology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111238. [PMID: 33716049 PMCID: PMC8205265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, plays several key roles in the human body. It catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, converting cholesterol to pregnenolone. Aside from the classical steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenals, gonads and placenta, CYP11A1 has also been found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, immune systems, and finally the skin. CYP11A1 activity in the skin is regulated predominately by StAR protein and hence cholesterol levels in the mitochondria. However, UVB, UVC, CRH, ACTH, cAMP, and cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα can also regulate its expression and activity. Indeed, CYP11A1 plays several critical roles in the skin through its initiation of local steroidogenesis and specific metabolism of vitamin D, lumisterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol. Products of these pathways regulate the protective barrier and skin immune functions in a context-dependent fashion through interactions with a number of receptors. Disturbances in CYP11A1 activity can lead to skin pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Slominski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, USA; Department of Dermatology, USA
| | - C Raman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, USA; Department of Dermatology, USA
| | - C Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - A M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - R C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Niculet E, Bobeica C, Tatu AL. Glucocorticoid-Induced Skin Atrophy: The Old and the New. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:1041-1050. [PMID: 33408495 PMCID: PMC7779293 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s224211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are major therapeutic agents highly used in the medical field. Topical glucocorticoids have biologic activities which make them useful in dermatology – anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictive, immune suppressive and antiproliferative, in treating inflammatory skin disorders (allergic contact eczema, atopic hand eczema, nummular eczema, psoriasis vulgaris or toxic-irritative eczema). Unfortunately, the beneficial effects of topical glucocorticoids are shadowed by their potential for adverse effects – muscle or skin atrophy, striae distensae, rubeosis or acne. Skin atrophy is one of the most prevalent side-effects, with changes found in all skin compartments – marked hypoplasia, elasticity loss with tearing, increased fragility, telangiectasia, bruising, cutaneous transparency, or a dysfunctional skin barrier. The structure and function of the epidermis is altered even in the short-term topical glucocorticoid treatment; it affects stratum corneum components, subsequently affecting skin barrier integrity. The dermis is altered by directly inhibiting fibroblast proliferation, reducing mast cell numbers, and loss of support; there is depletion of mucopolysaccharides, elastin fibers, matrix metalloproteases and inhibition of collagen synthesis. Atrophogenic changes can be found also in hair follicles, sebaceous glands or dermal adipose tissue. Attention should be paid to topical glucocorticoid treatment prescription, to the beneficial/adverse effects ratio of the chosen agent, and studies should be oriented on the development of newer, innovative targeted (gene or receptor) therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niculet
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
| | - Carmen Bobeica
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Gr. T. Popa", Iași, Romania
| | - Alin L Tatu
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania.,Research Center in the Field of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ReFORM-UDJ, Galati, Romania.,Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Polychronopoulou E, Braconnier P, Burnier M. New Insights on the Role of Sodium in the Physiological Regulation of Blood Pressure and Development of Hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:136. [PMID: 31608291 PMCID: PMC6756190 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise maintenance of sodium and fluid balance is an essential step in the regulation of blood pressure and alterations of this balance may lead to the development of hypertension. In recent years, several new advances were made in our understanding of the interaction between sodium and blood pressure regulation. The first is the discovery made possible with by new technology, such as 23Na-MRI, that sodium can be stored non-osmotically in tissues including the skin and muscles particularly when subjects are on a high sodium diet or have a reduced renal capacity to excrete sodium. These observations prompted the refinement of the original model of regulation of sodium balance from a two-compartment model comprising the extracellular fluid within the intravascular and interstitial spaces to a three-compartment model that includes the intracellular space of some tissues, most prominently the skin. In this new model, the immune system plays a role, thereby supporting many previous studies indicating that the immune system is a crucial co-contributor to the maintenance of hypertension through pro-hypertensive effects in the kidney, vasculature, and brain. Lastly, there is now evidence that sodium can affect the gut microbiome, and induce pro-inflammatory and immune responses, which might contribute to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erietta Polychronopoulou
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Braconnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hundt JE, Sass S, Funk W, Bíró T, Farman N, Langan EA, Paus R. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Stimulate Human Hair Growth ex vivo. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:344-348. [PMID: 31522177 DOI: 10.1159/000501729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whilst topical steroids represent one of the most frequently administered treatments for skin and hair diseases, predominantly based on their glucocorticoid receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory effects, the mineralocorticoid effects of topical steroids have received surprisingly little attention. However, the role of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling is now known to extend beyond the kidney, with human skin, including the hair follicle (HF), expressing the MR. Using microdissected female HFs treated ex vivo with MR agonists and antagonists, we sought to determine the effects of MR-mediated signaling in the cutaneous context. Indeed, not only did the skin and HF epithelium express the MR at both the gene and protein level, but its expression was hair cycle dependent. Moreover, the selective MR antagonist eplerenone promoted hair shaft elongation and hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation whilst delaying catagen (HF regression). These novel observations suggest that the female human HF is sensitive to the inhibition of MR signaling and provide the first evidence that sustained MR signaling may even be required to maintain the growth phase (anagen) of human scalp HFs. Indeed, these data encourage the systematic evaluation of MR agonists and antagonists in human hair growth control so as to identify much-needed, novel anti-hirsutism and/or hair growth-promoting agents, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Hundt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sass
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nicolette Farman
- Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, France
| | - Ewan A Langan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, E-Mail .,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA, E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nguyen VT, Farman N, Palacios-Ramirez R, Sbeih M, Behar-Cohen F, Aractingi S, Jaisser F. Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice Is Improved by Topical Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:223-234.e7. [PMID: 31278904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin ulcers resulting from impaired wound healing are a serious complication of diabetes. Unresolved inflammation, associated with the dysregulation of both the phenotype and function of macrophages, is involved in the poor healing of diabetic wounds. Here, we report that topical pharmacological inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by canrenoate or MR small interfering RNA can resolve inflammation to improve delayed skin wound healing in diabetic mouse models; importantly, wounds from normal mice are unaffected. The beneficial effect of canrenoate is associated with an increased ratio of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages to proinflammatory M1 macrophages in diabetic wounds. Furthermore, we show that MR blockade leads to downregulation of the MR target, LCN2, which may facilitate macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and improve impaired angiogenesis in diabetic wounds. Indeed, diabetic LCN2-deficient mice showed improved wound healing associated with macrophage M2 polarization and angiogenesis. In addition, recombinant LCN2 protein prevented IL-4-induced macrophage switch from M1 to M2 phenotype. In conclusion, topical MR blockade accelerates skin wound healing in diabetic mice via LCN2 reduction, M2 macrophage polarization, prevention of inflammation, and induction of angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Tuan Nguyen
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Laboratory of progenitors and endothelial cells during and after pregnancy, INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Department of Basic Science, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thainguyen, Vietnam
| | - Nicolette Farman
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Maria Sbeih
- Laboratory of progenitors and endothelial cells during and after pregnancy, INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Laboratory of progenitors and endothelial cells during and after pregnancy, INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Cochin-Tarnier, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; INSERM, Clinical Investigation Centre 1433, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sevilla LM, Pérez P. Roles of the Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Skin Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071906. [PMID: 29966221 PMCID: PMC6073661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily comprises approximately 50 evolutionarily conserved proteins that play major roles in gene regulation by prototypically acting as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Besides their central role in physiology, NRs have been largely used as therapeutic drug targets in many chronic inflammatory conditions and derivatives of their specific ligands, alone or in combination, are frequently prescribed for the treatment of skin diseases. In particular, glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly used compounds for treating prevalent skin diseases such as psoriasis due to their anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. However, and despite their therapeutic efficacy, the long-term use of GCs is limited because of the cutaneous adverse effects including atrophy, delayed wound healing, and increased susceptibility to stress and infections. The GC receptor (GR/NR3C1) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR/NR3C2) are members of the NR subclass NR3C that are highly related, both structurally and functionally. While the GR is ubiquitously expressed and is almost exclusively activated by GCs; an MR has a more restricted tissue expression pattern and can bind GCs and the mineralocorticoid aldosterone with similar high affinity. As these receptors share 95% identity in their DNA binding domains; both can recognize the same hormone response elements; theoretically resulting in transcriptional regulation of the same target genes. However, a major mechanism for specific activation of GRs and/or MRs is at the pre-receptor level by modulating the local availability of active GCs. Furthermore, the selective interactions of each receptor with spatio-temporally regulated transcription factors and co-regulators are crucial for the final transcriptional outcome. While there are abundant genome wide studies identifying GR transcriptional targets in a variety of tissue and cell types; including keratinocytes; the data for MR is more limited thus far. Our group and others have studied the role of GRs and MRs in skin development and disease by generating and characterizing mouse and cellular models with gain- and loss-of-function for each receptor. Both NRs are required for skin barrier competence during mouse development and also play a role in adult skin homeostasis. Moreover, the combined loss of epidermal GRs and MRs caused a more severe skin phenotype relative to single knock-outs (KOs) in developing skin and in acute inflammation and psoriasis, indicating that these corticosteroid receptors play cooperative roles. Understanding GR- and MR-mediated signaling in skin should contribute to deciphering their tissue-specific relative roles and ultimately help to improve GC-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim BK, Choe SJ, Chung HC, Oh SS, Lee WS. Gender-specific risk factors for androgenetic alopecia in the Korean general population: Associations with medical comorbidities and general health behaviors. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:183-192. [PMID: 29330930 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and various factors related to metabolic syndrome have been demonstrated in previous studies. However, it remains unclear because of inconsistent results. We investigated the associations between AGA and various risk factors related to metabolic syndrome according to gender. METHODS We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of 2028 Koreans (1050 men, 978 women). The basic and specific (BASP) classification was used for diagnosis of AGA. We collected information on risk factors though questionnaires and medical records. RESULTS AGA was significantly associated with age, family history of AGA, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and waist circumference in both genders. Female subjects with AGA were more likely to have cerebrovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and obesity; however, these associations were not observed in the male subjects. When multiple regression analysis was applied, there was a significant relationship between hypertension and AGA in male subjects. However, there was no statistically significant association in female subjects. CONCLUSION The different results according to gender might arise from different mechanisms of AGA. There was a significant relationship between hypertension and AGA in male subjects. Evaluation of blood pressure in male patients with AGA might facilitate interventions for hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung Jay Choe
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Chung
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Oh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Won-Soo Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Hair and Cosmetic Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stojadinovic O, Lindley LE, Jozic I, Tomic-Canic M. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists-A New Sprinkle of Salt and Youth. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 136:1938-1941. [PMID: 27664711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin atrophy and impaired cutaneous wound healing are the recognized side effects of topical glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. Although GCs have high affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor, they also bind and activate the mineralocorticoid receptor. In light of this, one can speculate that some of the GC-mediated side effects can be remedied by blocking activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Indeed, according to Nguyen et al., local inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor via antagonists (spironolactone, canrenoate, and eplerenone) rescues GC-induced delayed epithelialization and accelerates wound closure in diabetic animals by targeting epithelial sodium channels and stimulating keratinocyte proliferation. These findings suggest that the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists coupled with GC therapy may be beneficial in overcoming at least some of the GC-mediated side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Linsey E Lindley
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ivan Jozic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maier K, He Y, Wölfle U, Esser PR, Brummer T, Schempp C, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C. UV-B-induced cutaneous inflammation and prospects for antioxidant treatment in Kindler syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5339-5352. [PMID: 27798104 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindler syndrome (KS), a rare, autosomal recessive disorder comprises mechanical skin fragility and photosensitivity, which manifest early in life. The progression of the disorder is irreversible and results in tissue damage in form of cutaneous and mucosal atrophy and scarring and epithelial cancers. Here, we unravel molecular mechanisms of increased UV-B sensitivity of keratinocytes derived from KS patients. We show that the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, are upregulated in KS skin and in UV-B irradiated KS keratinocytes. These cytokines are dependent on p38 activation, which is increased in the absence of kindlin-1 and induced by higher ROS levels. Other dysregulated cytokines and growth factors were identified in this study and might be involved in paracrine interactions contributing to KS pathology. We show a direct relationship between kindlin-1 abundance and UV-B induced apoptosis in keratinocytes, whereas kindlin-2 overexpression has no compensatory effect. Importantly, low levels of kindlin-1 are sufficient to relieve or rescue this feature. Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and of UV-B induced apoptosis is a valid therapeutic goal to influence long term complications of KS. Here, we demonstrate that antioxidants and the plant flavonoid luteolin represent feasible topical therapeutic approaches decreasing UV-B induced apoptosis in two-dimensional and organotypic KS cultures. We provide evidence for potential new therapeutic approaches to mitigate the progressive course of KS, for which no cure is available to date. Furthermore, we established organotypic KS models, a valuable in vitro tool for research with a morphology similar to the skin of patients in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Maier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yinghong He
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Wölfle
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp R Esser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schempp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jaisser F, Farman N. Emerging Roles of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Pathology: Toward New Paradigms in Clinical Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:49-75. [PMID: 26668301 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone are the principal modulators of hormone-regulated renal sodium reabsorption. In addition to the kidney, there are several other cells and organs expressing MR, in which its activation mediates pathologic changes, indicating potential therapeutic applications of pharmacological MR antagonism. Steroidal MR antagonists have been used for decades to fight hypertension and more recently heart failure. New therapeutic indications are now arising, and nonsteroidal MR antagonists are currently under development. This review is focused on nonclassic MR targets in cardiac, vascular, renal, metabolic, ocular, and cutaneous diseases. The MR, associated with other risk factors, is involved in organ fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging; for example, in the kidney and heart MR mediates hormonal tissue-specific ion channel regulation. Genetic and epigenetic modifications of MR expression/activity that have been documented in hypertension may also present significant risk factors in other diseases and be susceptible to MR antagonism. Excess mineralocorticoid signaling, mediated by aldosterone or glucocorticoids binding, now appears deleterious in the progression of pathologies that may lead to end-stage organ failure and could therefore benefit from the repositioning of pharmacological MR antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Jaisser
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
| | - N Farman
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Epidermal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Plays Beneficial and Adverse Effects in Skin and Mediates Glucocorticoid Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2417-2426. [PMID: 27464843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate skin homeostasis and combat cutaneous inflammatory diseases; however, adverse effects of chronic GC treatments limit their therapeutic use. GCs bind and activate the GC receptor and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), transcription factors that recognize identical hormone responsive elements. Whether epidermal MR mediates beneficial or deleterious GC effects is of great interest for improving GC-based skin therapies. MR epidermal knockout mice exhibited increased keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and showed resistance to GC-induced epidermal thinning. However, crucially, loss of epidermal MR rendered mice more sensitive to inflammatory stimuli and skin damage. MR epidermal knockout mice showed increased susceptibility to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inflammation with higher cytokine induction. Likewise, cultured MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes had increased phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced NF-κB activation, highlighting an anti-inflammatory function for MR. GC-induced transcription was reduced in MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes, at least partially due to decreased recruitment of GC receptor to hormone responsive element-containing sequences. Our results support a role for epidermal MR in adult skin homeostasis and demonstrate nonredundant roles for MR and GC receptor in mediating GC actions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Triantafyllidi H, Grafakos A, Ikonomidis I, Pavlidis G, Trivilou P, Schoinas A, Lekakis J. Severity of Alopecia Predicts Coronary Changes and Arterial Stiffness in Untreated Hypertensive Men. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016; 19:51-57. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Triantafyllidi
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Medical School; Attikon Hospital; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Agis Grafakos
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Medical School; Attikon Hospital; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Medical School; Attikon Hospital; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - George Pavlidis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Medical School; Attikon Hospital; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Paraskevi Trivilou
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Medical School; Attikon Hospital; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Antonis Schoinas
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Medical School; Attikon Hospital; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - John Lekakis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Medical School; Attikon Hospital; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiménez-Canino R, Lorenzo-Díaz F, Jaisser F, Farman N, Giraldez T, Alvarez de la Rosa D. Histone Deacetylase 6-Controlled Hsp90 Acetylation Significantly Alters Mineralocorticoid Receptor Subcellular Dynamics But Not its Transcriptional Activity. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2515-32. [PMID: 27100623 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that transduces the biological effects of corticosteroids. Its best-characterized role is to enhance transepithelial sodium reabsorption in response to increased aldosterone levels. In addition, MR participates in other aldosterone- or glucocorticoid-controlled processes such as cardiovascular homeostasis, adipocyte differentiation or neurogenesis, and regulation of neuronal activity in the hippocampus. Like other steroid receptors, MR forms cytosolic heterocomplexes with heat shock protein (Hsp) 90), Hsp70, and other proteins such as immunophilins. Interaction with Hsp90 is thought to maintain MR in a ligand-binding competent conformation and to regulate ligand-dependent and -independent nucleocytoplasmatic shuttling. It has previously been shown that acetylation of residue K295 in Hsp90 regulates its interaction with the androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In this work we hypothesized that Hsp90 acetylation provides a regulatory step to modulate MR cellular dynamics and activity. We used Hsp90 acetylation mimic mutant K295Q or nonacetylatable mutant K295R to examine whether MR nucleocytoplasmatic shuttling and gene transactivation are affected. Furthermore, we manipulated endogenous Hsp90 acetylation levels by controlling expression or activity of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), the enzyme responsible for deacetylation of Hsp90-K295. Our data demonstrates that HDAC6-mediated Hsp90 acetylation regulates MR cellular dynamics but it does not alter its function. This stands in contrast with the down-regulation of GR by HDAC6, suggesting that Hsp90 acetylation may play a role in balancing relative MR and GR activity when both factors are co-expressed in the same cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Canino
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Fabián Lorenzo-Díaz
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Nicolette Farman
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Re-Epithelialization of Pathological Cutaneous Wounds Is Improved by Local Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2080-2089. [PMID: 27262545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a social burden. It occurs as a consequence of glucocorticoid treatment in several pathologies. Glucocorticoids (GC) bind not only to the glucocorticoid receptor but also to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), both expressed by keratinocytes. In addition to its beneficial effects through the glucocorticoid receptor, GC exposure may lead to inappropriate MR occupancy. We hypothesized that dermatological use of MR antagonists (MRA) might be beneficial by overcoming the negative impact of GC treatment on pathological wounds. The potent GC clobetasol, applied as an ointment to mouse skin, or added to cultured human skin explants, induced delayed wound closure and outgrowth of epidermis with reduced proliferation of keratinocytes. Delayed wound re-epithelialization was rescued by local MRA application. Normal skin was unaffected by MRA. The benefit of MR blockade is explained by the increased expression of MR in clobetasol-treated mouse skin. Blockade of the epithelial sodium channel by phenamil also rescued cultured human skin explants from GC-impaired growth of the epidermis. MRA application over post-biopsy wounds of clobetasol-treated skin zones of healthy volunteers (from the Interest of Topical Spironolactone's Administration to Prevent Corticoid-induced Epidermal Atrophy clinical trial) also accelerated wound closure. In conclusion, we propose repositioning MRA for cutaneous application to improve delayed wound closure occurring in pathology.
Collapse
|
24
|
Sasaki M, Shinozaki S, Shimokado K. Sulforaphane promotes murine hair growth by accelerating the degradation of dihydrotestosterone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Rubinstein TJ, Weber AC, Traboulsi EI. Molecular biology and genetics of embryonic eyelid development. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:252-9. [PMID: 26863902 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The embryology of the eyelid is a complex process that includes interactions between the surface ectoderm and mesenchymal tissues. In the mouse and human, the eyelids form and fuse before birth; they open prenatally in the human and postnatally in the mouse. In the mouse, cell migration is stimulated by different growth factors such as FGF10, TGF-α, Activin B, and HB-EGF. These growth factors modulate downstream BMP4 signaling, the ERK cascade, and JNK/c-JUN. Several mechanisms, such as the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, may inhibit and regulate eyelid fusion. Eyelid opening, on the other hand, is driven by the BMP/Smad signaling system. Several human genetic disorders result from dysregulation of the above molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam C Weber
- a Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tasaki N, Minematsu T, Mugita Y, Ikeda SI, Nakagami G, Sanada H. Telogen elongation in the hair cycle of ob/ob mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:74-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1069693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alopecia impairs the physical and mental health of patients. We have previously shown that 8-week-old ob/ob mice have no reactivity to depilation, which is a stimulus that induces anagen transition in normal mice, while no hair cycle abnormalities have been reported in other studies until mice reach 7 weeks of age. Therefore, we hypothesized that ob/ob mice have abnormalities in hair cycle progression beyond 7 weeks of age. We examined 6- to 24-week-old ob/ob and 6- to 10-week-old normal mice. After acclimation, the dorsal skin was harvested and the hair cycle phase was identified histologically and immunohistochemically. Normal mice showed catagen–telogen and telogen–anagen transitions at 6 and 8–9 weeks old, respectively. In contrast, the anagen–catagen transition was observed in 7-week-old mice and the telogen phase was maintained from 10 to 24 weeks in most ob/ob mice. These results suggests that ob/ob mice are a possible model animal for telogen effluvium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Tasaki
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Minematsu
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mugita
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ikeda
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gojiro Nakagami
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Farman N, Nguyen VT. A novel actor in skin biology: the mineralocorticoid receptor. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:24-5. [PMID: 26519358 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Farman
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Van Tuan Nguyen
- INSERM UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Banger HS, Malhotra SK, Singh S, Mahajan M. Is Early Onset Androgenic Alopecia a Marker of Metabolic Syndrome and Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Young Indian Male Patients? Int J Trichology 2015; 7:141-7. [PMID: 26903742 PMCID: PMC4738480 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.171566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is a common cosmetically and psychosocially distressing condition. High androgen level contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, thrombosis leading to hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. OBJECTIVES To study the clinico-epidemiological profile of AGA and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and carotid artery atherosclerosis in male patients with early onset AGA as compared to controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, 100 male patients of age 18-35 years with AGA and an equal number of age-matched healthy controls attending skin and STD OPD were included. Assessment of the degree of hair loss, evaluation of MetS and carotid artery color Doppler for the atherosclerotic plaque was done in all patients. RESULTS Statistically significant number of patients with early onset AGA 22/100 (22%) (P < 0.05) fulfilled the criteria for MetS compared to 8/100 (8%) in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in mean values of waist circumference, serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose concentration, and very low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, no significant differences were observed in the mean values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The atherosclerotic plaque was found in two patients of the study group, and no plaque was found in control patients. CONCLUSION We suggest that all men with AGA should be thoroughly investigated, and lifestyle changes should be started in the early period of life so as to reduce the risk of various problems associated with MetS. AGA can be considered as an early marker for MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sohan Singh
- Department of Radiology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mridula Mahajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Topical Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade Limits Glucocorticoid-Induced Epidermal Atrophy in Human Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1781-1789. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
Bakry OA, El Farargy SM, Ghanayem N, Soliman A. Atherogenic index of plasma in non-obese women with androgenetic alopecia. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:e339-44. [PMID: 26096895 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by the local and gradual transformation of terminal scalp hair into vellus hair, which has a shorter and thinner shaft. Several studies have analyzed the relationship between AGA and cardiovascular disease in males, and few were conducted in females. The current study aimed to investigate lipid profile and atherogenic index of plasma in non-obese females with AGA. METHODS Forty non-obese females with early-onset AGA were selected with 40 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects as a control group. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured, and the atherogenic index of plasma was calculated for all cases and control subjects. RESULTS Mean values of total cholesterol (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.03), and triglycerides (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in cases than controls. Mean value of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower in cases than controls (P = 0.008). The atherogenic index of plasma was significantly higher in cases than controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Current findings support the relationship between early-onset AGA and unfavorable lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in affected females. Assessment and follow-up of these cases will allow early intervention to avoid cardiovascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola A Bakry
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| | - Shawky M El Farargy
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Ghanayem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| | - Amal Soliman
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Shibeen El Koom, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pérez P. Glucocorticoid receptors, epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/derm.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
32
|
Faresse N. Post-translational modifications of the mineralocorticoid receptor: How to dress the receptor according to the circumstances? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:334-42. [PMID: 24820770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone or glucocorticoid stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is involved in numerous physiological responses, including ions and water homeostasis, blood pressure control and metabolism. The understanding of MR signaling regulation in the patho/physiological context took a new direction the last few years with a focus on the post-translational modifications of MR. Depending on its environment, cellular expression, activity or its binding partners, the MR is submitted to several post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation and acetylation that regulate its localization, activity and/or stability. A complex interplay between all these modifications allows a fine tuning of MR signaling depending on the physiological context. This review reports recent knowledge about post-translational modifications of MR and describes the enzymes and the molecular mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nourdine Faresse
- University of Zurich, Institute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tiganescu A, Hupe M, Uchida Y, Mauro T, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Increased glucocorticoid activation during mouse skin wound healing. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:51-61. [PMID: 24464022 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) excess inhibits wound healing causing increased patient discomfort and infection risk. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activates GCs (converting 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone in rodents) in many tissues including skin, where de novo steroidogenesis from cholesterol has also been reported. To examine the regulation of 11β-HSD1 and steroidogenic enzyme expression during wound healing, 5 mm wounds were generated in female SKH1 mice and compared at days 0, 2, 4, 8, 14, and 21 relative to unwounded skin. 11β-HSD1 expression (mRNA and protein) and enzyme activity were elevated at 2 and 4 days post-wounding, with 11β-HSD1 localizing to infiltrating inflammatory cells. 11β-HSD2 (GC-deactivating) mRNA expression and activity were undetectable. Although several steroidogenic enzymes displayed variable expression during healing, expression of the final enzyme required for the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), was lacking in unwounded skin and post-wounding. Consequently, 11-deoxycorticosterone was the principal progesterone metabolite in mouse skin before and after wounding. Our findings demonstrate that 11β-HSD1 activates considerably more corticosterone than is generated de novo from progesterone in mouse skin and drives GC exposure during healing, demonstrating the basis for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to accelerate wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear hormone family of transcription factors, plays key physiological roles in many organs, including the skin. In this issue, Latorre et al. demonstrate that mice lacking GR in the epidermis exhibit increased vulnerability to chemical carcinogenesis. Evidence supporting an involvement of GR signaling in physiological and pathophysiological processes in skin is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Collin M, Niemann F, Jaisser F. Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators: a patent review (2007 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 24:177-83. [PMID: 24215301 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.854772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considered for years as a 'renal hormone' leading to the control of renal excretion of minerals (explaining the term 'mineralocorticoid' used to describe this hormone), aldosterone is now recognized as a key factor in several diseases including hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmia, metabolic and kidney diseases, to cite only a few of them. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors aim to cover information provided by patents of the years 2007 through 2012. The rationale of writing this article is to cover the most important patents that can progress the field with new important discoveries. EXPERT OPINION The recognition of its proinflammatory and fibrogenic effects and the discovery of extrarenal sites of expression of its receptor (the mineralocorticoid receptor or MR) support a broader implication in diseases of MR activation than previously anticipated and the possible novel therapeutic indications of MR antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Collin
- Inserm-Transfert , Paris Biopark - 7 rue Watt - 75013 Paris , France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lattin CR, Romero LM. The size of a melanin-based plumage ornament correlates with glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in the skin of that ornament. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130440. [PMID: 24026346 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones such as corticosterone (CORT) play crucial roles in many physiological processes. CORT's actions are primarily mediated via binding to two receptors (glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs)) in different target tissues. CORT receptors can be independently regulated from circulating hormone titres, from tissue to tissue and even within different regions of the same tissue type. Increasing evidence has shown relationships between circulating CORT and melanin-based pigmentation in skin and feathers, yet to our knowledge, there have been no studies of CORT receptors in the skin of melanized ornaments. Male house sparrows (Passer domesticus) have a black, melanized bib, and evidence suggests that bib size is an important intraspecific signal. We examined the relationship between bib area and tissue sensitivity to CORT by quantifying GR and MR in bib skin and in adjacent paler-feathered belly skin (as a control tissue) at different life-history stages using radioligand binding assays. Males with larger bibs relative to their life-history stage had less GR in bib skin, but not belly skin, than males with smaller bibs. These results suggest a connection between the size of a melanin-based ornament and the underlying tissue's responsiveness to CORT.
Collapse
|
37
|
Dong F, He X. Pro-nociceptive role of the activation of mineralocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis of painful diabetic neuropathy. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:436-8. [PMID: 23830592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetic neuropathy may develop severe pain which persists over several years, resulting from impaired nerve endings in the skin, which originate the pain signals of diabetic neuropathy. Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the genesis and maintenance of chronic pain. The activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is believed to promote classical inflammation features such as high levels of oxidative metabolites and proinflammatory cytokines, tissue destruction. Selectively blocking MR's can prevent the development of pain behaviors induced by neuroinflammation. Since proinflammatory cytokines and mediators were found to have increased in diabetic skin, we propose MR activation may play a pro-nociceptive role in diabetic neuropathy through local inflammation of the skin. Research methods examining MR overexpression in normal skin and selectively blocking MR in the diabetic skin are useful in identifying whether MR activation may bring cutaneous nerve insult and to explain whether MR activation is involved in the progression of painful diabetic neuropathy. If proven, this hypothesis would indicate the MR may potentially act as a novel target for pain therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Lattin CR, Waldron-Francis K, Romero LM. Intracellular glucocorticoid receptors in spleen, but not skin, vary seasonally in wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20123033. [PMID: 23407837 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the short-term and at physiological doses, acute increases in corticosterone (CORT) titres can enhance immune function. There are predictable seasonal patterns in both circulating CORT and immune function across many animal species, but whether CORT receptor density in immune tissues varies seasonally is currently unknown. Using radioligand binding assays, we examined changes in concentrations of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in spleen and skin in wild-caught house sparrows in Massachusetts during six different life-history stages: moult, early winter, late winter, pre-egg-laying, breeding and late breeding. Splenic GR and MR binding were highest during the pre-laying period. This may help animals respond to immune threats through increased lymphocyte proliferation and/or an increase in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, both of which CORT can stimulate and in which spleen is involved. A decrease in splenic GR and MR during the late breeding period coincides with low baseline and stress-induced CORT, suggesting immune function in spleen may be relatively CORT-independent during this period. We saw no seasonal patterns in GR or MR in skin, suggesting skin's response to CORT is modulated primarily via changes in circulating CORT titres and/or via local production of CORT in response to wounding and other noxious stimuli.
Collapse
|
40
|
Nagase T, Akase T, Sanada H, Minematsu T, Ibuki A, Huang L, Asada M, Yoshimura K, Nagase M, Shimada T, Aburada M, Nakagami G, Sugama J. Aging-like skin changes in metabolic syndrome model mice are mediated by mineralocorticoid receptor signaling. Aging Cell 2013; 12:50-7. [PMID: 23072361 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accelerated, at least in part, by pathological condition such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), and various molecular pathways such as oxidative stress are common mediators of aging and MetS. We previously developed the aging-like skin model by single ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the MetS model mice. Recent studies revealed that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling plays a pivotal role for various tissue inflammation and damages in MetS. Although previous studies reported that MR is expressed in the skin and that overexpression of MR in the skin resulted in the skin atrophy, the physiological or pathological functions of MR in the skin are not fully elucidated. Here, we show the involvement of MR signaling in the aging-like skin changes in our own model. Elevations of oxidative stress and inflammation markers were observed in the MetS mice, and the UV-evoked aging-like skin damages were attenuated by topical antioxidant. MR expression was higher in the MetS mouse skin, and notably, expression of its effecter gene Sgk1 was significantly upregulated in the aging-like skin in the UV-irradiated MetS mice. Furthermore, topical application of MR antagonist spironolactone suppressed Sgk1 expression, oxidative stress, inflammation, and the aging-like changes in the skin. The 2-week UV onto the non-MetS mice, the more usual photoaging model, resulted in the skin damages mostly equivalent to the MetS mice with single UV, but they were not associated with upregulation of MR signaling. Our studies suggested an unexpected role of MR signaling in the skin aging in MetS status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagase
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Tomoko Akase
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Hiromi Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Takeo Minematsu
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Ai Ibuki
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Mayumi Asada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Kotaro Yoshimura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Miki Nagase
- Department of Chronic Kidney Diseases; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Musashino University; Tokyo; 202-0023; Japan
| | - Masaki Aburada
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Musashino University; Tokyo; 202-0023; Japan
| | - Gojiro Nakagami
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management; Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Junko Sugama
- Department of Nursing; Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa; 920-0942; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martinerie L, Munier M, Le Menuet D, Meduri G, Viengchareun S, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid signaling pathway throughout development: expression, regulation and pathophysiological implications. Biochimie 2012; 95:148-57. [PMID: 23026756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid signaling pathway has gained interest over the past few years, considering not only its implication in numerous pathologies but also its emerging role in physiological processes during kidney, brain, heart and lung development. This review aims at describing the setting and regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis and the expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a nuclear receptor mediating aldosterone action in target tissues, during the perinatal period. Specificities concerning MR expression and regulation during the development of several major organs are highlighted. We provide evidence that MR expression is tightly controlled in a tissue-specific manner during development, which could have major pathophysiological implications in the neonatal period.
Collapse
|
42
|
Latouche C, El Moghrabi S, Messaoudi S, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Hernandez-Diaz I, Alvarez de la Rosa D, Perret C, López Andrés N, Rossignol P, Zannad F, Farman N, Jaisser F. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a novel mineralocorticoid target in the cardiovascular system. Hypertension 2012; 59:966-72. [PMID: 22469622 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.187872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation may be deleterious to the cardiovascular system, and MR antagonists improve morbidity and mortality of patients with heart failure. However, mineralocorticoid signaling in the heart remains largely unknown. Using a pan-genomic transcriptomic analysis, we identified neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL or lipocalin 2) as a strongly induced gene in the heart of mice with conditional and targeted MR overexpression in cardiomyocytes (whereas induction was low in glucocorticoid receptor-overexpressing mice). NGAL mRNA levels were enhanced after hormonal stimulation by the MR ligand aldosterone in cultured cardiac cells and in the heart of wild-type mice. Mineralocorticoid pathological challenge induced by nephrectomy/aldosterone/salt treatment upregulated NGAL expression in the heart and aorta and its plasma levels. We show evidence for MR binding to an NGAL promoter, providing a mechanism for NGAL regulation. We propose that NGAL may be a marker of mineralocorticoid-dependent injury in the cardiovascular system in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Latouche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 872 Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Marzolla V, Armani A, Zennaro MC, Cinti F, Mammi C, Fabbri A, Rosano GMC, Caprio M. The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in adipocyte biology and fat metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:281-8. [PMID: 21945603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone controls blood pressure by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-activated transcription factor which regulates critical genes controlling salt and water homeostasis in the kidney. In recent years, inappropriate MR activation has been shown to trigger deleterious responses in various tissues, including vessels, heart and brain, hence promoting vascular inflammation, cardiovascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Moreover, epidemiological studies have shown a clear association between aldosterone levels and the incidence of metabolic syndrome. In particular, recent work has revealed functional MRs in adipose tissue, where they mediate the effects of aldosterone and glucocorticoids, displaying important and specific functions involving adipose differentiation, expansion and proinflammatory capacity. This recent evidence finally moved MR out of the shadow of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which had previously been considered the only player mediating corticosteroid action in adipose tissue. This has opened a new era of research focusing on the complexity and selectivity of MR function in adipocyte biology. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest concepts on the role of MR in white and brown adipocytes, and to discuss the potential benefits of tissue-selective MR blockade in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
|
44
|
Odermatt A, Kratschmar DV. Tissue-specific modulation of mineralocorticoid receptor function by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:168-86. [PMID: 21820034 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade significant progress has been made in the understanding of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) function and its implications for physiology and disease. The knowledge on the essential role of MR in the regulation of electrolyte concentrations and blood pressure has been significantly extended, and the relevance of excessive MR activation in promoting inflammation, fibrosis and heart disease as well as its role in modulating neuronal cell viability and brain function is now widely recognized. Despite considerable progress, the mechanisms of MR function in various cell-types are still poorly understood. Key modulators of MR function include the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which may affect MR function by formation of heterodimers and by differential genomic and non-genomic responses on gene expression, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs), which determine the availability of intracellular concentrations of active glucocorticoids. In this review we attempted to provide an overview of the knowledge on MR expression with regard to the presence or absence of GR, 11β-HSD2 and 11β-HSD1/hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) in various tissues and cell types. The consequences of cell-specific differences in the coexpression of MR with these proteins need to be further investigated in order to understand the role of this receptor in a given tissue as well as its systemic impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Le Menuet D, Munier M, Campostrini G, Lombès M. Mineralocorticoid receptor and embryonic stem cell models: molecular insights and pathophysiological relevance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:216-22. [PMID: 21767600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling is pivotal for numerous physiological processes and implicated in various pathological conditions concerning among others, tight epithelia, central nervous and cardiovascular systems. For decades, the pleiotropic actions of MR have been investigated using animal and cellular models as well as by clinical studies. Here is reviewed and contextualized the utilization of a strategy that recently emerged to analyze the complexity of MR signaling: the derivation and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell models. ES cells were derived from wild-type or transgenic MR overexpressing animals. Undifferentiated ES cells were differentiated into cardiomyocytes, neurons and adipocytes, these cell types being important pathophysiological targets of MR. These approaches have already brought new insights concerning MR effect on cardiomyocyte contractility and ionic channel remodeling, in the regulation of neuronal MR expression and its positive role on neuron survival. Differentiated ES cell models thus constitute powerful and promising tools to further decipher the molecular mechanisms of cell-specific MR actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Le Menuet
- INSERM U693, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud 11, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Could mineralocorticoids play a role in the pathophysiology of open angle glaucoma? J Ophthalmol 2011; 2012:196418. [PMID: 21876784 PMCID: PMC3163018 DOI: 10.1155/2012/196418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the pathomechanisms of primary open angle glaucoma are still not defined, different aspects related to this topic have to be discussed and further investigated. Possible candidates are the mineralocorticoids, which are known to lower intraocular pressure. A data search and personal investigations assume a limited role of mineralocorticoids for the development of glaucoma. Specific experiments for a final conclusion are, however, not yet performed.
Collapse
|
47
|
Pérez P. Glucocorticoid receptors, epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:166-74. [PMID: 22110775 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.3.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) exert their biological and therapeutical actions through the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Synthetic GC derivatives are widely prescribed for treating numerous cutaneous inflammatory and immune diseases due to their great efficacy. However, chronic treatment with GCs produces adverse side-effects including skin atrophy, delayed wound healing, and in certain cases, GC resistance. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of the GR in skin have been extensively studied; in contrast, the role of GR as a modulator of epidermal development and homeostasis has received less attention. The ubiquitous functional inactivation of GR results in defective epidermal formation although the underlying mechanisms have not been fully characterized. The use of transcriptomic approaches both in vitro and in vivo allowed the identification of genes that are regulated by GR in developing and adult skin. A main goal to understand the role of GR in skin biology is to identify primary transcriptional targets as well as the signaling pathways mediating GR action. Furthermore, it will be important to decipher the contribution of GR in the different cellular compartments of the skin, including keratinocytes of the interfollicular epidermis and hair follicles, and their respective stem cell progenitors. Additionally, recent findings indicating that the skin acts as a true peripheral endocrine organ implies greater complexity than originally thought. The local production of GCs and other steroid hormones should be considered as a modulator of skin function under homeostatic and diseased conditions. Finally, studying GR function in skin should take into account that the mineralocorticoid receptor may also mediate GC actions and/or regulate transcription either by itself or in combination with GR. Addressing these issues should help to elucidate the mechanisms by which Gr contributes to establishment of a competent epidermal barrier and may also have implications in the context of dermatological treatments based on GC-analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC); Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hernández-Díaz I, Giraldez T, Arnau MR, Smits VAJ, Jaisser F, Farman N, Alvarez de la Rosa D. The mineralocorticoid receptor is a constitutive nuclear factor in cardiomyocytes due to hyperactive nuclear localization signals. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3888-99. [PMID: 20484457 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor family, mediates the action of aldosterone in target epithelia, enhancing sodium reabsorption. In addition, MR may have other physiological functions in nonepithelial tissues. Altered expression or inappropriate activation of cardiac MR is directly linked to the development of cardiac fibrosis, and MR blockade is beneficial for the treatment of heart failure. However, the physiological role, activation status, and target genes of MR in the heart are poorly known. Because ligand-free steroid receptors are typically cytoplasmic and translocate to the nucleus upon ligand binding, we examined the subcellular localization of MR under different corticosteroid levels using subcellular fractionation and immunostaining. Our results demonstrate that MR is a chromatin-bound factor in mouse left ventricle and in a cultured model of cardiomyocytes, HL-1 cells, regardless of circulating corticosteroid levels. Immunohistochemical localization of MR in human heart confirms the subcellular localization pattern. Mutation of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) demonstrates that MR constitutive nuclear localization mainly depends on the synergistic contribution of NLS0 and NLS1. Constitutive nuclear localization in HL-1 cells can be reverted by cotransfection of heat shock protein 90. Heat shock protein 90 expression levels in the mouse heart and HL-1 cells are lower than those found in other tissues, suggesting that low levels of cochaperones render MR NLSs hyperactive in cardiomyocytes. Even though MR is constitutively nuclear, corticosteroids still control the transactivation properties of the receptor in a model promoter, although other MR ligand-independent activities cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Hernández-Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Androgenetic alopecia and cardiovascular risk factors in men and women: a comparative study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:420-9. [PMID: 20619491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies in recent decades have associated male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) with the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, only 3 studies have addressed this association in female patients. Most studies considered the risk of myocardial infarction or mortality as a result of heart disease, without analyzing cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to analyze the presence of cardiovascular risk factors included in the Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria for metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of carotid atheromatosis, hormonal (aldosterone, insulin, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin) factors, and acute phase reactant (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, D-dimers, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) variables in male and female patients with AGA and in a control group, and to analyze differences among the groups. METHODS This case-control study included 154 participants, 77 with early-onset AGA (40 male and 37 female) and 77 healthy control subjects (40 male and 37 female) from the dermatology department at a university hospital in Granada, Spain. RESULTS Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 60% of male patients with AGA (odds ratio [OR] = 10.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-32.5), 48.6% of female patients with AGA (OR = 10.73, 95% CI 2.7-41.2), 12.5% of male control subjects, and 8.1% of female control subjects (P < .0001). Atheromatous plaques were observed in 32.5% of male patients with AGA (OR = 5.93, 95% CI 1.5-22.9) versus 7.5% of male control subjects (P = .005) and 27% of female patients with AGA (OR = 4.19, 95% CI 1.05-16.7) versus 8.1% of female control subjects (P = .032). Aldosterone and insulin levels were significantly higher in the male and female patients with AGA versus their respective control subjects. Mean values of fibrinogen were significantly higher in male patients with AGA, whereas values of fibrogen, C-reactive protein, and D-dimers were significantly higher in female patients with AGA versus their respective control subjects. LIMITATIONS The study of a wider sample of patients with AGA would confirm these findings and allow a detailed analysis of the above factors as a function of the degree of alopecia or between menopausal and premenopausal women. CONCLUSION The determination of metabolic syndrome and ultrasound study of the carotid arteries may be useful screening methods to detect risk of developing cardiovascular disease in male and female patients with early-onset AGA and signal a potential opportunity for early preventive treatment.
Collapse
|
50
|
Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists modulate elastin and collagen deposition in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2396-406. [PMID: 20535129 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that the steroid hormone aldosterone, recognized for its action on the kidney and the cardiovascular system, also modulates deposition of extracellular matrix in human skin. We have shown that treatment of primary cultures of normal skin fibroblasts with aldosterone (10 n-1 μM), in addition to stimulation of collagen type I expression, induces elastin gene expression and elastic fiber deposition. We have further shown that the elastogenic effect of aldosterone, which can be enhanced in the presence of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists spironolactone and eplerenone, is executed in a MR-independent manner via amplification of IGF-I receptor-mediated signaling. Because aldosterone applied alone stimulates both collagen and elastin deposition in cultures of fibroblasts and in cultures of skin explants derived from dermal stretch marks, we postulate that this steroid should be used in the treatment of damaged skin that loses its volume and elasticity. Moreover, aldosterone applied in conjunction with spironolactone or eplerenone induces matrix remodeling and exclusively enhances elastogenesis in cultures of fibroblasts and explants derived from dermal scars and keloids. We therefore propose that intra-lesional injection of these factors should be considered in therapy for disfiguring dermal lesions and especially in prevention of their recurrence after surgical excision.
Collapse
|