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Hughes EP, Syage AR, Mehrabad EM, Lane TE, Spike BT, Tantin D. OCA-B promotes autoimmune demyelination through control of stem-like CD4 + T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.29.569210. [PMID: 38076925 PMCID: PMC10705450 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Stem-like T cell populations can selectively contribute to autoimmunity, but the activities that promote and sustain these populations are incompletely understood. Here, we show that T cell-intrinsic loss of the transcription cofactor OCA-B protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) while preserving responses to CNS infection. In adoptive transfer EAE models driven by multiple antigen encounters, OCA-B deletion nearly eliminates CNS infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production and clinical disease. OCA-B-expressing CD4 + T cells within the CNS of mice with EAE comprise a minority of the population but display a memory phenotype and preferentially confer disease. In a relapsing-remitting EAE model, OCA-B T cell deficiency specifically protects mice from relapse. During remission, OCA-B promotes the expression of Tcf7 , Slamf6 , and Sell in proliferating T cell populations. At relapse, OCA-B loss results in both the accumulation of an immunomodulatory CD4 + T cell population expressing Ccr9 and Bach2 , and the loss of pro-inflammatory gene expression from Th17 cells. These results identify OCA-B as a driver of pathogenic stem-like T cells.
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Raineri D, Abreu H, Vilardo B, Kustrimovic N, Venegoni C, Cappellano G, Chiocchetti A. Deep Flow Cytometry Unveils Distinct Immune Cell Subsets in Inducible T Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand (ICOSL)- and ICOS-Knockout Mice during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2509. [PMID: 38473756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The inducible T cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL), expressed by antigen presenting cells, binds to the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) on activated T cells. Improper function of the ICOS/ICOSL pathway has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies showed that ICOS-knockout (KO) mice exhibit severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, but data on ICOSL deficiency are not available. In our study, we explored the impact of both ICOS and ICOSL deficiencies on MOG35-55 -induced EAE and its associated immune cell dynamics by employing ICOSL-KO and ICOS-KO mice with a C57BL/6J background. During EAE resolution, MOG-driven cytokine levels and the immunophenotype of splenocytes were evaluated by ELISA and multiparametric flow cytometry, respectively. We found that both KO mice exhibited an overlapping and more severe EAE compared to C57BL/6J mice, corroborated by a reduction in memory/regulatory T cell subsets and interleukin (IL-)17 levels. It is noteworthy that an unsupervised analysis showed that ICOSL deficiency modifies the immune response in an original way, by affecting T central and effector memory (TCM, TEM), long-lived CD4+ TEM cells, and macrophages, compared to ICOS-KO and C57BL/6J mice, suggesting a role for other binding partners to ICOSL in EAE development, which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Raineri
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Hugo Abreu
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vilardo
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Natasa Kustrimovic
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Venegoni
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Nie Y, Liu Z, Cao W, Peng Y, Lu H, Sun R, Li J, Peng L, Zhou J, Fei Y, Li M, Zeng X, Li T, Zhang W. Memory CD4 +T cell profile is associated with unfavorable prognosis in IgG4-related disease: Risk stratification by machine-learning. Clin Immunol 2023; 252:109301. [PMID: 36958412 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with heterogeneity. In this study, we used machine-learning approaches to characterize the immune cell profiles and to identify the heterogeneity of IgG4-RD. The XGBoost model discriminated IgG4-RD from HCs with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.963 in the testing set. There were two clusters of IgG4-RD by k-means clustering of immunological profiles. Cluster 1 featured higher proportions of memory CD4+T cell and were at higher risk of unfavorable prognosis in the follow-up, while cluster 2 featured higher proportions of naïve CD4+T cell. In the multivariate logistic regression, cluster 2 was shown to be a protective factor (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.91, P = 0.011). Therefore, peripheral immunophenotyping might potentially stratify patients with IgG4-RD and predict those patients with a higher risk of relapse at early time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Nie
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijie Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingna Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Schroeder SM, Nelde A, Walz JS. Viral T-cell epitopes - Identification, characterization and clinical application. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101725. [PMID: 36706520 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T-cell immunity, mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, represents a cornerstone in the control of viral infections. Virus-derived T-cell epitopes are represented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-presented viral peptides on the surface of virus-infected cells. They are the prerequisite for the recognition of infected cells by T cells. Knowledge of viral T-cell epitopes provides on the one hand a diagnostic tool to decipher protective T-cell immune responses in the human population and on the other hand various prophylactic and therapeutic options including vaccination approaches and the transfer of virus-specific T cells. Such approaches have already been proven to be effective against various viral infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients lacking sufficient humoral, antibody-based immune response. This review provides an overview on the state of the art as well as current studies regarding the identification and characterization of viral T-cell epitopes and approaches of clinical application. In the first chapter in silico prediction tools and direct, mass spectrometry-based identification of viral T-cell epitopes is compared. The second chapter provides an overview of commonly used assays for further characterization of T-cell responses and phenotypes. The final chapter presents an overview of clinical application of viral T-cell epitopes with a focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), being representatives of relevant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schroeder
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annika Nelde
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Department of Peptide-based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Davern M, Donlon NE, O’Connell F, Gaughan C, O’Donovan C, McGrath J, Sheppard AD, Hayes C, King R, Temperley H, MacLean M, Bulter C, Bhardwaj A, Moore J, Donohoe C, Ravi N, Conroy MJ, Reynolds JV, Lysaght J. Nutrient deprivation and hypoxia alter T cell immune checkpoint expression: potential impact for immunotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04440-0. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Use of immune checkpoint blockade to enhance T cell-mediated immunity within the hostile tumour microenvironment (TME) is an attractive approach in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). This study explored the effects of the hostile TME, including nutrient deprivation and hypoxia, on immune checkpoint (IC) expression and T cell phenotypes, and the potential use of nivolumab to enhance T cell function under such conditions.
Methods and Results
ICs were upregulated on stromal immune cells within the tumour including PD-L2, CTLA-4 and TIGIT. OAC patient-derived PBMCs co-cultured with OE33 OAC cells upregulated LAG-3 and downregulated the co-stimulatory marker CD27 on T cells, highlighting the direct immunosuppressive effects of tumour cells on T cells. Hypoxia and nutrient deprivation altered the secretome of OAC patient-derived PBMCs, which induced upregulation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on OE33 OAC cells thus enhancing an immune-resistant phenotype. Importantly, culturing OAC patient-derived PBMCs under dual hypoxia and glucose deprivation, reflective of the conditions within the hostile TME, upregulated an array of ICs on the surface of T cells including PD-1, CTLA-4, A2aR, PD-L1 and PD-L2 and decreased expression of IFN-γ by T cells. Addition of nivolumab under these hostile conditions decreased the production of pro-tumorigenic cytokine IL-10.
Conclusion
Collectively, these findings highlight the immunosuppressive crosstalk between tumour cells and T cells within the OAC TME. The ability of nivolumab to suppress pro-tumorigenic T cell phenotypes within the hostile TME supports a rationale for the use of immune checkpoint blockade to promote anti-tumour immunity in OAC.
Graphical abstract
Study schematic: (A) IC expression profiles were assessed on CD45+ cells in peripheral whole blood and infiltrating tumour tissue from OAC patients in the treatment-naïve setting. (B) PBMCs were isolated from OAC patients and expanded ex vivo for 5 days using anti-CD3/28 + IL-2 T cell activation protocol and then co-cultured for 48 h with OE33 cells. T cell phenotypes were then assessed by flow cytometry. (C) PBMCs were isolated from OAC patients and expanded ex vivo for 5 days using anti-CD3/28 + IL-2 T cell activation protocol and then further cultured under conditions of nutrient deprivation or hypoxia for 48 h and T cell phenotypes were then assessed by flow cytometry. Key findings: (A) TIGIT, CTLA-4 and PD-L2 were upregulated on CD45+ immune cells and CTLA-4 expression on CD45+ cells correlated with a subsequent decreased response to neoadjuvant regimen. (B) Following a 48 h co-culture with OE33 cells, T cells upregulated LAG-3 and decreased CD27 co-stimulatory marker. (C) Nutrient deprivation and hypoxia upregulated a range of ICs on T cells and decreased IFN-γ production by T cells. Nivolumab decreased IL-10 production by T cells under nutrient deprivation-hypoxic conditions.
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6
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Zhukov AS, Patrushev AV, Khairutdinov VR, Samtsov AV, Kryukov EV. New aspects of the pathogenesis of psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2022. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic multi-factorial immune-mediated inflammatory disease of skin and joints. The variety of clinical forms of dermatosis is consistent with various pathogenetic features of the disease progress which have been significantly supplemented and reviewed recently. Knowledge of these mechanisms will improve and personalize the prescribed therapy.
This study places the emphasis on modern ideas about the formation of T cell memory, the role of melanocytes and innate lymphoid cells. Development mechanisms of guttate and paradoxical psoriasis with important distinguishing characteristics are described separately.
Today, knowledge of the molecular basis of the disease progression has led to the creation and introduction of a number of highly effective targeted drugs into clinical practice. Further developments related to the inhibition of resident memory cells, innate lymphoid cells, as well as the study of guttate psoriasis perpetuation and the occurrence of paradoxical psoriasis will significantly increase the effectiveness of the therapy.
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7
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Artemisinin derivative TPN10466 suppresses immune cell migration and Th1/Th17 differentiation to ameliorate disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2022; 373:104500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Perdaens O, van Pesch V. Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosenescene and Inflammaging: Relevance to the Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 12:811518. [PMID: 35281989 PMCID: PMC8913495 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.811518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized, amongst other features, by a complex process of cellular senescence involving both innate and adaptive immunity, called immunosenescence and associated to inflammaging, a low-grade chronic inflammation. Both processes fuel each other and partially explain increasing incidence of cancers, infections, age-related autoimmunity, and vascular disease as well as a reduced response to vaccination. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong disease, for which considerable progress in disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and management has improved long-term survival. However, disability progression, increasing with age and disease duration, remains. Neurologists are now involved in caring for elderly MS patients, with increasing comorbidities. Aging of the immune system therefore has relevant implications for MS pathogenesis, response to DMTs and the risks mediated by these treatments. We propose to review current evidence regarding markers and molecular mechanisms of immunosenescence and their relevance to understanding MS pathogenesis. We will focus on age-related changes in the innate and adaptive immune system in MS and other auto-immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The consequences of these immune changes on MS pathology, in interaction with the intrinsic aging process of central nervous system resident cells will be discussed. Finally, the impact of immunosenescence on disease evolution and on the safety and efficacy of current DMTs will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Vincent van Pesch
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Saghari M, Gal P, Gilbert S, Yateman M, Porter‐Brown B, Brennan N, Quaratino S, Wilson R, Grievink HW, Klaassen ES, Bergmann KR, Burggraaf J, Doorn MB, Powell J, Moerland M, Rissmann R. OX40L Inhibition Suppresses KLH‐driven Immune Responses in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Trial Demonstrating Proof‐of‐Pharmacology for KY1005. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:1121-1132. [PMID: 35092305 PMCID: PMC9314635 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of an anti‐OX40L monoclonal antibody (KY1005, currently amlitelimab) were evaluated. Pharmacodynamic (PD) effects were explored using keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and tetanus toxoid (TT) immunizations. Sixty‐four healthy male subjects (26.5 ± 6.0 years) were randomized to single doses of 0.006, 0.018, or 0.05 mg/kg, or multiple doses of 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, 4, or 12 mg/kg KY1005, or placebo (6:2). Serum KY1005 concentrations were measured. Antibody responses upon KLH and TT immunizations and skin response upon intradermal KLH administration were performed. PD data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) and post hoc exposure‐response modeling. No serious adverse events occurred and all adverse events were temporary and of mild or moderate severity. A nonlinear increase in mean serum KY1005 concentrations was observed (median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) ~ 4 hours, geometric mean terminal half‐life (t½) ~ 24 days). Cutaneous blood perfusion (estimated difference (ED) −13.4 arbitrary unit (AU), 95% confidence interval (CI) −23.0 AU to −3.8 AU) and erythema quantified as average redness (ED −0.23 AU, 95% CI −0.35 AU to −0.11 AU) decreased after KY1005 treatment at doses of 0.45 mg/kg and above. Exposure‐response analysis displayed a statistically significant treatment effect on anti‐KLH antibody titers (IgG maximum effect (Emax) −0.58 AU, 95% CI −1.10 AU to −0.06 AU) and skin response (erythema Emax −0.20 AU, 95% CI −0.29 AU to −0.11 AU). Administration of KY1005 demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and PK analyses displayed a nonlinear profile of KY1005. Despite the observed variability, skin challenge response after KY1005 treatment indicated pharmacological activity of KY1005. Therefore, KY1005 shows potential as a novel pharmacological treatment in immune‐mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Saghari
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Pim Gal
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hendrika W. Grievink
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Martijn B.A. Doorn
- Department of Dermatology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthijs Moerland
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Centre for Human Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden the Netherlands
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Abstract
T cells play a central role in homeostasis and host defense against infectious diseases. T cell dysregulation can lead to recognizing self-antigens as foreign antigens, causing a detrimental autoimmune response. T cell involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS), long understood to be an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease, is well characterized. More recently, a role for T cells has also been identified for the neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interestingly, several alleles and variants of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been classified as AD and PD risk genes. HLA codes for components of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II, both of which are expressed by microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, both microglia and T cells may potentially interact in an antigen-dependent or independent fashion to shape the inflammatory cascade occurring in neurodegenerative diseases. Dissecting the antigen specificity of T cells may lead to new options for disease-modifying treatments in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of T cells in neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize the subsets of T cells, their phenotype and potential functions in animal models and in human studies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Dressman
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Fu N, Xie F, Sun Z, Wang Q. The OX40/OX40L Axis Regulates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation: Implications for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670637. [PMID: 34234777 PMCID: PMC8256170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T Follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a unique subset of CD4+ T cells, play an essential role in B cell development and the formation of germinal centers (GCs). Tfh differentiation depends on various factors including cytokines, transcription factors and multiple costimulatory molecules. Given that OX40 signaling is critical for costimulating T cell activation and function, its roles in regulating Tfh cells have attracted widespread attention. Recent data have shown that OX40/OX40L signaling can not only promote Tfh cell differentiation and maintain cell survival, but also enhance the helper function of Tfh for B cells. Moreover, upregulated OX40 signaling is related to abnormal Tfh activity that causes autoimmune diseases. This review describes the roles of OX40/OX40L in Tfh biology, including the mechanisms by which OX40 signaling regulates Tfh cell differentiation and functions, and their close relationship with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- NanNan Fu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - ZhongWen Sun
- Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Memory CD4 + T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030531. [PMID: 32106536 PMCID: PMC7140455 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting autoimmune diseases, the roles and biology of memory CD4+ Th cells are complex and less well understood. In human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need to better understand the function and biology of memory T cells. In this review article we summarize current concepts in the field of CD4+ T cell memory, including natural history, developmental pathways, subsets, and functions. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in the field of the newly-described CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and of CD4+ memory T cells in autoimmune diseases, two major areas of important unresolved questions in need of answering to advance new vaccine design and development of novel treatments for CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Short and Long Term Clinical and Immunologic Follow up after Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis-A Phase I Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122102. [PMID: 31810187 PMCID: PMC6947442 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have emerged as a possible new therapy for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), however studies regarding efficacy and in vivo immune response have been limited and inconclusive. We conducted a phase I clinical study assessing safety and clinical and peripheral immune responses after MSC therapy in MS. Seven patients with progressive MS were intravenously infused with a single dose of autologous MSC (1–2 × 106 MSCs/kg body weight). The infusions were safe and well tolerated when given during clinical remission. Five out of seven patients completed the follow up of 48 weeks post-infusion. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the absence of new T2 lesions at 12 weeks in 5/6 patients, while 3/5 had accumulated new T2 lesions at 48 weeks. Patient expanded disability status scales (EDSS) were stable in 6/6 at 12 weeks but declined in 3/5 patients at 48 weeks. Early changes of circulating microRNA levels (2 h) and increased proportion of FOXP3+ Tregs were detected at 7 days post-infusion compared to baseline levels. In conclusion, MSC therapy was safe and well tolerated and is associated with possible transient beneficial clinical and peripheral immunotolerogenic effects.
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14
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Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:233-265. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Brown MA, Weinberg RB. Mast Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells: Underappreciated Players in CNS Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:514. [PMID: 29619025 PMCID: PMC5871669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are autoimmune CNS inflammatory diseases. As a result of a breakdown in the relatively impermeable blood–brain barrier (BBB) in affected individuals, myelin-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells gain entry into the immune privileged CNS and initiate myelin, oligodendrocyte, and nerve axon destruction. However, despite the absolute requirement for T cells, there is increasing evidence that innate immune cells also play critical amplifying roles in disease pathogenesis. By modulating the character and magnitude of the myelin-reactive T cell response and regulating BBB integrity, innate cells affect both disease initiation and progression. Two classes of innate cells, mast cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), have been best studied in models of allergic and gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. Yet, there is emerging evidence that these cell types also exert a profound influence in CNS inflammatory disease. Both cell types are residents within the meninges and can be activated early in disease to express a wide variety of disease-modifying cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we discuss how mast cells and ILCs can have either disease-promoting or -protecting effects on MS and other CNS inflammatory diseases and how sex hormones may influence this outcome. These observations suggest that targeting these cells and their unique mediators can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca B Weinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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16
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McGinley AM, Edwards SC, Raverdeau M, Mills KHG. Th17 cells, γδ T cells and their interplay in EAE and multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2018; 87:S0896-8411(18)30007-6. [PMID: 29395738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) that shares many features with the human disease. This review will focus on the role of IL-17-secreting CD4 and γδ T cells in EAE and MS, the plasticity of Th17 cells in vivo and the application of these findings to the understating of the pathogenesis and the development of new treatments for MS. There is convincing evidence that IL-17-secreting CD4 T cells (Th17 cells) and IL-17-secreting γδ T cells play a critical pathogenic role in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation in EAE and MS. Indeed a significant number of the major discoveries on the pathogenic role of IL-17-secreting T cells in autoimmunity were made in the EAE model. These included the first demonstration that IL-23-activated IL-17-secreting T cells are the key T cells in driving autoimmune disease pathology. Although the early studies on IL-17 focused on Th17 cells, it was later demonstrated that γδ T cells were an important early source of IL-17 and IL-21 that helped amplify IL-17 production by Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, it emerged that Th1 cells can also have encephalitogenic activity and that there was considerable plasticity in these T cell responses, with Th17 cells reverting to a Th1 phenotype in vivo. This questioned the pathogenic role of IL-17 and suggested that other cytokines, such as IFN-γ, GM-CSF and TNF, may be important. Nevertheless, biological drugs that target the IL-23-IL-17 pathway are highly effective in treating human psoriasis and are showing promise in the treatment of relapsing remitting MS and other T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M McGinley
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah C Edwards
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathilde Raverdeau
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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17
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Mohammadi H, Sharafkandi N, Hemmatzadeh M, Azizi G, Karimi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Baradaran B, Babaloo Z. The role of innate lymphoid cells in health and disease. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4512-4529. [PMID: 29058773 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are kind of innate immune cells which can be divided into three main subsets according to their cytokine release profile, transcription factors, and surface markers. ILCs affect the initial stages of immunity in response to microbes and participate in immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair. ILCs modulate immunity through resistance to the pathogens and regulation of autoimmune inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. Therefore dysregulation of ILCs may lead to chronic pathologies such as allergies (i.e., asthma), inflammation (i.e., inflammatory bowel disease), and autoimmunity (i.e., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and ankylosing spondylitis). Regarding the critical role of ILCs in the regulation of immune system, the elucidation of their function in different conditions makes an interesting target for improvement of novel therapeutic approach to modulate an immune response in different disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nadia Sharafkandi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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The influence and impact of ageing and immunosenescence (ISC) on adaptive immunity during multiple sclerosis (MS) and the animal counterpart experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ageing Res Rev 2018; 41:64-81. [PMID: 29101043 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human ageing process encompasses mechanisms that effect a decline in homeostasis with increased susceptibility to disease and the development of chronic life-threatening illness. Increasing age affects the immune system which undergoes a progressive loss of efficiency, termed immunosenescence (ISC), to impact on quantitative and functional aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. The human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) and the corresponding animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are strongly governed by immunological events that primarily involve the adaptive arm of the immune response. MS and EAE are frequently characterised by a chronic pathology and a protracted disease course which thereby creates the potential for exposure to the inherent, on-going effects and consequences of ISC. Collective evidence is presented to confirm the occurrence of established and unendorsed biological markers of ISC during the development of both diseases. Moreover, results are discussed from studies during the course of MS and EAE that reveal a premature upregulation of ISC-related biomarkers which indicates untimely alterations to the adaptive immune system. The effects of ISC and a prematurely aged immune system on autoimmune-associated neurodegenerative conditions such as MS and EAE are largely unknown but current evaluation of data justifies and encourages further investigation.
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19
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Varghese S, Cotter M, Chevot F, Fergus C, Cunningham C, Mills KH, Connon SJ, Southern JM, Kelly VP. In vivo modification of tRNA with an artificial nucleobase leads to full disease remission in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2029-2039. [PMID: 28204548 PMCID: PMC5389723 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Queuine is a modified pyrrolopyrimidine nucleobase derived exclusively from bacteria. It post-transcriptionally replaces guanine 34 in transfer RNA isoacceptors for Asp, Asn, His and Tyr, in almost all eukaryotic organisms, through the activity of the ancient tRNA guanine transglycosylase (TGT) enzyme. tRNA hypomodification with queuine is a characteristic of rapidly-proliferating, non-differentiated cells. Autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, are characterised by the rapid expansion of T cells directed to self-antigens. Here, we demonstrate the potential medicinal relevance of targeting the modification of tRNA in the treatment of a chronic multiple sclerosis model—murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Administration of a de novo designed eukaryotic TGT substrate (NPPDAG) led to an unprecedented complete reversal of clinical symptoms and a dramatic reduction of markers associated with immune hyperactivation and neuronal damage after five daily doses. TGT is essential for the therapeutic effect, since animals deficient in TGT activity were refractory to therapy. The data suggest that exploitation of the eukaryotic TGT enzyme is a promising approach for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Varghese
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Cotter
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Franciane Chevot
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Fergus
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kingston H Mills
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Connon
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - John M Southern
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vincent P Kelly
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Abstract
The immune system is guided by a series of checks and balances, a major component of which is a large array of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that modulate the host response. Although co-stimulation is essential for boosting and shaping the initial response following signaling through the antigen receptor, inhibitory pathways are also critical for modulating the immune response. Excessive co-stimulation and/or insufficient co-inhibition can lead to a breakdown of self-tolerance and thus to autoimmunity. In this review, we will focus on the role of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in two systemic (systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis) and two organ-specific (multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes) emblematic autoimmune diseases. We will also discuss how mechanistic analysis of these pathways has led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and initiation of clinical trials for autoimmune diseases, as well as outline some of the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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21
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Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ, Reisfeld B, Erickson SW, Vyas K, Maher M, Broadfoot B, West K, Bai S, Cooney CA, Bhattacharyya S. Trichloroethylene-induced alterations in DNA methylation were enriched in polycomb protein binding sites in effector/memory CD4 + T cells. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2017; 3:dvx013. [PMID: 29129997 PMCID: PMC5676456 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to industrial solvent and water pollutant trichloroethylene (TCE) can promote autoimmunity, and expand effector/memory (CD62L) CD4+ T cells. In order to better understand etiology reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was used to study how a 40-week exposure to TCE in drinking water altered methylation of ∼337 770 CpG sites across the entire genome of effector/memory CD4+ T cells from MRL+/+ mice. Regardless of TCE exposure, 62% of CpG sites in autosomal chromosomes were hypomethylated (0-15% methylation), and 25% were hypermethylated (85-100% methylation). In contrast, only 6% of the CpGs on the X chromosome were hypomethylated, and 51% had mid-range methylation levels. In terms of TCE impact, TCE altered (≥ 10%) the methylation of 233 CpG sites in effector/memory CD4+ T cells. Approximately 31.7% of these differentially methylated sites occurred in regions known to bind one or more Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, namely Ezh2, Suz12, Mtf2 or Jarid2. In comparison, only 23.3% of CpG sites not differentially methylated by TCE were found in PcG protein binding regions. Transcriptomics revealed that TCE altered the expression of ∼560 genes in the same effector/memory CD4+ T cells. At least 80% of the immune genes altered by TCE had binding sites for PcG proteins flanking their transcription start site, or were regulated by other transcription factors that were in turn ordered by PcG proteins at their own transcription start site. Thus, PcG proteins, and the differential methylation of their binding sites, may represent a new mechanism by which TCE could alter the function of effector/memory CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gilbert
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Sarah J. Blossom
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Brad Reisfeld
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Stephen W. Erickson
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Kanan Vyas
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Mary Maher
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Brannon Broadfoot
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Kirk West
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Shasha Bai
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Craig A. Cooney
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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22
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Vaitaitis GM, Yussman MG, Waid DM, Wagner DH. Th40 cells (CD4+CD40+ Tcells) drive a more severe form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis than conventional CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172037. [PMID: 28192476 PMCID: PMC5305068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40-CD154 interaction is critically involved in autoimmune diseases, and CD4 T cells play a dominant role in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). CD4 T cells expressing CD40 (Th40) are pathogenic in type I diabetes but have not been evaluated in EAE. We demonstrate here that Th40 cells drive a rapid, more severe EAE disease course than conventional CD4 T cells. Adoptively transferred Th40 cells are present in lesions in the CNS and are associated with wide spread demyelination. Primary Th40 cells from EAE-induced donors adoptively transfer EAE without further in-vitro expansion and without requiring the administration of the EAE induction regimen to the recipient animals. This has not been accomplished with primary, non-TCR-transgenic donor cells previously. If co-injection of Th40 donor cells with Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the recipient animals is done, the disease course is more severe. The CFA component of the EAE induction regimen causes generalized inflammation, promoting expansion of Th40 cells and infiltration of the CNS, while MOG-antigen shapes the antigen-specific TCR repertoire. Those events are both necessary to precipitate disease. In MS, viral infections or trauma may induce generalized inflammation in susceptible individuals with subsequent disease onset. It will be important to further understand the events leading up to disease onset and to elucidate the contributions of the Th40 T cell subset. Also, evaluating Th40 levels as predictors of disease onset would be highly useful because if either the generalized inflammation event or the TCR-honing can be interrupted, disease onset may be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M. Vaitaitis
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Yussman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dan M. Waid
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David H. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor receptor OX40 (CD134) is activated by its cognate ligand OX40L (CD134L, CD252) and functions as a T cell co-stimulatory molecule. OX40-OX40L interactions have been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmunity. OX40 is expressed on activated T cells, and in the mouse at rest on regulatory T cells (Treg). OX40L is found on antigen-presenting cells, activated T cells and others including lymphoid tissue inducer cells, some endothelia and mast cells. Expression of both molecules is increased after antigen presentation occurs and also in response to multiple other pro-inflammatory factors including CD28 ligation, CD40L ligation and interferon-gamma signaling. Their interactions promote T cell survival, promote an effector T cell phenotype, promote T cell memory, tend to reduce regulatory function, increase effector cytokine production and enhance cell mobility. In some circumstances, OX40 agonism may be associated with increased tolerance, although timing with respect to antigenic stimulus is important. Further, recent work has suggested that OX40L blockade may be more effective than OX40 blockade in reducing autoimmunity. This article reviews the expression of OX40 and OX40L in health, the effects of their interactions and insights from their under- or over-expression. We then review OX40 and OX40L expression in human autoimmune disease, identified associations of variations in their genes (TNFRSF4 and TNFSF4, respectively) with autoimmunity, and data from animal models of human diseases. A rationale for blocking OX40-OX40L interaction in human autoimmunity is then presented along with commentary on the one trial of OX40L blockade in human disease conducted to date. Finally, we discuss potential problems with clinical use of OX40-OX40L directed pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym J Webb
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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24
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Gregor CE, Foeng J, Comerford I, McColl SR. Chemokine-Driven CD4 + T Cell Homing: New Concepts and Recent Advances. Adv Immunol 2017; 135:119-181. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Thomé R, de Carvalho AC, Alves da Costa T, Ishikawa LLW, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Sartori A, de Oliveira ALR, Verinaud L. Artesunate Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Leukocyte Migration to the Central Nervous System. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:707-14. [PMID: 27165523 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is T-cell-dependent disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. This model resembles multiple sclerosis (MS) in many aspects. Therapies that focus in the modulation of the immune response and cellular infiltration in the CNS present best effects in the clinics. Artesunate (Art) is a semi-synthetic sesquiterpene derivative from artemisinin and has been shown to reduce the clinical signs of autoimmune disease models through mechanisms not yet understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether administration of Art would ameliorate EAE. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 peptide to induce EAE. At the same time, Art treatment started (3 mg/kg/day via i.p.) for five consecutive days. We found that Art treatment reduced the clinical signs of EAE and that correlated with a reduced infiltration of cells in the CNS. Disease amelioration did not correlate with immunomodulation as recall responses, leukocyte subpopulations, and gene expression analysis were similar among treated and untreated mice. Ultimately, further analysis provided data indicating that a possible mechanism of action for Art is dependent on the cellular migration to the CNS. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate reduces the severity of EAE by inhibiting migration of pathogenic T cells to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Thomé
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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26
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Zhou F, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Apoptotic cell-treated dendritic cells induce immune tolerance by specifically inhibiting development of CD4⁺ effector memory T cells. Immunol Res 2016; 64:73-81. [PMID: 26111522 PMCID: PMC4691443 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) memory T cells play an important role in induction of autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory responses; however, regulatory mechanisms of CD4(+) memory T cell-mediated inflammatory responses are poorly understood. Here we show that apoptotic cell-treated dendritic cells inhibit development and differentiation of CD4(+) effector memory T cells in vitro and in vivo. Simultaneously, intravenous transfer of apoptotic T cell-induced tolerogenic dendritic cells can block development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in C57 BL/6J mouse. Our results imply that it is effector memory CD4(+) T cells, not central memory CD4(+) T cells, which play a major role in chronic inflammatory responses in mice with EAE. Intravenous transfer of tolerogenic dendritic cells induced by apoptotic T cells leads to immune tolerance by specifically blocking development of CD4(+) effector memory T cells compared with results of EAE control mice. These results reveal a new mechanism of apoptotic cell-treated dendritic cell-mediated immune tolerance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Laboratory of Liver Cancer Immunotherapy, Greenslopes Private Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Greenslopes, Brisbane, QLD, 4120, Australia
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Orent W, Mchenry AR, Rao DA, White C, Klein HU, Bassil R, Srivastava G, Replogle JM, Raj T, Frangieh M, Cimpean M, Cuerdon N, Chibnik L, Khoury SJ, Karlson EW, Brenner MB, De Jager P, Bradshaw EM, Elyaman W. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated RBPJ polymorphism alters memory CD4+ T cells. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:404-17. [PMID: 26604133 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling has recently emerged as an important regulator of immune responses in autoimmune diseases. The recombination signal-binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) is a transcriptional repressor, but converts into a transcriptional activator upon activation of the canonical Notch pathway. Genome-wide association studies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) identified a susceptibility locus, rs874040(CC), which implicated the RBPJ gene. Here, chromatin state mapping generated using the chromHMM algorithm reveals strong enhancer regions containing DNase I hypersensitive sites overlapping the rs874040 linkage disequilibrium block in human memory, but not in naïve CD4(+) T cells. The rs874040 overlapping this chromatin state was associated with increased RBPJ expression in stimulated memory CD4(+) T cells from healthy subjects homozygous for the risk allele (CC) compared with memory CD4(+) T cells bearing the protective allele (GG). Transcriptomic analysis of rs874040(CC) memory T cells showed a repression of canonical Notch target genes IL (interleukin)-9, IL-17 and interferon (IFN)γ in the basal state. Interestingly, activation of the Notch pathway using soluble Notch ligand, Jagged2-Fc, induced IL-9 and IL-17A while delta-like 4Fc, another Notch ligand, induced higher IFNγ expression in the rs874040(CC) memory CD4(+) T cells compared with their rs874040(GG) counterparts. In RA, RBPJ expression is elevated in memory T cells from RA patients compared with control subjects, and this was associated with induced inflammatory cytokines IL-9, IL-17A and IFNγ in response to Notch ligation in vitro. These findings demonstrate that the rs874040(CC) allele skews memory T cells toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype involving Notch signaling, thus increasing the susceptibility to develop RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy and
| | - Charles White
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Hans-Ulrich Klein
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | | | - Gyan Srivastava
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Joseph M Replogle
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Towfique Raj
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | | | - Maria Cimpean
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Nicole Cuerdon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Lori Chibnik
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Samia J Khoury
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Philip De Jager
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT, NRB-641, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
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Group 3 innate lymphoid cells accumulate and exhibit disease-induced activation in the meninges in EAE. Cell Immunol 2015; 297:69-79. [PMID: 26163773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells are immune cells that reside in tissues that interface with the external environment and contribute to the first line defense against pathogens. However, they also have roles in promoting chronic inflammation. Here we demonstrate that group 3 ILCs, (ILC3s - CD45+Lin-IL-7Rα+RORγt+), are normal residents of the meninges and exhibit disease-induced accumulation and activation in EAE. In addition to production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and GM-CSF, ILC3s constitutively express CD30L and OX40L, molecules required for memory T cell survival. We show that disease-induced trafficking of transferred wild type T cells to the meninges is impaired in ILC3-deficient Rorc-/- mice. Furthermore, lymphoid tissue inducer cells, a c-kit+ ILC3 subset that promotes ectopic lymphoid follicle development, a hallmark of many autoimmune diseases, are reduced in the meninges of EAE-resistant c-kit mutant Kit(W/Wv) mice. We propose that ILC3s sustain neuroinflammation by supporting T cell survival and reactivation in the meninges.
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Gutsol AA, Sokhonevich NA, Yurova KA, Khaziakhmatova OG, Shupletsova VV, Litvinova LS. Dose-dependent effects of dexamethasone on functional activity of T-lymphocytes with different grades of differentiation. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314060065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Walker-Caulfield ME, Hatfield JK, Brown MA. Dynamic changes in meningeal inflammation correspond to clinical exacerbations in a murine model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:112-22. [PMID: 25595260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation in the meninges, tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord that enclose the cerebrospinal fluid, closely parallels clinical exacerbations in relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In preclinical disease, an influx of innate immune cells precedes loss of blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and large-scale inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). T cell infiltration into the meninges is observed in acute disease as well as during relapse, when neither BBB permeability nor significant increases in peripherally-derived immune cell numbers in the CNS are observed. These findings support the idea that the meninges are a gateway for immune cell access into the CNS, a finding that has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Walker-Caulfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Julianne K Hatfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Melissa A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Sands SA, Tsau S, Yankee TM, Parker BL, Ericsson AC, LeVine SM. The effect of omeprazole on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:605. [PMID: 25190469 PMCID: PMC4167283 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric disturbances such as dyspepsia are routinely encountered by multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and these conditions are often treated with gastric acid suppressors such as proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, or antacids. The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole can alter the gut flora and immune responses, both of which can influence the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of omeprazole treatment on the development of EAE. Bacterial microbiome analysis of mouse fecal pellets was determined in C57BL/6J EAE mice chronically treated with omeprazole, and spleen immune cell content, clinical scores, weight, rotarod latency, and histopathology were used as outcome measures in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice with EAE. RESULTS Omeprazole treatment resulted in decreases in Akkermansia muciniphila and Coprococcus sp. and an increase in unidentified bacteria in the family S24-7 (order Bacteroidales) in C57BL/6J mice with EAE. Omeprazole did not alter spleen immune cell content compared to vehicle in EAE mice, but differences independent of treatment were observed in subsets of T cells between early and advanced disease in C57BL/6J mice as well as between the two strains of mice at an advanced disease stage. Omeprazole caused no difference in clinical scores in either strain, but significantly lowered weight gain compared to vehicle in the C57BL/6J mice with EAE. Omeprazole also did not alter rotarod behavior or hindbrain inflammatory cell infiltration compared to vehicle in both strains of mice with EAE. Rotarod latency did reveal a negative correlation with clinical scores during active disease in both mouse strains, but not during clinical remission in SJL/J mice, suggesting that rotarod can detect disability not reflected in the clinical scores. CONCLUSIONS Despite alterations in the gut microbiota and weight gain in the C57BL/6J EAE model, omeprazole had no effect on multiple measures of disease activity in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice with EAE, supporting the notion that omeprazole does not substantially influence disease activity in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sands
- />Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, 66160 KS USA
| | - Sheila Tsau
- />Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, 66160 KS USA
| | - Thomas M Yankee
- />Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, 66160 Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Brooks L Parker
- />Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, 66160 Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- />Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center, University of Missouri, 4011 Discovery Drive, 65201 Columbia, MO USA
| | - Steven M LeVine
- />Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, 66160 KS USA
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Mony JT, Khorooshi R, Owens T. MOG extracellular domain (p1-125) triggers elevated frequency of CXCR3+ CD4+ Th1 cells in the CNS of mice and induces greater incidence of severe EAE. Mult Scler 2014; 20:1312-21. [PMID: 24552747 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514524086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelin-specific T cells are implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) and drive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE is commonly induced with short peptides, whereas in MS, whole myelin proteins are available for immune response. We asked whether immunization with the immunoglobulin-like domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(Igd), residues 1-125) might induce distinct CD4+ T-cell response and/or a stronger CD8+ T-cell response, compared to the 21 amino acid immunodominant MHC II-associating peptide (p35-55). OBJECTIVES Compare both EAE and T-cell responses in C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG(Igd) and MOG p35-55. METHODS Cytokine production, and chemokine receptor expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the mouse central nervous system (CNS), were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS MOG(Igd) triggered progression to more severe EAE than MOG p35-55, despite similar time of onset and overall incidence. EAE in MOG(Igd)-immunized mice was characterized by an increased percentage of CXCR3+ interferon-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in CNS. The CD8+ T-cell response to both immunogens was similar. CONCLUSIONS Increased incidence of severe disease following MOG(Igd) immunization, accompanied by an increased percentage of CD4+ T cells in the CNS expressing CXCR3 and producing interferon-γ, identifies a pathogenic role for interferon-γ that is not seen when disease is induced with a single Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II-associating epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi T Mony
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Chronic dry eye disease is principally mediated by effector memory Th17 cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:38-45. [PMID: 23571503 PMCID: PMC3732510 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental and clinical data suggest that there is a link between dry eye disease (DED) and T-cell-mediated immunity. However, whether these immune responses are a consequence or cause of ocular surface inflammation remains to be determined. Thus far, only models of acute DED have been used to derive experimental data. This is in contrast to clinical DED which usually presents as a chronic disease. In the present study, using a murine model of chronic DED, it was established that the chronic phase of the disease is accompanied by T helper type 17 (Th17) responses at the ocular surface and that a significant memory T-cell population can be recovered from chronic DED. This memory response is predominantly mediated by Th17 cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of this memory T-cell population was shown to induce more severe and rapidly progressing DED than did the adoptive transfer of its effector or naive counterparts. Not only do these results clearly demonstrate that effector memory Th17 cells are primarily responsible for maintaining the chronic and relapsing course of DED, but they also highlight a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for targeting memory immune responses in patients with DED.
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McNally JP, Elfers EE, Terrell CE, Grunblatt E, Hildeman DA, Jordan MB, Katz JD. Eliminating encephalitogenic T cells without undermining protective immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:73-83. [PMID: 24277699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current clinical approach for treating autoimmune diseases is to broadly blunt immune responses as a means of preventing autoimmune pathology. Among the major side effects of this strategy are depressed beneficial immunity and increased rates of infections and tumors. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model for human multiple sclerosis, we report a novel alternative approach for purging autoreactive T cells that spares beneficial immunity. The moderate and temporally limited use of etoposide, a topoisomerase inhibitor, to eliminate encephalitogenic T cells significantly reduces the onset and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, dampens cytokine production and overall pathology, while dramatically limiting the off-target effects on naive and memory adaptive immunity. Etoposide-treated mice show no or significantly ameliorated pathology with reduced antigenic spread, yet have normal T cell and T-dependent B cell responses to de novo antigenic challenges as well as unimpaired memory T cell responses to viral rechallenge. Thus, etoposide therapy can selectively ablate effector T cells and limit pathology in an animal model of autoimmunity while sparing protective immune responses. This strategy could lead to novel approaches for the treatment of autoimmune diseases with both enhanced efficacy and decreased treatment-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P McNally
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Ghazi-Visser L, Laman JD, Nagel S, van Meurs M, van Riel D, Tzankov A, Frank S, Adams H, Wolk K, Terracciano L, Melief MJ, Sabat R, Günthert U. CD44 variant isoforms control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by affecting the lifespan of the pathogenic T cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:3683-701. [PMID: 23752202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD44 variant (CD44(v)) isoforms play important roles in the development of autoimmune disorders, including colitis and arthritis, but their role in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been explored only to a limited extent. We determined the functional relevance of CD44(v) isoforms in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genetic ablation of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) isoforms significantly reduced the clinical EAE burden, as well as the number of inflammatory infiltrates. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression on both memory T and antigen-presenting cells, participated in the development of adoptive transfer EAE. Significantly reduced mRNA expression of Th1 signature genes was detected in the brains of CD44(v10-/-) mice compared with those of CD44(WT) mice. Furthermore, forkhead transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), Bcl-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were reduced in CD44(v10-/-) brains, whereas active caspase-3 was elevated. Brain-infiltrating CD4(hi)CD44(v10+) T cells preceded EAE onset and paralleled disease severity in wild-type but not in CD44(v7-/-) and CD44(v10-/-) mice. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression contributed to EAE by increasing the longevity of autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells. Accordingly, the absence of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) led to increased apoptosis in the inflammatory infiltrates and reduced Th1 responses, resulting in marked disease reduction. Although absent in noninflamed human brains, we detected CD44(v3), CD44(v7), and CD44(v10) isoforms on glial cells and on perivascular infiltrating cells of MS lesions. We conclude that CD44(v7) and CD44(v10), expressed on autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells, are critically involved in the pathogenesis of classic EAE by increasing their life span. Targeting these short CD44(v) isoform regions may reduce inflammatory processes and clinical symptoms in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Ghazi-Visser
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Martinez-Pasamar S, Abad E, Moreno B, Velez de Mendizabal N, Martinez-Forero I, Garcia-Ojalvo J, Villoslada P. Dynamic cross-regulation of antigen-specific effector and regulatory T cell subpopulations and microglia in brain autoimmunity. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:34. [PMID: 23618467 PMCID: PMC3651362 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease with a prototypical oscillatory behavior, as evidenced by the presence of clinical relapses. Understanding the dynamics of immune cells governing the course of MS, therefore, has many implications for immunotherapy. Here, we used flow cytometry to analyze the time-dependent behavior of antigen-specific effector (Teff) and regulatory (Treg) T cells and microglia in mice model of MS, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), and compared the observations with a mathematical cross-regulation model of T-cell dynamics in autoimmune disease. Results We found that Teff and Treg cells specific to myelin olygodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) developed coupled oscillatory dynamics with a 4- to 5-day period and decreasing amplitude that was always higher for the Teff populations, in agreement with the mathematical model. Microglia activation followed the oscillations of MOG-specific Teff cells in the secondary lymphoid organs, but they were activated before MOG-specific T-cell peaks in the CNS. Finally, we assessed the role of B-cell depletion induced by anti-CD20 therapy in the dynamics of T cells in an EAE model with more severe disease after therapy. We observed that B-cell depletion decreases Teff expansion, although its oscillatory behavior persists. However, the effect of B cell depletion was more significant in the Treg population within the CNS, which matched with activation of microglia and worsening of the disease. Mathematical modeling of T-cell cross-regulation after anti-CD20 therapy suggests that B-cell depletion may influence the dynamics of T cells by fine-tuning their activation. Conclusions The oscillatory dynamics of T-cells have an intrinsic origin in the physiological regulation of the adaptive immune response, which influences both disease phenotype and response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martinez-Pasamar
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Giegold O, Ogrissek N, Richter C, Schröder M, Herrero San Juan M, Pfeilschifter JM, Radeke HH. CXCL9 Causes Heterologous Desensitization of CXCL12-Mediated Memory T Lymphocyte Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3696-705. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Walline CC, Kanakasabai S, Bright JJ. Dynamic interplay of T helpercell subsets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. World J Immunol 2012; 2:1-13. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the temporal onset and dynamic interplay of CD4+ T helper cell subsets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
METHODS: EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide p35-55. The clinical signs were scored and the tissue samples and immune cells isolated for analysis at different phases of EAE. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and related transcription factors were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The percentages of Th1, Th17, Th2, Treg and memory T cell subsets in EAE were analyzed by immunostaining and flow cytometry. The data were analyzed by statistical techniques.
RESULTS: Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that EAE mice express elevated levels of Th1 [interferon gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-12p40], Th17 [IL-17, related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ), IL-12p40] and Treg [Foxp3, Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3), IL-10] genes in the central nervous system at the peak of the disease. Whereas, the expression of Th1 (IFNγ, T-bet, IL-12p35, IL-12p40), Th17 (RORγ, IL-12p40), Th2 (IL-4) and Treg (Foxp3, EBI3) response genes was reduced in the spleen during pre-disease but gradually recovered at the later phases of EAE. ELISA and flow cytometry analyses showed an increase in Th17 response in the periphery, while Th1 response remained unchanged at the peak of disease. The mRNA levels of IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-12p40 in the brain were increased by 23 (P < 0.001), 9 (P < 0.05) and 14 (P < 0.01) fold, respectively, on day 21 of EAE. Conversely, the mRNA expression of IL-10 was increased by 2 fold (P < 0.05) in the spleen on day 21. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg response was reduced at pre-disease but recovered to naïve levels by disease onset. The percentage of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells decreased from 7.7% in the naïve to 3.2% (P < 0.05) on day 7 of EAE, which then increased to 8.4% by day 28. Moreover, the CD4+CD127+CD44high memory T cell response was increased during the onset and recovery phases of EAE. The memory and effector cells showed an inverse relationship in EAE, where the memory T cells increased from 12.3% in naïve to 20% by day 21, and the effector cells decreased from 32% in naïve to 21% (P < 0.01) by day 21. The wild type C57BL/6 mice with EAE showed elevated levels of effector-memory T cells (TEM) with concomitant reduction in central-memory T cells (TCM), but the EAE-resistant IL-7R deficient mice showed elevated TCM with no effect on TEM cells in EAE.
CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the temporal onset and dynamic interplay of effector, memory and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets and its significance to clinical outcome in EAE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Yellayi S, Hilliard B, Ghazanfar M, Tsingalia A, Nantz MH, Bollinger L, de Kok-Mercado F, Hecker JG. A single intrathecal injection of DNA and an asymmetric cationic lipid as lipoplexes ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1980-4. [PMID: 21732666 DOI: 10.1021/mp2002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrathecal delivery of gene therapeutics is a route of administration that overcomes several of the limitations that plague current immunosuppressive treatments for autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we report intrathecal delivery of small amounts (3 μg) of plasmid DNA that codes for an immunomodulatory fusion protein, OX40-TRAIL, composed of OX40, a tumor necrosis factor receptor, and tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). This DNA was delivered in a formulated nucleic acid-lipid complex (lipoplexes) with an asymmetric two-chain cationic lipid myristoyl (14:0) and lauroyl (12:1) rosenthal inhibitor-substituted compound (MLRI) formed from the tetraalkylammonium glycerol-based compound N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)-propyl-N-1-(2-hydroxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl ammonium iodide. Delivery and expression in the CNS of OX40-TRAIL in the mouse prior to onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis, decreased the severity of clinical disease. We believe this preclinical demonstration of rapid, widespread, and biologically therapeutic nonviral gene delivery to the CNS is important in further development of clinical lipid-based therapeutics for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Yellayi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6112, United States
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Urothelial antigen-specific CD4+ T cells function as direct effector cells and induce bladder autoimmune inflammation independent of CD8+ T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:428-37. [PMID: 21270773 PMCID: PMC3118865 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of CD4(+) T cells in bladder autoimmune inflammation has not been identified because of the lack of a proper animal model. We investigated CD4(+) T-cell responses to bladder urothelial ovalbumin (OVA), a model self-antigen (Ag), in transgenic URO-OVA mice. The expression of bladder urothelial OVA rendered mice unresponsive to OVA and resulted in quick clearance of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells. Adoptive transfer of naive OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells led to exogenous T-cell proliferation, activation, and bladder infiltration but no inflammatory induction. In contrast, adoptive transfer of preactivated OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells induced bladder inflammation. Studies further demonstrated that CD4(+) T cells induced bladder inflammation in URO-OVA mice depleted of CD8(+) T cells or deficient in the recombinase activating gene-1 (Rag-1(-/-)). These results indicate that urothelial Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells can function as direct effector cells to induce bladder autoimmune inflammation independent of CD8(+) T cells.
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Strutt TM, McKinstry KK, Swain SL. Control of innate immunity by memory CD4 T cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 780:57-68. [PMID: 21842365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5632-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How memory CD4 T cells contribute to protection upon pathogen -challenge is not fully understood. Beyond traditional helper functions for CD8 T cell and B cell responses, memory CD4 T cells can have a potent impact on the character and a magnitude of inflammatory responses. Here we discuss how memory CD4 T cell control of innate immunity at early time points after pathogen encounters can influence protective responses. We also discuss important aspects of the mechanism whereby memory CD4 T cells directly and indirectly impact the activation status of antigen-presenting cells and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from multiple cell types. We suggest that control of innate immune responses by the adaptive immune system is a powerful protective mechanism associated with the memory state and represents an important fail-safe in the face of pathogens that fail to trigger robust inflammatory responses through conserved pattern recognition receptors.
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Zhou J, Nagarkatti P, Zhong Y, Nagarkatti M. Immune modulation by chondroitin sulfate and its degraded disaccharide product in the development of an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 223:55-64. [PMID: 20434781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical symptoms in MOG-induced EAE mice significantly exacerbated following chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) injection, whereas administration of a degraded product, CSPG-DS, caused dramatic inhibition of EAE development. Also, administration of CSPG-DS but not CS-A, after the onset of clinical symptoms of EAE, was able to suppress the disease. Further studies demonstrated that CS-A up-regulated STAT4 expression and thus, induced IFN-gamma production and Th1 CD4 T cell differentiation. CS-A also up-regulated STAT3 and IL-23 expression and thus increased IL-17 producing T cells. CSPG-DS treatment both in vivo and in vitro decreased TNFalpha production from splenocytes. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that CSPG-DS treatment in EAE mice significantly blocked migration of lymphocytes, whereas CS-A treatment increased lymphocyte infiltration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Strutt TM, McKinstry KK, Dibble JP, Winchell C, Kuang Y, Curtis JD, Huston G, Dutton RW, Swain SL. Memory CD4+ T cells induce innate responses independently of pathogen. Nat Med 2010; 16:558-64, 1p following 564. [PMID: 20436484 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation induced by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns markedly affects subsequent adaptive responses. We asked whether the adaptive immune system can also affect the character and magnitude of innate inflammatory responses. We found that the response of memory, but not naive, CD4(+) T cells enhances production of multiple innate inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IICs) in the lung and that, during influenza infection, this leads to early control of virus. Memory CD4(+) T cell-induced IICs and viral control require cognate antigen recognition and are optimal when memory cells are either T helper type 1 (T(H)1) or T(H)17 polarized but are independent of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production and do not require activation of conserved pathogen recognition pathways. This represents a previously undescribed mechanism by which memory CD4(+) T cells induce an early innate response that enhances immune protection against pathogens.
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Torres-Aguilar H, Aguilar-Ruiz SR, González-Pérez G, Munguía R, Bajaña S, Meraz-Ríos MA, Sánchez-Torres C. Tolerogenic dendritic cells generated with different immunosuppressive cytokines induce antigen-specific anergy and regulatory properties in memory CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1765-75. [PMID: 20083662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs involved in the initiation of both immunity and immunological tolerance. In autoimmune diseases or graft rejections, most reactive lymphocytes are effector/memory cells. It is believed that memory T cells are more resistant to tolerance induction than naive lymphocytes; however, studies on mechanisms for their efficient tolerization are still scarce. In this study, we generated human monocyte-derived DCs by culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 (control DCs), as well as tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) by adding IL-10, IL-10/TGF-beta1, or IL-10/IL-6. Cells were maturated with TNF-alpha/PGE(2). Compared with control DCs, tDCs had similar expression of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86, lower expression of CD40, higher levels of macrophage markers, enhanced endocytic ability, increased secretion of IL-6, IL-10 (only tDCs generated with IL-10 and tDCs generated with IL-10/IL-6), and PGE(2), and lower secretion of IL-12 and IL-23. In vitro, tDCs had the capacity to induce anergy in tetanus toxoid-specific memory CD4(+) T cells, whereas the proliferative response to an unrelated Ag was intact. Anergy could be reverted upon exposure to IL-2. tDC-primed T cells have low suppressive ability. Nevertheless, the generation of both anergic and regulatory T cells was more efficient with tDCs generated with IL-10/TGF-beta1. Microarray-based gene expression profiling reflected modulated expression of several transcripts in tDCs. Surface CLIP-HLA-DR complexes and intracellular thrombospondin-1 were increased in the three tDCs. CD39 was highly expressed only in tDC-TGF, which correlated with increased adenosine production. We propose that these molecules, together with IL-10 and prostanoids, are key factors to induce Ag-specific tolerance in memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorio Torres-Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most cost effective methods to control infectious diseases and at the same time one of the most complex products of the pharmaceutical industry. In contrast to other drugs, vaccines are used mainly in healthy individuals, often in children. For this reason, very high standards are set for their production. Subunit vaccines, especially peptide vaccines, can provide a safe and cost-effective alternative to vaccines produced from attenuated or inactivated pathogen preparations. Biochemical and structural studies of class II MHC-peptide complexes are beginning to provide a conceptual foundation for the rational design of subunit and peptide vaccines. In this review, we show how analysis of peptide-class II MHC complexes together with developing understanding of antigen processing pathways has opened the door to understanding the major rules that govern selection of T cell epitopes. We review progress towards computational prediction of such epitopes, and efforts to evaluate algorithms that incorporate various structural and/or biochemical aspects of the MHC-peptide interaction. Finally, using malaria as a model, we describe the development of a minimal subunit vaccine for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Ridwan R, Kiptoo P, Kobayashi N, Weir S, Hughes M, Williams T, Soegianto R, Siahaan TJ. Antigen-specific suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a novel bifunctional peptide inhibitor: structure optimization and pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:1136-45. [PMID: 20026673 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to optimize the in vivo activity of proteolipid protein (PLP)-bifunctional peptide inhibitor (BPI) molecule to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice and evaluate pharmacokinetic profiles of PLP-BPI. PLP-BPI is constructed via conjugation of myelin PLP(139-151) with CD11a(237-246)-derived peptide (LABL) via a spacer. The hypothesis is that PLP-BPI binds simultaneously to major histocompatibility complex-II and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on the antigen-presenting cell (APC) and inhibits the formation of the immunological synapse during T-cell and APC interactions. In this study, the structure of BPI was modified by varying the spacer and was evaluated in the EAE model. Intravenous injections of BPI derivatives inhibited the onset, severity, and incidence of EAE more effectively and induced a lower incidence of anaphylaxis than that produced by unmodified PLP-BPI. As anticipated, production of interleukin-17, a proinflammatory cytokine commonly found in elevated levels among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, was significantly lower in Ac-PLP-BPI-PEG6- or Ac-PLP-BPI-NH(2)-2-treated mice than in phosphate-buffered saline-treated mice. These results suggest that BPI-type molecules can be modified to achieve more efficient and better tolerated BPI-based derivatives for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmawati Ridwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Simons Research Laboratories, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Inflammation on the mind: visualizing immunity in the central nervous system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:227-63. [PMID: 19521688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a remarkably complex structure that utilizes electrochemical signaling to coordinate activities throughout the entire body. Because the nervous system contains nonreplicative cells, it is postulated that, through evolutionary pressures, this compartment has acquired specialized mechanisms to limit damage. One potential source of damage comes from our immune system, which has the capacity to survey the CNS and periphery for the presence of foreign material. The immune system is equipped with numerous effector mechanisms and can greatly alter the homeostasis and function of the CNS. Degeneration, autoimmunity, and pathogen infection can all result in acute, and sometimes chronic, inflammation within the CNS. Understanding the specialized functionality of innate and adaptive immune cells within the CNS is critical to the design of more efficacious treatments to mitigate CNS inflammatory conditions. Much of our knowledge of CNS-immune interactions stems from seminal studies that have used static and dynamic imaging approaches to visualize inflammatory cells responding to different CNS conditions. This review will focus on how imaging techniques have elevated our understanding of CNS inflammation as well as the exciting prospects that lie ahead as we begin to pursue investigation of the inflamed CNS in real time.
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Emerson MR, Gallagher RJ, Marquis JG, LeVine SM. Enhancing the ability of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to serve as a more rigorous model of multiple sclerosis through refinement of the experimental design. Comp Med 2009; 59:112-128. [PMID: 19389303 PMCID: PMC2703151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advancing the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) likely will lead to new and better therapeutics. Although important information about the disease process has been obtained from research on pathologic specimens, peripheral blood lymphocytes and MRI studies, the elucidation of detailed mechanisms has progressed largely through investigations using animal models of MS. In addition, animal models serve as an important tool for the testing of putative interventions. The most commonly studied model of MS is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This model can be induced in a variety of species and by various means, but there has been concern that the model may not accurately reflect the disease process, and more importantly, it may give rise to erroneous findings when it is used to test possible therapeutics. Several reasons have been given to explain the shortcomings of this model as a useful testing platform, but one idea provides a framework for improving the value of this model, and thus, it deserves careful consideration. In particular, the idea asserts that EAE studies are inadequately designed to enable appropriate evaluation of putative therapeutics. Here we discuss problem areas within EAE study designs and provide suggestions for their improvement. This paper is principally directed at investigators new to the field of EAE, although experienced investigators may find useful suggestions herein.
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Key Words
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- mrs, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- plp, proteolipid protein
- pml, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th, helper t (cells)
- tmev, theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus
- treg, regulatory t (cells)
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage
- Random Allocation
- Reproducibility of Results
- Research Design
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Emerson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy-Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Ryan J Gallagher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Janet G Marquis
- Research Design and Analysis Unit, Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Steven M LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Galicia G, Kasran A, Uyttenhove C, De Swert K, Van Snick J, Ceuppens JL. ICOS Deficiency Results in Exacerbated IL-17 Mediated Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:426-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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