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Khoubila N, Sraidi S, Madani A, Tazi I. Anaplastic Large-cell Lymphoma in Children: State of the Art in 2023. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:217-224. [PMID: 38912833 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is a rare disease and account for approximately 10% to 15% of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphomas. They are characterized by extended stages, a high frequency of B signs and extra nodal involvement. Multiagent chemotherapy cures ∽60% to 75% of patients and relapse occurs in 35% of cases. For relapsed patients, various treatments ranging from vinblastine monotherapy to therapeutic intensification with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been evaluated, but there is currently no consensus on the optimal therapeutic strategy. New therapeutic perspectives are being evaluated for relapses and refractory forms as well as high-risk forms including monoclonal antibodies (Anti CD30), ALK inhibitors, and CART cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Khoubila
- Department of Hematology and Pediatric Oncology, Hospital 20 August 1953, CHU Ibn Rochd, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca
| | - Sofia Sraidi
- Department of Hematology and Pediatric Oncology, Hospital 20 August 1953, CHU Ibn Rochd, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca
| | - Abdellah Madani
- Department of Hematology and Pediatric Oncology, Hospital 20 August 1953, CHU Ibn Rochd, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca
| | - Illias Tazi
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Mohamed VI, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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2
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Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071650. [PMID: 35406421 PMCID: PMC8997054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare type of disease that occurs throughout the world and has four subtypes. A summary and comparison of these subtypes can assist with advancing our knowledge of the mechanism and treatment of ALCL, which is helpful in making progress in this field. Abstract Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an uncommon type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), as well as one of the subtypes of T cell lymphoma, accounting for 1 to 3% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas and around 15% of T cell lymphomas. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified anaplastic large cell lymphoma into four categories: ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ALCL), ALK-negative ALCL (ALK−ALCL), primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL), and breast-implant-associated ALCL (BIA-ALCL), respectively. Clinical symptoms, gene changes, prognoses, and therapy differ among the four types. Large lymphoid cells with copious cytoplasm and pleomorphic characteristics with horseshoe-shaped or reniform nuclei, for example, are found in both ALK+ and ALK−ALCL. However, their epidemiology and pathogenetic origins are distinct. BIA-ALCL is currently recognized as a new provisional entity, which is a noninvasive disease with favorable results. In this review, we focus on molecular pathogenesis and management of anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
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Kourentzi K, Crum M, Patil U, Prebisch A, Chavan D, Vu B, Zeng Z, Litvinov D, Zu Y, Willson RC. Recombinant expression, characterization, and quantification in human cancer cell lines of the Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma-characteristic NPM-ALK fusion protein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5078. [PMID: 32193476 PMCID: PMC7081362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma most commonly seen in children and young adults. The majority of pediatric ALCLs are associated with the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation which fuses the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) gene with the Nucleophosmin (NPM) gene. The NPM-ALK fusion protein is a constitutively-active tyrosine kinase, and plays a major role in tumor pathogenesis. In an effort to advance novel diagnostic approaches and the understanding of the function of this fusion protein in cancer cells, we expressed in E. coli, purified and characterized human NPM-ALK fusion protein to be used as a standard for estimating expression levels in cultured human ALCL cells, a key tool in ALCL pathobiology research. We estimated that NPM-ALK fusion protein is expressed at substantial levels in both Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1 cells (ca. 4-6 million molecules or 0.5-0.7 pg protein per cell; based on our in-house developed NPM-ALK ELISA; LOD of 40 pM) as compared to the ubiquitous β-actin protein (ca. 64 million molecules or 4.5 pg per lymphocyte). We also compared NPM-ALK/ β-actin ratios determined by ELISA to those independently determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis and showed that the two methods are in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Mary Crum
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ujwal Patil
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ana Prebisch
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Dimple Chavan
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Binh Vu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zihua Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dmitri Litvinov
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Richard C Willson
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud ITESM, Monterrey, Mexico.
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Montes-Mojarro IA, Steinhilber J, Bonzheim I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F. The Pathological Spectrum of Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL). Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040107. [PMID: 29617304 PMCID: PMC5923362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) represents a group of malignant T-cell lymphoproliferations that share morphological and immunophenotypical features, namely strong CD30 expression and variable loss of T-cell markers, but differ in clinical presentation and prognosis. The recognition of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion proteins as a result of chromosomal translocations or inversions was the starting point for the distinction of different subgroups of ALCL. According to their distinct clinical settings and molecular findings, the 2016 revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification recognizes four different entities: systemic ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ ALCL), systemic ALK-negative ALCL (ALK− ALCL), primary cutaneous ALCL (pC-ALCL), and breast implant-associated ALCL (BI-ALCL), the latter included as a provisional entity. ALK is rearranged in approximately 80% of systemic ALCL cases with one of its partner genes, most commonly NPM1, and is associated with favorable prognosis, whereas systemic ALK− ALCL shows heterogeneous clinical, phenotypical, and genetic features, underlining the different oncogenesis between these two entities. Recognition of the pathological spectrum of ALCL is crucial to understand its pathogenesis and its boundaries with other entities. In this review, we will focus on the morphological, immunophenotypical, and molecular features of systemic ALK+ and ALK− ALCL. In addition, BI-ALCL will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne A Montes-Mojarro
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Steinhilber
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Lobello C, Bikos V, Janikova A, Pospisilova S. The Role of Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinase NPM-ALK in Genomic Instability. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030064. [PMID: 29510549 PMCID: PMC5876639 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic stability is crucial for cell life and transmitting genetic material is one of the primary tasks of the cell. The cell needs to be able to recognize any possible error and quickly repair it, and thus, cells have developed several mechanisms to detect DNA damage and promote repair during evolution. The DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair pathways ensure the control of possible errors that could impair the duplication of genetic information and introduce variants in the DNA. Endogenous and exogenous factors compromise genomic stability and cause dysregulation in the DDR and DNA repair pathways. Cancer cells often impair these mechanisms to overcome cellular barriers (cellular senescence and/or apoptosis), leading to malignancy. NPM (nucleophosmin)-ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) is an oncogenic tyrosine kinase that is involved in the development of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). NPM-ALK is known to be involved in the activation of proliferative and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. New evidence reveals that NPM-ALK translocation also impairs the ability of cells to maintain the genomic stability through both DDR and DNA repair pathways. This review aims to highlight the role of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK in the cell, and pointing to new possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Lobello
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vasilis Bikos
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Janikova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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De Pas T, Pala L, Catania C, Conforti F. Molecular and clinical features of second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors: ceritinib. Future Oncol 2017; 13:2629-2644. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of ALK rearrangement in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) triggered rapid clinical development of a family of specific drugs targeting this alteration, called ALK inhibitors. Despite high rate of responses, the vast majority of patients treated with first-generation ALK inhibitor crizotinib will ultimately develop disease progression. The second-generation ALK inhibitor, ceritinib, is an oral, small-molecule that inhibits the ALK kinase activity with a potency 20-fold greater than crizotinib, being able to tackle some of the principal mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib. Evidences from five large prospective clinical trials have so far showed impressive activity of ceritinib in ALK inhibitor pretreated and naive NSCLC patients. This review will focus on the preclinical and clinical data available regarding ceritinib pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso De Pas
- Medical Oncology of Melanoma & Sarcoma Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pala
- Medical Oncology of Melanoma & Sarcoma Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Catania
- Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Conforti
- Medical Oncology of Melanoma & Sarcoma Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
A vast array of oncogenic variants has been identified for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Therefore, there is a need to better understand the role of ALK in cancer biology in order to optimise treatment strategies. This review summarises the latest research on the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK, and how this information can guide the management of patients with cancer that is ALK-positive. A variety of ALK gene alterations have been described across a range of tumour types, including point mutations, deletions and rearrangements. A wide variety of ALK fusions, in which the kinase domain of ALK and the amino-terminal portion of various protein partners are fused, occur in cancer, with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK being the most prevalent in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Different ALK fusion proteins can mediate different signalling outputs, depending on properties such as subcellular localisation and protein stability. The ALK fusions found in tumours lack spatial and temporal regulation, which can also affect dimerisation and substrate specificity. Two ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), crizotinib and ceritinib, are currently approved in Europe for use in ALK-positive NSCLC and several others are in development. These ALK TKIs bind slightly differently within the ATP-binding pocket of the ALK kinase domain and are associated with the emergence of different resistance mutation patterns during therapy. This emphasises the need to tailor the sequence of ALK TKIs according to the ALK signature of each patient. Research into the oncogenic functions of ALK, and fast paced development of ALK inhibitors, has substantially improved outcomes for patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. Limited data are available surrounding the physiological ligand-stimulated activation of ALK signalling and further research is needed. Understanding the role of ALK in tumour biology is key to further optimising therapeutic strategies for ALK-positive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R H Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase: the ultimate oncogene and therapeutic target. Blood 2016; 129:823-831. [PMID: 27879258 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-717793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase physiologically expressed by fetal neural cells. However, aberrantly expressed ALK is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse malignancies, including distinct types of lymphoma, lung carcinoma, and neuroblastoma. The aberrant ALK expression in nonneural cells results from chromosomal translocations that create novel fusion proteins. These protein hybrids compose the proximal part of a partner gene, including its promoter region, and the distal part of ALK, including the coding sequence for the entire kinase domain. ALK was first identified in a subset of T-cell lymphomas with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) morphology (ALK+ ALCL), the vast majority of which harbor the well-characterized nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion protein. NPM-ALK co-opts several intracellular signal transduction pathways, foremost being the STAT3 pathway, normally activated by cytokines from the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family to promote cell proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis. Many genes and proteins modulated by NPM-ALK are also involved in evasion of antitumor immune response, protection from hypoxia, angiogenesis, DNA repair, cell migration and invasiveness, and cell metabolism. In addition, NPM-ALK uses epigenetic silencing mechanisms to downregulate tumor suppressor genes to maintain its own expression. Importantly, NPM-ALK is capable of transforming primary human CD4+ T cells into immortalized cell lines indistinguishable from patient-derived ALK+ ALCL. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that inhibition of NPM-ALK induces long-lasting complete remissions in a large subset of heavily pretreated adult patients and the vast majority of children with high-stage ALK+ ALCL. Combining ALK inhibition with other novel therapeutic modalities should prove even more effective.
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9
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Zhang G, Scarborough H, Kim J, Rozhok AI, Chen YA, Zhang X, Song L, Bai Y, Fang B, Liu RZ, Koomen J, Tan AC, Degregori J, Haura EB. Coupling an EML4-ALK-centric interactome with RNA interference identifies sensitizers to ALK inhibitors. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs12. [PMID: 27811184 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with lung cancers harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusions benefit from treatment with ALK inhibitors, but acquired resistance inevitably arises. A better understanding of proximal ALK signaling mechanisms may identify sensitizers to ALK inhibitors that disrupt the balance between prosurvival and proapoptotic effector signals. Using affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry in an ALK fusion lung cancer cell line (H3122), we generated an ALK signaling network and investigated signaling activity using tyrosine phosphoproteomics. We identified a network of 464 proteins composed of subnetworks with differential response to ALK inhibitors. A small hairpin RNA screen targeting 407 proteins in this network revealed 64 and 9 proteins that when knocked down sensitized cells to crizotinib and alectinib, respectively. Among these, knocking down fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) or coiled-coil and C2 domain-containing protein 1A (CC2D1A), both scaffolding proteins, sensitized multiple ALK fusion cell lines to the ALK inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. Collectively, our data set provides a resource that enhances our understanding of signaling and drug resistance networks consequent to ALK fusions and identifies potential targets to improve the efficacy of ALK inhibitors in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hannah Scarborough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrii I Rozhok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yian Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lanxi Song
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Richard Z Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James Degregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Alshareef A, Zhang HF, Huang YH, Wu C, Zhang JD, Wang P, El-Sehemy A, Fares M, Lai R. The use of cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) to study Crizotinib resistance in ALK-expressing human cancers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33710. [PMID: 27641368 PMCID: PMC5027386 DOI: 10.1038/srep33710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various forms of oncogenic ALK proteins have been identified in various types of human cancers. While Crizotinib, an ALK inhibitor, has been found to be therapeutically useful against a subset of ALK(+) tumours, clinical resistance to this drug has been well recognized and the mechanism of this phenomenon is incompletely understood. Using the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), we measured the Crizotinib-ALK binding in a panel of ALK(+) cell lines, and correlated the findings with the ALK structure and its interactions with specific binding proteins. The Crizotinib IC50 significantly correlated with Crizotinib-ALK binding. The suboptimal Crizotinib-ALK binding in Crizotinib-resistant cells is not due to the cell-specific environment, since transfection of NPM-ALK into these cells revealed substantial Crizotinib-NPM-ALK binding. Interestingly, we found that the resistant cells expressed higher protein level of β-catenin and siRNA knockdown restored Crizotinib-ALK binding (correlated with a significant lowering of IC50). Computational analysis of the crystal structures suggests that β-catenin exerts steric hindrance to the Crizotinib-ALK binding. In conclusion, the Crizotinib-ALK binding measurable by CETSA is useful in predicting Crizotinib sensitivity, and Crizotinib-ALK binding is in turn dictated by the structure of ALK and some of its binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraheem Alshareef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almedinah, P.O. Box 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Yung-Hsing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chengsheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jing Dong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First hospital of China Medical University, Shen Yang 110001, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sehemy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,DynaLIFEDx Medical Laboratories, Edmonton, Canada
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NPM-ALK mediates phosphorylation of MSH2 at tyrosine 238, creating a functional deficiency in MSH2 and the loss of mismatch repair. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e311. [PMID: 25978431 PMCID: PMC4476014 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL) tumors express the characteristic oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK, which mediates tumorigenesis by exerting its constitutive tyrosine kinase activity on various substrates. We recently identified MSH2, a protein central to DNA mismatch repair (MMR), as a novel binding partner and phosphorylation substrate of NPM-ALK. Here, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we report for the first time that MSH2 is phosphorylated by NPM-ALK at a specific residue, tyrosine 238. Using GP293 cells transfected with NPM-ALK, we confirmed that the MSH2Y238F mutant is not tyrosine phosphorylated. Furthermore, transfection of MSH2Y238F into these cells substantially decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous MSH2. Importantly, gene transfection of MSH2Y238F abrogated the binding of NPM-ALK with endogenous MSH2, re-established the dimerization of MSH2:MSH6 and restored the sensitivity to DNA mismatch-inducing drugs, indicative of MMR return. Parallel findings were observed in two ALK+ALCL cell lines, Karpas 299 and SUP-M2. In addition, we found that enforced expression of MSH2Y238F into ALK+ALCL cells alone was sufficient to induce spontaneous apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings have identified NPM-ALK-induced phosphorylation of MSH2 at Y238 as a crucial event in suppressing MMR. Our studies have provided novel insights into the mechanism by which oncogenic tyrosine kinases disrupt MMR.
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KHATTAR VINAYAK, THOTTASSERY JAIDEEPV. Cks1 proteasomal turnover is a predominant mode of regulation in breast cancer cells: Role of key tyrosines and lysines. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:395-406. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Twyffels L, Gueydan C, Kruys V. Transportin-1 and Transportin-2: protein nuclear import and beyond. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1857-68. [PMID: 24780099 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 20 years after its identification as a new β-karyopherin mediating the nuclear import of the RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1, Transportin-1 is still commonly overlooked in comparison with its best known cousin, Importin-β. Transportin-1 is nonetheless a considerable player in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in the characterization of the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that Transportin-1 recognizes, thereby providing the molecular basis of its diversified repertoire of cargoes. The recent discovery that mutations in the Transportin-dependent NLS of FUS cause mislocalization of this protein and result in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis illustrates the importance of Transportin-dependent import for human health. Besides, new functions of Transportin-1 are emerging in processes other than nuclear import. Here, we summarize what is known about Transportin-1 and the related β-karyopherin Transportin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Twyffels
- Laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire du gène (CP300), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Cyril Gueydan
- Laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire du gène (CP300), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Véronique Kruys
- Laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire du gène (CP300), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Monti M, Cozzolino M, Cozzolino F, Vitiello G, Tedesco R, Flagiello A, Pucci P. Puzzle of protein complexesin vivo: a present and future challenge for functional proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 6:159-69. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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ALK: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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16
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Ye X, Wu F, Wu C, Wang P, Jung K, Gopal K, Ma Y, Li L, Lai R. β-Catenin, a Sox2 binding partner, regulates the DNA binding and transcriptional activity of Sox2 in breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2013; 26:492-501. [PMID: 24291232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sox2, an embryonic stem cell marker, has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC). Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation, we identified β-catenin as a Sox2 binding partner in MCF7 cells. The interaction between Sox2 and β-catenin was substantially different between the two cell subsets separated based on their differential responsiveness to a Sox2 reporter. Specifically, while β-catenin binds to Sox2 in the nuclear fraction of cells showing reporter-responsiveness (i.e. RR cells), this interaction was not detectable in those that were reporter-unresponsive (i.e. RU cells). In RR but not in RU cells, siRNA knockdown of β-catenin significantly upregulated the Sox2 transcriptional activity, enhanced its DNA binding and increased the expression of its target genes. Correlating with these findings, while inhibition of β-catenin significantly downregulated the mammosphere formation efficiency in RU cells, this treatment paradoxically increased that of RR cells. To conclude, we identified that β-catenin is an important binding partner of Sox2 and a regulator of its transcriptional activity in a small subset of BC cells. The interaction between Sox2 and β-catenin provides a novel mechanism underlying the functional dichotomy of BC cells, which carries potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chengsheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Keshav Gopal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yupo Ma
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; DynaLIFE(DX) Medical Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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17
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Abstract
The burgeoning field of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in cancer encompasses many cancer types, from very rare cancers to the more prevalent non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The common activation of ALK has led to the use of the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib in a range of patient populations and to the rapid development of second-generation drugs targeting ALK. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of ALK function in human cancer and the implications for tumour treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Crizotinib
- Drosophila Proteins/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Enzyme Induction
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/genetics
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Protein Conformation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Translocation, Genetic
- Zebrafish Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Hallberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Building 6L, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Classic nuclear shuttling is mediated by an importin-α∙β heterodimer that binds to cargoes containing a nuclear localization signal, and shuttles most nuclear proteins immediately after their translation. Aside from this canonical mechanism, kariopheryn-βs or β-like importins operate by binding to non-canonical nuclear localization signals to mediate translocation without the assistance of importin-α. The mechanism by which these components operate is much less understood and is currently under investigation. Recently, several β-like importins have been implicated in the stimulated nuclear translocation of signaling proteins. Here, we propose that this group of importins might be responsible for the swift nuclear shuttling of many proteins following various stimuli.
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19
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Wu F, Ye X, Wang P, Jung K, Wu C, Douglas D, Kneteman N, Bigras G, Ma Y, Lai R. Sox2 suppresses the invasiveness of breast cancer cells via a mechanism that is dependent on Twist1 and the status of Sox2 transcription activity. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:317. [PMID: 23815808 PMCID: PMC3707762 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sox2, an embryonic stem cell marker, is aberrantly expressed in a subset of breast cancer (BC). While the aberrant expression of Sox2 has been shown to significantly correlate with a number of clinicopathologic parameters in BC, its biological significance in BC is incompletely understood. Methods In-vitro invasion assay was used to evaluate whether the expression of Sox2 is linked to the invasiveness of MCF7 and ZR751 cells. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and/or Western blots were used to assess if Sox2 modulates the expression of factors known to regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), such as Twist1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to assess the binding of Sox2 to the promoter region of Twist1. Results We found that siRNA knockdown of Sox2 expression significantly increased the invasiveness of MCF7 and ZR751 cells. However, when MCF7 cells were separated into two distinct subsets based on their differential responsiveness to the Sox2 reporter, the Sox2-mediated effects on invasiveness was observed only in ‘reporter un-responsive’ cells (RU cells) but not ‘reporter responsive’ cells (RR cells). Correlating with these findings, siRNA knockdown of Sox2 in RU cells, but not RR cells, dramatically increased the expression of Twist1. Accordingly, using ChIP, we found evidence that Sox2 binds to the promoter region of Twist1 in RU cells only. Lastly, siRNA knockdown of Twist1 largely abrogated the regulatory effect of Sox2 on the invasiveness in RU cells, suggesting that the observed Sox2-mediated effects are Twist1-dependent. Conclusion Sox2 regulates the invasiveness of BC cells via a mechanism that is dependent on Twist1 and the transcriptional status of Sox2. Our results have further highlighted a new level of biological complexity and heterogeneity of BC cells that may carry significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Lai R, Ingham RJ. The pathobiology of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK: a brief update. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 4:119-31. [PMID: 23610619 DOI: 10.1177/2040620712471553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been carried out in the past two decades to study the pathobiology of nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), which is an oncogenic fusion protein found exclusively in a specific type of T-cell lymphoid malignancy, namely ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Results from these studies have provided highly useful insights into the mechanisms by which a constitutively tyrosine kinase, such as NPM-ALK, promotes tumorigenesis. Several previous publications have comprehensively summarized the advances in this field. In this review, we provide readers with a brief update on specific areas of NPM-ALK pathobiology. In the first part, the NPM-ALK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling axis is discussed, with an emphasis on the existence of multiple biochemical defects that have been shown to amplify the oncogenic effects of this signaling axis. Specifically, findings regarding JAK3, SHP1 and the stimulatory effects of several cytokines including interleukin (IL)-9, IL-21 and IL-22 are summarized. New concepts stemming from recent observations regarding the functional interactions among the NPM-ALK/STAT3 axis, β catenin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β will be postulated. Lastly, new mechanisms by which the NPM-ALK/STAT3 axis promotes tumorigenesis, such as its modulations of Twist1, hypoxia-induced factor 1α, CD274, will be described. In the second part, we summarize recent data generated by mass spectrometry studies of NPM-ALK, and use MSH2 and heat shock proteins as examples to illustrate the use of mass spectrometry data in stimulating new research in this field. In the third part, the evolving field of microRNA in the context of NPM-ALK biology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cross Cancer Institute and University of Alberta, Rm 2338, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
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21
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Armanious H, Gelebart P, Anand M, Lai R. Identification of a novel crosstalk between casein kinase 2α and NPM-ALK in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cell Signal 2013; 25:381-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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The expression and oncogenic effects of the embryonic stem cell marker SALL4 in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1955-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Pearson JD, Mohammed Z, Bacani JTC, Lai R, Ingham RJ. The heat shock protein-90 co-chaperone, Cyclophilin 40, promotes ALK-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma viability and its expression is regulated by the NPM-ALK oncoprotein. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:229. [PMID: 22681779 PMCID: PMC3407532 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is a T cell lymphoma defined by the presence of chromosomal translocations involving the ALK tyrosine kinase gene. These translocations generate fusion proteins (e.g. NPM-ALK) with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, which activate numerous signalling pathways important for ALK+ ALCL pathogenesis. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) plays a critical role in allowing NPM-ALK and other signalling proteins to function in this lymphoma. Co-chaperone proteins are important for helping Hsp90 fold proteins and for directing Hsp90 to specific clients; however the importance of co-chaperone proteins in ALK+ ALCL has not been investigated. Our preliminary findings suggested that expression of the immunophilin co-chaperone, Cyclophilin 40 (Cyp40), is up-regulated in ALK+ ALCL by JunB, a transcription factor activated by NPM-ALK signalling. In this study we examined the regulation of the immunophilin family of co-chaperones by NPM-ALK and JunB, and investigated whether the immunophilin co-chaperones promote the viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines. METHODS NPM-ALK and JunB were knocked-down in ALK+ ALCL cell lines with siRNA, and the effect on the expression of the three immunophilin co-chaperones: Cyp40, FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 51, and FKBP52 examined. Furthermore, the effect of knock-down of the immunophilin co-chaperones, either individually or in combination, on the viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines and NPM-ALK levels and activity was also examined. RESULTS We found that NPM-ALK promoted the transcription of Cyp40 and FKBP52, but only Cyp40 transcription was promoted by JunB. We also observed reduced viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines treated with Cyp40 siRNA, but not with siRNAs directed against FKBP52 or FKBP51. Finally, we demonstrate that the decrease in the viability of ALK+ ALCL cell lines treated with Cyp40 siRNA does not appear to be due to a decrease in NPM-ALK levels or the ability of this oncoprotein to signal. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating that the expression of immunophilin family co-chaperones is promoted by an oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Moreover, this is the first report establishing an important role for Cyp40 in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Pearson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Zubair Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Julinor T C Bacani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Robert J Ingham
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
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24
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Young LC, Bone KM, Wang P, Wu F, Adam BA, Hegazy S, Gelebart P, Holovati J, Li L, Andrew SE, Lai R. Fusion tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK Deregulates MSH2 and suppresses DNA mismatch repair function novel insights into a potent oncoprotein. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:411-21. [PMID: 21703420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fusion tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK is central to the pathogenesis of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK(+)ALCL). We recently identified that MSH2, a key DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein integral to the suppression of tumorigenesis, is an NPM-ALK-interacting protein. In this study, we found in vitro evidence that enforced expression of NPM-ALK in HEK293 cells suppressed MMR function. Correlating with these findings, six of nine ALK(+)ALCL tumors displayed evidence of microsatellite instability, as opposed to none of the eight normal DNA control samples (P = 0.007, Student's t-test). Using co-immunoprecipitation, we found that increasing levels of NPM-ALK expression in HEK293 cells resulted in decreased levels of MSH6 bound to MSH2, whereas MSH2·NPM-ALK binding was increased. The NPM-ALK·MSH2 interaction was dependent on the activation/autophosphorylation of NPM-ALK, and the Y191 residue of NPM-ALK was a crucial site for this interaction and NPM-ALK-mediated MMR suppression. MSH2 was found to be tyrosine phosphorylated in the presence of NPM-ALK. Finally, NPM-ALK impeded the expected DNA damage-induced translocation of MSH2 out of the cytoplasm. To conclude, our data support a model in which the suppression of MMR by NPM-ALK is attributed to its ability to interfere with normal MSH2 biochemistry and function.
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MESH Headings
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- DNA Mismatch Repair
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/pathology
- Microsatellite Instability
- MutS Homolog 2 Protein/genetics
- MutS Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Transport
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Kinney MC, Higgins RA, Medina EA. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: twenty-five years of discovery. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:19-43. [PMID: 21204709 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0507-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The year 2010 commemorates the 25th year since the seminal publication by Karl Lennert and Harald Stein and others in Kiel, West Germany, describing an unusual large cell lymphoma now known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Investigators at many universities and hospitals worldwide have contributed to our current in-depth understanding of this unique peripheral T-cell lymphoma, which in its systemic form, principally occurs in children and young adults. OBJECTIVE To summarize our current knowledge of the clinical and pathologic features of systemic and primary cutaneous ALCL. Particular emphasis is given to the biology and pathogenesis of ALCL. DATA SOURCES Search of the medical literature (Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE: 1950 to Present [National Library of Medicine]) and more than 20 years of diagnostic experience were used as the source of data for review. CONCLUSIONS Based on immunostaining for activation antigen CD30 and the presence of dysregulation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (2p23), the diagnosis of ALCL has become relatively straightforward for most patients. Major strides have been made during the last decade in our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of ALCL. Constitutive NPM-ALK signaling has been shown to drive oncogenesis via an intricate network of redundant and interacting pathways that regulate cell proliferation, cell fate, and cytoskeletal modeling. Nevertheless, pathomechanistic, therapeutic, and diagnostic challenges remain that should be resolved as we embark on the next generation of discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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26
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Wang P, Wu F, Zhang J, McMullen T, Young LC, Ingham RJ, Li L, Lai R. Serine phosphorylation of NPM-ALK, which is dependent on the auto-activation of the kinase activation loop, contributes to its oncogenic potential. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:146-53. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Chook YM, Süel KE. Nuclear import by karyopherin-βs: recognition and inhibition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1593-606. [PMID: 21029754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the karyopherin-β family mediate the majority of macromolecular transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Eleven of the 19 known human karyopherin-βs and 10 of the 14S. cerevisiae karyopherin-βs mediate nuclear import through recognition of nuclear localization signals or NLSs in their cargos. This receptor-mediated process is essential to cellular viability as proteins are translated in the cytoplasm but many have functional roles in the nucleus. Many known karyopherin-β-cargo interactions were discovered through studies of the individual cargos rather than the karyopherins, and this information is thus widely scattered in the literature. We consolidate information about cargos that are directly recognized by import-karyopherin-βs and review common characteristics or lack thereof among cargos of different import pathways. Knowledge of karyopherin-β-cargo interactions is also critical for the development of nuclear import inhibitors and the understanding of their mechanisms of inhibition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southerwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75206, USA.
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28
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Wu F, Wang P, Zhang J, Young LC, Lai R, Li L. Studies of phosphoproteomic changes induced by nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) highlight deregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/Fas/TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand signaling pathway in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1616-32. [PMID: 20393185 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m000153-mcp201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion protein nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), found exclusively in a subset of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, promotes tumorigenesis by exerting its constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity. Thus, characterization of the NPM-ALK-induced changes in the phosphoproteome will likely provide insights into the biology of this oncoprotein. To achieve this goal, we used a strategy of combining sequential affinity purification of phosphopeptides and LC/MS. GP293 cells transfected with either NPM-ALK or an NPM-ALK mutant with decreased tyrosine kinase activity (negative control) were used. We identified 506 phosphoproteins detectable in NPM-ALK-expressing cells but not in the negative control. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these phosphoproteins carry a wide diversity of biological functions, some of which have not been described in association with NPM-ALK, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/Fas/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL) signaling pathway and the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway. In particular, modulations of the TNF/Fas/TRAIL pathway by NPM-ALK were supported by our antibody microarray data. Further validation of the TNF/Fas/TRAIL pathway was performed in ALK(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell lines with knockdown of NPM-ALK using short interference RNA, resulting in the loss of the tyrosine phosphorylation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) and receptor-interacting protein 1, two crucial TNF signaling molecules. Functional analyses revealed that knockdown of TRAP1 facilitated cell death induced by TRAIL or doxorubicin in ALK(+) ALCL cells. This suggests that down-regulation of TRAP1 in combination with TRAIL or doxorubicin might be a potential novel therapeutic strategy for ALK(+) ALCL. These findings demonstrated that our strategy allowed the identification of novel proteins downstream of NPM-ALK that contribute to the maintenance of neoplastic phenotype and holds great potential for future studies of cellular tyrosine kinases in normal states and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- double daggerDepartment of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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29
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Abstract
TAP (tandem affinity purification) allows rapid and clean isolation of a tagged protein along with its interacting partners from cell lysates. Initially developed in yeast, the TAP method has subsequently been adapted to other cells and organisms. In combination with MS analysis, this method has become an indispensable tool for systematic identification of target-associated protein complexes. The key feature of TAP is the use of a dual-affinity tag, which is fused to the protein of interest. The original TAP tag consisted of two IgG-binding units of Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus and the calmodulin-binding peptide. As the technique has been widely exploited, a number of alternative TAP tags based on other affinity handles have been developed. The present review gives an overview of the various tag combinations for TAP with a highlight on those alternatives that result in improved yields or unique features. The information provided should assist in the selection and development of TAP tags for specific applications.
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30
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Wang P, Wu F, Ma Y, Li L, Lai R, Young LC. Functional characterization of the kinase activation loop in nucleophosmin (NPM)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) using tandem affinity purification and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:95-103. [PMID: 19887368 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.059758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the kinase activation loop (KAL) of the oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK regulates its overall tyrosine phosphorylation status and tumorigenicity. Using tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry, we assessed how the KAL of NPM-ALK regulates the phosphorylation status of its individual tyrosines. Using the lysates of GP293 cells transfected with NPM-ALK, our highly reproducible results showed evidence of phosphorylation in all 3 tyrosines in KAL and 8 tyrosines outside KAL. We created 7 KAL mutants, each of which carried a Tyr-to-Phe mutation of >or=1 of the 3 tyrosines in KAL. A complete loss of the 8 phosphotyrosines outside KAL was found in 3 KAL mutants, and their oncogenicity (assessed by cell viability, colony formation, and the ability to phosphorylate effector proteins) was abrogated. A partial loss of the 8 phosphotyrosines was found in 4 KAL mutants, but their oncogenicity did not show simple correlation with the number of residual phosphotyrosines. Tyr-to-Phe mutations of each of the 8 phosphotyrosines outside KAL did not result in a significant decrease in the oncogenicity. In conclusion, we have provided details of how the KAL in NPM-ALK regulates its tyrosine phosphorylation pattern. Our results challenge some of the current concepts regarding the relationship between the tyrosine phosphorylation and oncogenicity of NPM-ALK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2Z2, Canada
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31
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Falini B, Martelli MP. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: changes in the World Health Organization classification and perspectives for targeted therapy. Haematologica 2009; 94:897-900. [PMID: 19570751 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.008250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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32
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Dien Bard J, Gelebart P, Anand M, Zak Z, Hegazy SA, Amin HM, Lai R. IL-21 contributes to JAK3/STAT3 activation and promotes cell growth in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:825-34. [PMID: 19608866 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 has been reported to both stimulate cell growth and promote survival in benign lymphoid cells and several types of hematopoietic neoplasms. It induces JAK3/STAT3 signaling, a biologically important cellular pathway activated in most cases of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-expressing anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK(+)ALCL). Therefore, we hypothesize that IL-21 may contribute to JAK3/STAT3 activation and cell growth in ALK(+)ALCL. By reverse transcription-PCR, we found consistent expression of IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) in all ALK(+)ALCL cell lines and frozen tumors examined. IL-21 was also consistently expressed in ALK(+)ALCL tumors, although its mRNA was detectable in only one of three cell lines tested. By immunohistochemistry, we examined 10 paraffin-embedded ALK(+)ALCL tumors; all cases were positive for both IL-21 and IL-21R in these neoplastic cells. IL-21 signaling is biologically significant in ALK(+)ALCL since the addition of recombinant IL-21 enhanced the activation of JAK3/STAT3 and significantly increased cell growth in ALK(+)ALCL cell lines. However, small interfering RNA down-regulation of IL-21R significantly decreased both STAT3 activation and cell growth. IL-21R expression is not linked to nucleophosmin-ALK since forced expression of nucleophosmin-ALK and small interfering RNA down-regulation of nucleophosmin-ALK did not significantly change the expression of either IL-21R or IL-21. Our findings thus support the enhancement of JAK3/STAT3 activation and cell growth in ALK(+)ALCL via IL-21 signaling. These results further support the concept that constitutive activation of STAT3 in these tumors is multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dien Bard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cross Cancer Institute and University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
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Abstract
RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) play important roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation. In addition, RTKs reveal oncogenic potential when their kinase activities are constitutively enhanced by point mutation, amplification or rearrangement of the corresponding genes. The ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) RTK was originally identified as a member of the insulin receptor subfamily of RTKs that acquires transforming capability when truncated and fused to NPM (nucleophosmin) in the t(2;5) chromosomal rearrangement associated with ALCL (anaplastic large cell lymphoma). To date, many chromosomal rearrangements leading to enhanced ALK activity have been described and are implicated in a number of cancer types. Recent reports of the EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4)–ALK oncoprotein in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer), together with the identification of activating point mutations in neuroblastoma, have highlighted ALK as a significant player and target for drug development in cancer. In the present review we address the role of ALK in development and disease and discuss implications for the future.
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Li S. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathological entity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2009; 2:508-518. [PMID: 19636398 PMCID: PMC2713458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma (ALK(+) LBCL) represents a distinct subtype of mature B-cell neoplasms in the most recent WHO classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. It has a characteristic immunoblastic/plasmablastic morphology, a distinct immunophenotypic profile and recurrent cytogenetic/molecular genetic abnormalities, and has been reported in both the adult and pediatric populations. With the advent of new ALK inhibitors for possible targeted therapy clinical trials, it is important to recognize this new entity, particularly in the pediatric population because the prognosis is worse than the more common ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Though rare, awareness of its existence will avoid potential misdiagnosis and facilitate appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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