1
|
Osama HM, Khadrawy SM, El-Nahass ES, Othman SI, Mohamed HM. Eltroxin and Hesperidin mitigate testicular and renal damage in hypothyroid rats: amelioration of oxidative stress through PPARγ and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:19. [PMID: 38745206 PMCID: PMC11092223 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate growth, development and function of different tissues. Hypothyroidism is a common clinical disorder characterized by deficiency in THs and adversely affects the development and functions of several organs. This work aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of eltroxin (ELT), a hypothyroidism medication, and hesperidin (HSP), a flavonoid, against testicular and renal toxicity in hypothyroid rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups and treated orally for 12 weeks. Group I (control), group II (hypothyroidism) received 20 mg/kg carbimazole (CBZ), group III received CBZ and 0.045 mg/kg ELT, and group IV received CBZ and 200 mg/kg HSP. RESULTS CBZ administration induced biochemical and histopathological changes in testis and kidney. Co-administration of ELT or HSP significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated THs, reduced urea and creatinine while raised follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in serum. Testicular and renal malondialdehyde level as a lipid peroxidation indicator, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased while glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-s-transferase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. The histopathological changes were also diminished. Decreased mRNA and protein expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) in hypothyroid rats were up-regulated after ELT or HSP treatment. CONCLUSIONS ELT and HSP showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against CBZ-induced testicular and renal toxicity, and these effects may be promoted via activating Nrf2/HO-1 and PPARγ signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel M Osama
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sally M Khadrawy
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - El-Shaymaa El-Nahass
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sarah I Othman
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. BOX 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa M Mohamed
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
An J, Jiang T, Qi L, Xie K. Acinar cells and the development of pancreatic fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:40-53. [PMID: 37291030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic fibrosis is caused by excessive deposition of extracellular matrixes of collagen and fibronectin in the pancreatic tissue as a result of repeated injury often seen in patients with chronic pancreatic diseases. The most common causative conditions include inborn errors of metabolism, chemical toxicity and autoimmune disorders. Its pathophysiology is highly complex, including acinar cell injury, acinar stress response, duct dysfunction, pancreatic stellate cell activation, and persistent inflammatory response. However, the specific mechanism remains to be fully clarified. Although the current therapeutic strategies targeting pancreatic stellate cells show good efficacy in cell culture and animal models, they are not satisfactory in the clinic. Without effective intervention, pancreatic fibrosis can promote the transformation from pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal malignancies. In the normal pancreas, the acinar component accounts for 82% of the exocrine tissue. Abnormal acinar cells may activate pancreatic stellate cells directly as cellular source of fibrosis or indirectly via releasing various substances and initiate pancreatic fibrosis. A comprehensive understanding of the role of acinar cells in pancreatic fibrosis is critical for designing effective intervention strategies. In this review, we focus on the role of and mechanisms underlying pancreatic acinar injury in pancreatic fibrosis and their potential clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong An
- SCUT-QMPH Joint Laboratory for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, China; Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ling Qi
- SCUT-QMPH Joint Laboratory for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, China.
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pharmacological and Clinical Efficacy of Picrorhiza kurroa and Its Secondary Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238316. [PMID: 36500409 PMCID: PMC9738980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Traditional remedies for the treatment of various ailments are gaining popularity. Traditionally, one of the most valuable therapeutic herbs has been Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Traditional and folk uses of P. kurroa include chronic constipation, skin-related problems, burning sensation, chronic reoccurring fever, jaundice, heart problems, breathing, digestion, allergy, tuberculosis, blood-related problems, prediabetes and obesity, laxative, cholagogue, and liver stimulatory. Phytoconstituents such as glycosides, alkaloids, cucurbitacins, iridoids, phenolics, and terpenes in P. kurroa have shown promising pharmacological potential. In order to uncover novel compounds that may cure chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, respiratory, and hepatoprotective diseases, the screening of P. kurroa is essential. This study comprehensively evaluated the ethnopharmacological efficacy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, dose, and toxicity of P. kurroa. This review provides comprehensive insights into this traditional medication for future research and therapeutic application. The purpose of this review article was to determine the pharmacological effects of P. kurroa on a variety of disorders. P. kurroa may be a natural alternative to the standard treatment for eradicating newly evolving diseases. This study is intended as a resource for future fundamental and clinical investigations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Mou Y, Zhang J, Suo C, Zhou H, Gu M, Wang Z, Tan R. Therapeutic Implications of Ferroptosis in Renal Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:890766. [PMID: 35655759 PMCID: PMC9152458 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.890766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and can lead to the destruction of normal renal structure and loss of kidney function. Little progress has been made in reversing fibrosis in recent years. Ferroptosis is more immunogenic than apoptosis due to the release and activation of damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) signals. In this paper, the relationship between renal fibrosis and ferroptosis was reviewed from the perspective of iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, and some pharmaceuticals or chemicals associated with both ferroptosis and renal fibrosis were summarized. Other programmed cell death and ferroptosis in renal fibrosis were also firstly reviewed for comparison and further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhua Mou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanjian Suo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyun Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ruoyun Tan,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao J, Gu Z. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Kidney Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832732. [PMID: 35308207 PMCID: PMC8931476 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that PPARs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. All three members of the PPAR subfamily, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, have been implicated in many renal pathophysiological conditions, including acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease, among others. Emerging data suggest that PPARs may be potential therapeutic targets for renal disease. This article reviews the physiological roles of PPARs in the kidney and discusses the therapeutic utility of PPAR agonists in the treatment of kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaoyan Gu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
PPARγ and TGFβ-Major Regulators of Metabolism, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in the Lungs and Kidneys. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910431. [PMID: 34638771 PMCID: PMC8508998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a type II nuclear receptor, initially recognized in adipose tissue for its role in fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. It promotes lipid uptake and adipogenesis by increasing insulin sensitivity and adiponectin release. Later, PPARγ was implicated in cardiac development and in critical conditions such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and kidney failure. Recently, a cluster of different papers linked PPARγ signaling with another superfamily, the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and its receptors, all of which play a major role in PAH and kidney failure. TGFβ is a multifunctional cytokine that drives inflammation, fibrosis, and cell differentiation while PPARγ activation reverses these adverse events in many models. Such opposite biological effects emphasize the delicate balance and complex crosstalk between PPARγ and TGFβ. Based on solid experimental and clinical evidence, the present review summarizes connections and their implications for PAH and kidney failure, highlighting the similarities and differences between lung and kidney mechanisms as well as discussing the therapeutic potential of PPARγ agonist pioglitazone.
Collapse
|
7
|
Forouzani-Haghighi B, Karimzadeh I. Isotretinoin and the Kidney: Opportunities and Threats. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:485-494. [PMID: 32801824 PMCID: PMC7395703 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s259048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are one of the most effective drugs in inducing complete or prolonged remission of severe acne vulgaris, but the adverse reactions associated with the use of them are raising a concern about the potential effect of these drugs on internal organs function such as the kidney. The aim of this review is to comprehensively gather data about isotretinoin, both potential adverse and beneficial effects on the kidney based on the current experimental and clinical findings. Very few studies, including five case reports, described that systemic oral isotretinoin within usual doses (40 mg/day or 0.5 mg/kg⁄day) within 1 to 4 months of treatment might be associated with different types of renal dysfunctions. These include acute interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and hematuria with dysuria. The adverse reactions of systemic isotretinoin on the kidney and urinary system are unlikely and rare. In contrast, six experimental studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of either oral or parenteral low- (2 or 5 mg/kg/day) or high- (10, 20, 25, 40 mg/kg/day) dose isotretinoin on the kidney in the rat models of glomerulonephritis, obstructive nephropathy or allograft nephropathy. The nephroprotective functions of isotretinoin in these studies were attributed to its anti-proliferative, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory actions. However, clinical studies are warranted to elucidate the possible beneficial effects of isotretinoin in preventing or attenuating kidney injury in different settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Forouzani-Haghighi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Karimzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Distler JHW. Therapeutic molecular targets of SSc-ILD. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2020; 5:17-30. [DOI: 10.1177/2397198319899013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a fibrosing chronic connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. A major hallmark of systemic sclerosis is the uncontrolled and persistent activation of fibroblasts, which release excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, lead to organ dysfunction, and cause high mobility and motility of patients. Systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease is one of the most common fibrotic organ manifestations in systemic sclerosis and a major cause of death. Treatment options for systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease and other fibrotic manifestations, however, remain very limited. Thus, there is a huge medical need for effective therapies that target tissue fibrosis, vascular alterations, inflammation, and autoimmune disease in systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease. In this review, we discuss data suggesting therapeutic ways to target different genes in distinct tissues/organs that contribute to the development of SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg HW Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. TGF-β in fibrosis by acting as a conductor for contractile properties of myofibroblasts. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:98. [PMID: 31827764 PMCID: PMC6902440 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are non-muscle contractile cells that play a key physiologically role in organs such as the stem villi of the human placenta during physiological pregnancy. They are able to contract and relax in response to changes in the volume of the intervillous chamber. Myofibroblasts have also been observed in several diseases and are involved in wound healing and the fibrotic processes affecting several organs, such as the liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. During the fibrotic process, tissue retraction rather than contraction is correlated with collagen synthesis in the extracellular matrix, leading to irreversible fibrosis and, finally, apoptosis of myofibroblasts. The molecular motor of myofibroblasts is the non-muscle type IIA and B myosin (NMMIIA and NMMIIB). Fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts is largely governed by the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This system controls the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in a positive manner, and PPARγ in a negative manner. The WNT/β-catenin pathway promotes fibrosis, while PPARγ prevents it. This review focuses on the contractile properties of myofibroblasts and the conductor, TGF-β1, which together control the opposing interplay between PPARγ and the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- 1Délégation à la Recherche Clinique (DRCI), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.,DACTIM-MIS, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), CNRS, UMR 7348, Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors blunt kidney fibrosis by reducing myofibroblast formation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:239-252. [PMID: 30617188 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the common pathophysiological mechanism in end-stage renal disease characterized by excessive accumulation of myofibroblast-derived extracellular matrix. Natriuretic peptides have been demonstrated to have cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent anti-fibrotic properties likely due to interference with pro-fibrotic tissue growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. However, in vivo, natriuretic peptides are rapidly degraded by neutral endopeptidases (NEP). In a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model for kidney fibrosis we assessed the anti-fibrotic effects of SOL1, an orally active compound that inhibits NEP and endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Mice (n=10 per group) subjected to UUO were treated for 1 week with either solvent, NEP-/ECE-inhibitor SOL1 (two doses), reference NEP-inhibitor candoxatril or the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1)-antagonist losartan. While NEP-inhibitors had no significant effect on blood pressure, they did increase urinary cGMP levels as well as endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a marked decrease in renal collagen (∼55% reduction, P<0.05) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; ∼40% reduction, P<0.05). Moreover, the number of α-SMA positive cells in the kidneys of SOL1-treated groups inversely correlated with cGMP levels consistent with a NEP-dependent anti-fibrotic effect. To dissect the molecular mechanisms associated with the anti-fibrotic effects of NEP inhibition, we performed a 'deep serial analysis of gene expression (Deep SAGE)' transcriptome and targeted metabolomics analysis of total kidneys of all treatment groups. Pathway analyses linked increased cGMP and ET-1 levels with decreased nuclear receptor signaling (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR] and liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor [LXR/RXR] signaling) and actin cytoskeleton organization. Taken together, although our transcriptome and metabolome data indicate metabolic dysregulation, our data support the therapeutic potential of NEP inhibition in the treatment of kidney fibrosis via cGMP elevation and reduced myofibroblast formation.
Collapse
|
11
|
The Protective Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma in Seizure and Neuronal Excitotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5497-5506. [PMID: 30623373 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, type II nucleus receptors have been successfully tested for their neuroprotective potential in certain central nervous system diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine if modulation by PPAR-γ could attenuate pilocarpine-induced seizures and decrease neuronal excitability. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: one group received pretreatment with pioglitazone and the other received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for a period of 2 weeks. Status epilepticus was then induced in both groups by lithium-pilocarpine, after which seizure susceptibility, severity, and mortality were evaluated. Hippocampal histopathology was carried out on all mice at 24 h post-status epilepticus as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage analysis. With the aid of patch clamp technology, the hippocampal neuronal excitability from mice with PPAR-γ 50% expression (PpargC/C) and PPAR-γ 25% expression (PpargC/-), as well as the effect of pioglitazone on the sodium currents in hippocampal neurons, were evaluated. It was found that pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, could attenuate pilocarpine-induced seizure severity in mice. Pathological examination showed that pioglitazone significantly attenuated pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus-related hippocampal neuronal loss and BBB damage. Further characterization of neuronal excitability revealed higher excitability in the brain slices from mice with PpargC/- expression, compared with the PpargC/C group. It was also found that pioglitazone could decrease sodium currents in hippocampal neurons. In conclusion, PPAR-γ deficiency aggravated neuronal excitability and excitotoxicity. PPAR-γ attenuated pilocarpine-induced seizure severity, neuronal loss, BBB damage, and sodium currents in hippocampal neurons. Modulation of PPAR-γ could be a potential novel treatment for epileptic seizures.
Collapse
|
12
|
A porcine model to study the effect of brain death on kidney genomic responses. J Clin Transl Sci 2018; 2:208-216. [PMID: 30800478 PMCID: PMC6374499 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2018.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A majority of transplanted organs come from donors after brain death (BD). Renal grafts from these donors have higher delayed graft function and lower long-term survival rates compared to living donors. We designed a novel porcine BD model to better delineate the incompletely understood inflammatory response to BD, hypothesizing that adhesion molecule pathways would be upregulated in BD. Methods Animals were anesthetized and instrumented with monitors and a balloon catheter, then randomized to control and BD groups. BD was induced by inflating the balloon catheter and animals were maintained for 6 hours. RNA was extracted from kidneys, and gene expression pattern was determined. Results In total, 902 gene pairs were differently expressed between groups. Eleven selected pathways were upregulated after BD, including cell adhesion molecules. Conclusions These results should be confirmed in human organ donors. Treatment strategies should target involved pathways and lessen the negative effects of BD on transplantable organs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zou W, Wan J, Li M, Xing J, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Gong Y. Small leucine rich proteoglycans in host immunity and renal diseases. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 13:463-471. [PMID: 30357553 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), structurally consisting of protein cores and various glycosaminoglycan side chains, are grouped into five classes based on common structural and functional properties. Besides being an important structural component of extracellular matrix (ECM), SLRPs have been implicated in the complex network of signal transduction and host immune responses. The focus of this review is on SLRPs in host immunity. Because host immunity plays an important part in the pathogenesis of renal diseases, the role of SLRPs in this set of diseases will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Junhui Wan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Xing
- Department of Burn, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharma S, Sharma P, Kulurkar P, Singh D, Kumar D, Patial V. Iridoid glycosides fraction from Picrorhiza kurroa attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced renal toxicity and peripheral neuropathy via PPAR-γ mediated inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:108-117. [PMID: 29157803 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picrorhiza kurroa Royle (Scrophulariaceae) is an important medicinal herb being widely used in variety of ailments. PURPOSE The present study was envisaged to evaluate the effects of iridoid glycosides enriched fraction (IGs) from Picrorhiza kurroa rhizome against cyclophosphamide (CP) -induced renal toxicity and peripheral neuropathy. METHODS Mice in different groups were pretreated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg; p.o. doses of IGs for 21 days, followed by cyclophosphamide intoxication for consecutive two days. Further, to identify the putative role of PPAR-γ receptors for the protective effect of IGs, an additional group of mice were pretreated with PPAR-γ antagonist BADGE (5 mg/kg; i.p.) followed by IGs (100 mg/kg; p.o.) for 21 days before CP intoxication. RESULTS IGs pretreatment decreased the hyperalgesic responses toward acetone and heat in acetone drop and tail immersion tests. The abolition of intramyelin odema, cytoplasmic vacuolization and axonal degeneration of sciatic nerve were observed in IGs pretreated mice in a dose-dependent manner. IGs treatment also attenuated the altered serum biochemical markers for renal injury. Furthermore, the treatment prevented renal tubular swelling, granular degeneration and glomerular damage. The levels of IL-1β and TNFα in different group revealed the anti-inflammatory effect of IGs, which was further confirmed by improvement in altered expressions of NF-kB in kidney and sciatic serve. Bax/Bcl-2 expressions and caspase 3/9 activity in renal tissues showed the anti-apoptotic effect of IGs. IGs pretreatment also improved the PPAR-γ expression in the kidney tissues. All the observed protective effects of IGs were suppressed after pretreatment with BADGE. CONCLUSION Present study concludes that IGs from Picrorhiza kurroa attenuates CP-induced renal toxicity and peripheral neuropathy via PPAR-γ -mediated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pallavi Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Kulurkar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Natural Products Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lecarpentier Y, Schussler O, Claes V, Vallée A. The Myofibroblast: TGFβ-1, A Conductor which Plays a Key Role in Fibrosis by Regulating the Balance between PPARγ and the Canonical WNT Pathway. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.11131/2017/101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEP), Meaux, France
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, HUG/CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victor Claes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Interactions between TGF-β1, canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ in radiation-induced fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90579-90604. [PMID: 29163854 PMCID: PMC5685775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy induces DNA damage and inflammation leading to fibrosis. Fibrosis can occur 4 to 12 months after radiation therapy. This process worsens with time and years. Radiation-induced fibrosis is characterized by fibroblasts proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and synthesis of collagen, proteoglycans and extracellular matrix. Myofibroblasts are non-muscle cells that can contract and relax. Myofibroblasts evolve towards irreversible retraction during fibrosis process. In this review, we discussed the interplays between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) in regulating the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiation-induced fibrosis, and the potential role of PPAR γ agonists. Overexpression of TGF-β and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate fibroblasts accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation whereas PPAR γ expression decreases due to the opposite interplay of canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Both TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate each other through the Smad pathway and non-Smad pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ interact in an opposite manner. PPAR γ agonists decrease β-catenin levels through activation of inhibitors of the WNT pathway such as Smad7, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3 β) and dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). PPAR γ agonists also stimulate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, which decreases both TGF-β1 and PI3K/Akt pathways. PPAR γ agonists by activating Smad7 decrease Smads pathway and then TGF-β signaling leading to decrease radiation-induced fibrosis. TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway promote radiation-induced fibrosis whereas PPAR γ agonists can prevent radiation-induced fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Werzowa J, Säemann M, Haidinger M, Krebs M, Hecking M. Antidiabetic therapy in post kidney transplantation diabetes mellitus. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2015; 29:145-53. [PMID: 25641399 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common complication after kidney transplantation that affects up to 40% of kidney transplant recipients. By pathogenesis, PTDM is a diabetes form of its own, and may be characterised by a sudden, drug-induced deficiency in insulin secretion rather than worsening of insulin resistance over time. In the context of deteriorating allograft function leading to a re-occurrence of chronic kidney disease after transplantation, pharmacological interventions in PTDM patients deserve special attention. In the present review, we aim at presenting the current evidence regarding efficacy and safety of the modern antidiabetic armamentarium. Specifically, we focus on incretin-based therapies and insulin treatment, besides metformin and glitazones, and discuss their respective advantages and pitfalls. Although recent pilot trials are available in both prediabetes and PTDM, further studies are warranted to elucidate the ideal timing of various antidiabetics as well as its long-term impact on safety, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular outcomes in kidney transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Werzowa
- Department of Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marcus Säemann
- Department of Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Haidinger
- Department of Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Department of Medicine 3, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Hecking
- Department of Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hsieh LTH, Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Soluble biglycan as a biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:223-35. [PMID: 25091702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal inflammation is often associated with a progressive accumulation of various extracellular matrix constituents, including several members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) gene family. It is becoming increasingly evident that the matrix-unbound SLRPs strongly regulate the progression of inflammation and fibrosis. Soluble SLRPs are generated either via partial proteolytic processing of collagenous matrices or by de novo synthesis evoked by stress or injury. Liberated SLRPs can then bind to and activate Toll-like receptors, thus modulating downstream inflammatory signaling. Preclinical animal models and human studies have recently identified soluble biglycan as a key initiator and regulator of various inflammatory renal diseases. Biglycan, generated by activated macrophages, can enter the circulation and its elevated levels in plasma and renal parenchyma correlate with unfavorable renal function and outcome. In this review, we will focus on the critical role of soluble biglycan in inflammatory signaling in various renal disorders. Moreover, we will provide new data implicating proinflammatory effects of soluble decorin in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Finally, we will critically evaluate the potential application of soluble biglycan vis-à-vis other SLRPs (decorin, lumican and fibromodulin) as a promising target and novel biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tzung-Harn Hsieh
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Okada H, Senmaru T, Fukui M, Kondo Y, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Obayashi H, Yamazaki M, Nakamura N, Hasegawa G. Senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase deficiency exacerbates diabetic nephropathy through tubular injury in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:35-43. [PMID: 25621131 PMCID: PMC4296701 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) is abundantly expressed in renal proximal tubule cells, but its expression decreases with age. Previous studies have shown that reduced SMP30 expression could contribute to aging-associated deterioration of cellular function and tissue injury. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SMP30 deficiency on the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Materials and Methods Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin in male SMP30 knockout mice (KO) and wild-type mice at 7 weeks-of-age. Vitamin C was added to the drinking water to prevent vitamin C deficiency in KO mice. The mice were killed 12 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Results Urinary biomarkers for proximal tubule damage were significantly increased in non-diabetic KO mice compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, diabetes-induced tubular damage was significantly exacerbated by SMP30 deletion. Morphological analysis showed a link between cortical tubulointerstitial fibrosis area and the degree of tubular damage. However, SMP30 deletion did not affect mesangial expansion. Tubular injury was associated with accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α targeted gene expression. SMP30 deletion initiated oxidative stress; however, it did not exacerbate the oxidative stress seen in diabetic mice. In contrast, tubular inflammation was associated with SMP30 deletion only in diabetic mice. Conclusions Based on this evidence, we concluded that SMP30 deficiency exacerbates proximal tubule injury in diabetic mice. Decreased SMP30 could contribute to the increased incidence of various chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| | - Goji Hasegawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu J, Krautzberger AM, Sui SH, Hofmann OM, Chen Y, Baetscher M, Grgic I, Kumar S, Humphreys BD, Hide WA, McMahon AP. Cell-specific translational profiling in acute kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1242-54. [PMID: 24569379 DOI: 10.1172/jci72126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) promotes an abrupt loss of kidney function that results in substantial morbidity and mortality. Considerable effort has gone toward identification of diagnostic biomarkers and analysis of AKI-associated molecular events; however, most studies have adopted organ-wide approaches and have not elucidated the interplay among different cell types involved in AKI pathophysiology. To better characterize AKI-associated molecular and cellular events, we developed a mouse line that enables the identification of translational profiles in specific cell types. This strategy relies on CRE recombinase-dependent activation of an EGFP-tagged L10a ribosomal protein subunit, which allows translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) of mRNA populations in CRE-expressing cells. Combining this mouse line with cell type-specific CRE-driver lines, we identified distinct cellular responses in an ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) model of AKI. Twenty-four hours following IRI, distinct translational signatures were identified in the nephron, kidney interstitial cell populations, vascular endothelium, and macrophages/monocytes. Furthermore, TRAP captured known IRI-associated markers, validating this approach. Biological function annotation, canonical pathway analysis, and in situ analysis of identified response genes provided insight into cell-specific injury signatures. Our study provides a deep, cell-based view of early injury-associated molecular events in AKI and documents a versatile, genetic tool to monitor cell-specific and temporal-specific biological processes in disease modeling.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nastase MV, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Key roles for the small leucine-rich proteoglycans in renal and pulmonary pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2460-70. [PMID: 24508120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are molecules that have signaling roles in a multitude of biological processes. In this respect, SLRPs play key roles in the evolution of a variety of diseases throughout the human body. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will critically review current developments in the roles of SLRPs in several types of disease of the kidney and lungs. Particular emphasis will be given to the roles of decorin and biglycan, the best characterized members of the SLRP gene family. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In both renal and pulmonary disorders, SLRPs are essential elements that regulate several pathophysiological processes including fibrosis, inflammation and tumor progression. Decorin has remarkable antifibrotic and antitumorigenic properties and is considered a valuable potential treatment of these diseases. Biglycan can modulate inflammatory processes in lung and renal inflammation and is a potential target in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE SLRPs can serve as either treatment targets or as potential treatment in renal or lung disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Boyda HN, Procyshyn RM, Asiri Y, Wu C, Wang CK, Lo R, Pang CCY, Honer WG, Barr AM. Antidiabetic-drug combination treatment for glucose intolerance in adult female rats treated acutely with olanzapine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:170-6. [PMID: 24140931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Second generation antipsychotic drugs are routinely used as treatment for psychotic disorders. Many of these compounds, including olanzapine, cause metabolic side-effects such as impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Individual antidiabetic drugs can help control elevated glucose levels in patients treated with antipsychotics, but the effects of combining antidiabetics, which routinely occurs with Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, have never been studied. Presently, we compared the effects of the three different antidiabetics metformin (500mg/kg, p.o.), rosiglitazone (30mg/kg, p.o.) and glyburide (10mg/kg, p.o.) on metabolic dysregulation in adult female rats treated acutely with olanzapine. In addition, dual combinations of each of these antidiabetics were compared head-to-head against each other and the individual drugs. The animals received two daily treatments with antidiabetics and were then treated acutely with olanzapine (10mg/kg, i.p.). Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured, followed by a 2h glucose tolerance test. Olanzapine caused a large and highly significant glucose intolerance compared to vehicle treated rats. Rosiglitazone decreased glucose levels non-significantly, while both metformin and glyburide significantly decreased glucose levels compared to olanzapine-only treated animals. For antidiabetic dual-drug combinations, the rosiglitazone-metformin group showed an unexpected increase in glucose levels compared to all of the single antidiabetic drugs. However, both the metformin-glyburide and rosiglitazone-glyburide groups showed significantly greater reductions in glucose levels following olanzapine than with single drug treatment alone for metformin or rosiglitazone, bringing glucose levels down to values equivalent to vehicle-only treated animals. These findings indicate that further study of antidiabetic dual-drug combinations in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Boyda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dorai T, Diouri J, O'Shea O, Doty SB. Curcumin Inhibits Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis by Up-Regulating Bone Morphogenic Protein-7 in Vivo.. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:369-386. [PMID: 24949215 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.54044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have focused on the beneficial properties of Curcumin (diferuloyl methane, used in South Asian cuisine and traditional medicine) such as the chemoprevention of cancer. Recent studies have also indicated that this material has significant benefits for the treatment of cancer and is currently undergoing several clinical trials. We have been interested in the application of this compound as a therapeutic agent for advanced prostate cancer, particularly the skeletal complications in this malignancy. Our earlier work indicated that this compound could inhibit the osteomimetic properties which occur in castration resistant prostate cancer cells, by interfering with the common denominators between these cancer cells and the bone cells in the metastatic tumor microenvironment, namely the osteoblasts and the osteoclast. We predicted that curcumin could break the vicious cycle of reciprocal stimulation that results in uncontrolled osteolysis in the bony matrix. In this work, we have evaluated the potential of this compound in inhibiting the bone metastasis of hormone refractory prostate cancer cells in an established animal model. Our results strongly suggest that curcumin modulates the TGF-β signaling that occurs due to bone matrix degradation by up-regulating the metastasis inhibitory bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP- 7). This enhancement of BMP-7 in the context of TGF-βin the tumor microenvironment is shown to enhance the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Most importantly, we show that as a result of BMP-7 up-regulation, a novel brown/beige adipogenic differentiation program is also up-regu- lated which plays a role in the inhibition of bone metastasis. Our results suggest that curcumin may subvert the TGF-βsignaling to an alternative adipogenic differentiation program in addition to the previously established interference with the osteomimetic properties, thus inhibiting the bone metastatic processes in a chemopreventive as well as therapeutic setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thambi Dorai
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
| | - Janane Diouri
- Analytical Microscopy Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| | - Orla O'Shea
- Analytical Microscopy Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| | - Stephen B Doty
- Analytical Microscopy Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Snail as a potential target molecule in cardiac fibrosis: paracrine action of endothelial cells on fibroblasts through snail and CTGF axis. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1767-77. [PMID: 23760445 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to myocardium induces death of cardiomyocytes and destroys the vasculature, leading to cardiac fibrosis that is mainly mediated by the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the collagen deposition. Snail involvement in fibrosis is well known; however, the contribution of Snail to cardiac fibrosis during I/R injury and its underlying mechanisms have not been defined. We showed that I/R injury to mouse hearts significantly increases the expression of Snail. An in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (Hy/Reoxy) experiment showed that the cell source of Snail induction is endothelial cells rather than cardiac fibroblasts (cFibroblasts) or cardiomyoblasts. When Snail was overexpressed in endothelial cells, they underwent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) but showed very poor capacity for collagen synthesis. Instead, reoxygenation- or Snail overexpression-mediated EndMT-like cells noticeably stimulated transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts via secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). The injection of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, a selective Snail inhibitor, remarkably suppressed collagen deposition and cardiac fibrosis in mouse I/R injury, and significantly improved cardiac function and reduced Snail and CTGF expression in vivo. Our findings suggested a new mechanism of cell-to-cell communication between EndMT-like cells and fibroblasts for fibrosis induction and implicated Snail as a potential target molecule in cardiac fibrosis after I/R injury.
Collapse
|
25
|
Trachtman H. Drugs and trials: lessons from Plato. Clin Ther 2013; 35:688-91. [PMID: 23587607 PMCID: PMC3774268 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Trachtman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Medical Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Boyda HN, Procyshyn RM, Tse L, Hawkes E, Jin CH, Pang CC, Honer WG, Barr AM. Differential effects of 3 classes of antidiabetic drugs on olanzapine-induced glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance in female rats. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37:407-15. [PMID: 22640703 PMCID: PMC3493097 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The second-generation antipsychotic drug olanzapine is an effective pharmacological treatment for psychosis. However, use of the drug is commonly associated with a range of metabolic side effects, including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These symptoms have been accurately modelled in rodents. METHODS We compared the effects of 3 distinct classes of antidiabetic drugs, metformin (100 and 500 mg/kg, oral), rosiglitazone (6 and 30 mg/kg, oral) and glyburide (2 and 10 mg/kg, oral), on olanzapineinduced metabolic dysregulation. After acutely treating female rats with lower (7.5 mg/kg) or higher (15 mg/kg) doses of olanzapine, we assessed glucose intolerance using the glucose tolerance test and measured insulin resistance using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance equation. RESULTS Both doses of olanzapine caused pronounced glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance, which were significantly reduced by treatment with metformin and rosiglitazone; however, glucose tolerance did not fully return to control levels. In contrast, glyburide failed to reverse the glucose intolerance caused by olanzapine despite increasing insulin levels. LIMITATIONS We evaluated a single antipsychotic drug, and it is unknown whether other antipsychotic drugs are similarly affected by antidiabetic treatments. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that oral hypoglycemic drugs that influence hepatic glucose metabolism, such as metformin and rosiglitazone, are more effective in regulating olanzapine-induced glucose dysregulation than drugs primarily affecting insulin release, such as glyburide. The current model may be used to better understand the biological basis of glucose dysregulation caused by olanzapine and how it can be reversed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alasdair M. Barr
- Correspondence to: A.M. Barr, Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wei J, Bhattacharyya S, Jain M, Varga J. Regulation of Matrix Remodeling by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ: A Novel Link Between Metabolism and Fibrogenesis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:103-15. [PMID: 22802908 PMCID: PMC3396343 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intractable process of fibrosis underlies the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and other diseases, and in aggregate contributes to 45% of deaths worldwide. Because currently there is no effective anti-fibrotic therapy, a better understanding of the pathways and cellular differentiation programs underlying fibrosis are needed. Emerging evidence points to a fundamental role of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in modulating fibrogenesis. While PPAR-γ has long been known to be important in lipid metabolism and in glucose homeostasis, its role in regulating mesenchymal cell biology and its association with pathological fibrosis had not been appreciated until recently. This article highlights recent studies revealing a consistent association of fibrosis with aberrant PPAR-γ expression and activity in various forms of human fibrosis and in rodent models, and reviews studies linking genetic manipulation of the PPAR-γ pathway in rodents and fibrosis. We survey the broad range of anti-fibrotic activities associated with PPAR-γ and the underlying mechanisms. We also summarize the emerging data linking PPAR-γ dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which together with fibrosis is responsible for the mortality in patients in SSc. Finally, we consider current and potential future strategies for targeting PPAR-γ activity or expression as a therapy for controlling fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Manu Jain
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
von Toerne C, Bedke J, Safi S, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Loewe R, Nelson PJ, Gröne HJ. Modulation of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways is linked to retinoic acid-induced amelioration of chronic allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:55-68. [PMID: 21992189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic renal allograft damage (CAD) is manifested by a smoldering inflammatory process that leads to transplant glomerulopathy, diffuse interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy with loss of tubular structures. Using a Fischer 344 (RT1lvl) to Lewis (RT1l) rat renal allograft model, transcriptomic profiling and pathway mapping, we have previously shown that dynamic dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathways may underlie progressive CAD. Retinoic acid, an important regulator of differentiation during vertebrate embryogenesis, can moderate the damage observed in this experimental model of CAD. We show here that subsets of the Hedgehog (Hh) and canonical Wnt signaling pathways are linked to the pathophysiology of progressive fibrosis, loss of cilia in epithelia and chronic dysfunction. Oral treatment with 13cis retinoic acid (13cRA) was found to selectively ameliorate the dysregulation of the Hh and canonical Wnt pathways associated with CAD, and lead to a general preservation of cilial structures. Interplay between these pathways helps explain the therapeutic effects of retinoic acid treatment in CAD, and suggests future targets for moderating chronic fibrosing organ damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C von Toerne
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singh AP, Singh AJ, Singh N. Pharmacological investigations of Punica granatum in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:551-6. [PMID: 22021999 PMCID: PMC3195126 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.84971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potential and possible mechanism of hydroalcoholic extract of flowers of P. granatum in glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were subjected to rhabdomyolytic ARF by single intramuscular injection of hypertonic glycerol (50% v/v; 8 ml/kg) and the animals were sacrificed after 24 hours of glycerol injection. The plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, and histopathological studies were performed to assess the degree of renal injury. Results: Pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of flowers of P. granatum (125 and 250 mg/kg p.o. twice daily for 3 days) significantly attenuated hypertonic glycerol-induced renal dysfunction in a dose-dependent manner. BADGE (Bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether) (30 mg/kg), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ antagonist, and N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, were employed to explore the mechanism of renoprotective effects of Punica granatum. Administration of BADGE (30 mg/kg) and L-NAME (40 mg/kg) abolished the beneficial effects of P. granatum in glycerol-induced renal dysfunction. Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extract of flowers of P. granatum has ameliorative potential in attenuating myoglobinuric renal failure and its renoprotective effects involve activation of PPAR-γ and nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang WM, Chen H, Zhong F, Lu Y, Han L, Chen N. Inhibitory effects of rosiglitazone on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in a murine model and HK-2 cells. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:152-62. [PMID: 21734368 DOI: 10.1159/000329120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), such as rosiglitazone, have been recently demonstrated to regulate inflammation by modulating the production of inflammatory mediators. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rosiglitazone on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced kidney inflammation and to explore the mechanism of its renoprotection. METHODS Mice were treated with LPS with or without pretreatment with rosiglitazone. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, macrophage infiltration, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression, PPAR-γ expression, and NF-κB and PPAR-γ activity were investigated. HK-2 cells were maintained under defined in vitro conditions, treated with either rosiglitazone and/or the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662, and then stimulated with LPS. MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, NF-κB activity and PPAR-γ expression were investigated. RESULTS Compared to the LPS only group, pretreatment with rosiglitazone in vivo significantly attenuated the BUN levels macrophage infiltration, MCP-1 overexpression and NF-κB activity (p < 0.05). Rosiglitazone also restored PPAR-γ expression and protein activity, which were reduced significantly in the LPS only group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells, rosiglitazone downregulated MCP-1, IL-8 and IL-6 expression as well as NF-κB activation and increased PPAR-γ expression (p < 0.05). These effects were diminished by GW9662. CONCLUSION These results showed that pretreatment with rosiglitazone could attenuate kidney inflammation through the activation of PPAR-γ, suppression of MCP-1 overproduction and NF-κB activation. Rosiglitazone had a protective effect via a PPAR-γ-dependent pathway in LPS-treated HK-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Research over the past 2 decades provides ample evidence that small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs; such as decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican) of the extracellular matrix are deeply involved in the regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic renal disorders. Initial efforts in SLRP research focused on the interaction between decorin and TGF-β because it had been unequivocally demonstrated that decorin treatment exerts beneficial effects in fibrotic disorders involving TGF-β overproduction in the kidney. This was followed by a paradigm shift in our understanding of SLRP biology, with new evidence showing that in addition to their role as structural matrix components, soluble SLRPs also act as signaling molecules regulating various complex biologic processes in a molecule- and cell-specific manner. With the identification of SLRP-derived endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors, the general question regarding the mechanisms of SLRP-derived signaling in pathogen-dependent and independent renal inflammation arose. This led to the fascinating concept of SLRPs as autonomous triggers of sterile renal inflammation in response to renal stress or injury. This review focuses on the key biologic roles of SLRPs in the normal and diseased kidney with special emphasis on newly described signaling events triggered by these proteoglycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut fur Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Haus 74, Z. 3.108a, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ: innate protection from excessive fibrogenesis and potential therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 22:671-6. [PMID: 20693905 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32833de1a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Progressive organ fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the leading causes of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the pathogenesis and the link between these two processes remain obscure. A better understanding of these events is needed in order to facilitate the discovery and development of effective therapies for SSc. RECENT FINDINGS Recent reports provide evidence that the orphan receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), better known for its pivotal role in metabolism, has potent effects on inflammation, fibrogenesis and vascular remodeling and is important in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and PAH, and as a potential therapeutic target in SSc. The studies discussed in this review indicate that ligands of PPARγ potently modulate connective tissue turnover and suggest that aberrant expression or function of PPARγ is associated with, and very likely contributes to, the progression of pathological fibrosis and vascular remodeling. These observations are of particularly relevance because FDA-approved drugs of the thiazolidinedione class currently used for the treatment of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes activate PPARγ signaling. Moreover, novel PPARγ ligands with selective activity are under development or in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases, asthma, Alzheimer disease and cancer. SUMMARY Drugs targeting the PPARγ pathway might be effective for the control of fibrosis as well as pathological vascular remodeling underlying PAH and, therefore, might have a therapeutic potential in SSc. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antifibrogenic and vascular remodeling activities of PPARγ ligands will be necessary in order to advance these drugs into clinical use.
Collapse
|
33
|
PPARγ and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:347-51. [PMID: 20676693 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists, exemplified by the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been used extensively for their beneficial effects to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients. PPARγ receptors are part of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family and, when activated by agonist binding, can affect numerous target genes expressing PPAR response elements. Results from experimental studies and a limited number of studies in humans suggest that PPARγ agonists have manifold effects beyond those on dysmetabolic syndrome. These potentially beneficial actions are mediated via renal parenchymal and infiltrating cells and modulate fibrotic, inflammatory, immune, proliferative, reactive oxygen and mitochondrial injury pathways. Thus, the potential benefits of TZDs in chronic kidney disease impact numerous pathogenic pathways. This review will focus on evidence of the effects of TZDs in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease in experimental and human disease settings.
Collapse
|