1
|
Otálora-Otálora BA, López-Rivera JJ, Aristizábal-Guzmán C, Isaza-Ruget MA, Álvarez-Moreno CA. Host Transcriptional Regulatory Genes and Microbiome Networks Crosstalk through Immune Receptors Establishing Normal and Tumor Multiomics Metafirm of the Oral-Gut-Lung Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16638. [PMID: 38068961 PMCID: PMC10706695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome has shown a correlation with the diet and lifestyle of each population in health and disease, the ability to communicate at the cellular level with the host through innate and adaptative immune receptors, and therefore an important role in modulating inflammatory process related to the establishment and progression of cancer. The oral cavity is one of the most important interaction windows between the human body and the environment, allowing the entry of an important number of microorganisms and their passage across the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. In this review, the contribution of the microbiome network to the establishment of systemic diseases like cancer is analyzed through their synergistic interactions and bidirectional crosstalk in the oral-gut-lung axis as well as its communication with the host cells. Moreover, the impact of the characteristic microbiota of each population in the formation of the multiomics molecular metafirm of the oral-gut-lung axis is also analyzed through state-of-the-art sequencing techniques, which allow a global study of the molecular processes involved of the flow of the microbiota environmental signals through cancer-related cells and its relationship with the establishment of the transcription factor network responsible for the control of regulatory processes involved with tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Javier López-Rivera
- Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Specialized Laboratory, Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clínica Colsanitas S.A., Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| | - Claudia Aristizábal-Guzmán
- Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 110131, Colombia;
| | - Mario Arturo Isaza-Ruget
- Keralty, Sanitas International Organization, Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 110131, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Arturo Álvarez-Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clínica Colsanitas S.A., Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhen Y, Pavez M, Li X. The role of Pcdh10 in neurological disease and cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:8153-8164. [PMID: 37058252 PMCID: PMC10374755 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protocadherin 10 (PCDH 10), a member of the superfamily of protocadherins, is a Ca2+-dependent homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of cell membranes. Protocadherin 10 plays a critical role in the central nervous system including in cell adhesion, formation and maintenance of neural circuits and synapses, regulation of actin assembly, cognitive function and tumor suppression. Additionally, Pcdh10 can serve as a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic indicator for various cancers. METHODS This paper collects and reviews relevant literature in Pubmed. CONCLUSION This review describes the latest research understanding the role of Pcdh10 in neurological disease and human cancer, highlighting the importance of scrutinizing its properties for the development of targeted therapies and identifying a need for further research to explore Pcdh10 functions in other pathways, cell types and human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Zhen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool street, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Macarena Pavez
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dobre M, Salvi A, Pelisenco IA, Vasilescu F, De Petro G, Herlea V, Milanesi E. Crosstalk Between DNA Methylation and Gene Mutations in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:697409. [PMID: 34277443 PMCID: PMC8281955 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.697409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is often characterized by mutations and aberrant DNA methylation within the promoters of tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. The most frequent somatic mutations occur within KRAS and BRAF genes. Mutations of the KRAS gene have been detected in approximately 40% of patients, while mutations in BRAF have been detected less frequently at a rate of 10%. In this study, the DNA methylation levels of 22 candidate genes were evaluated in three types of tissue: mucosal tumoral tissue from 18 CRC patients, normal adjacent tissues from 10 CRC patients who underwent surgical resection, and tissue from a control group of six individuals with normal colonoscopies. A differential methylation profile of nine genes (RUNX3, SFRP1, WIF1, PCDH10, DKK2, DKK3, TMEFF2, OPCML, and SFRP2) presenting high methylation levels in tumoral compared to normal tissues was identified. KRAS mutations (codons 12 or 13) were detected in eight CRC cases, and BRAF mutations (codon 600) in four cases. One of the CRC patients presented concomitant mutations in KRAS codon 12 and BRAF, whereas seven patients did not present these mutations (WT). When comparing the methylation profile according to mutation status, we found that six genes (SFRP2, DKK2, PCDH10, TMEFF2, SFRP1, HS3ST2) showed a methylation level higher in BRAF positive cases than BRAF negative cases. The molecular sub-classification of CRC according to mutations and epigenetic modifications may help to identify epigenetic biomarkers useful in designing personalized strategies to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dobre
- Laboratory of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alessandro Salvi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Florina Vasilescu
- Laboratory of Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vlad Herlea
- Department of Pathology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Milanesi
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hagiwara A, Tanaka N, Inaba Y, Gando S, Shiraishi A, Saitoh D, Otomo Y, Ikeda H, Ogura H, Kushimoto S, Kotani J, Sakamoto Y, Shiino Y, Shiraishi SI, Takuma K, Tarui T, Tsuruta R, Nakada TA, Hifumi T, Yamakawa K, Takeyama N, Yamashita N, Abe T, Ueyama M, Okamoto K, Sasaki J, Masuno T, Mayumi T, Fujishima S, Umemura Y, Fujimi S. Predictors of severe sepsis-related in-hospital mortality based on a multicenter cohort study: The Focused Outcomes Research in Emergency Care in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Sepsis, and Trauma study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24844. [PMID: 33663106 PMCID: PMC7909210 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for severe sepsis-related in-hospital mortality using the structural equation model (SEM) analysis with statistical causality. Sepsis data from the Focused Outcomes Research in Emergency Care in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Sepsis, and Trauma study (FORECAST), a multicenter cohort study, was used. Forty seven observed variables from the database were used to construct 4 latent variables. SEM analysis was performed on these latent variables to analyze the statistical causality among these data. This study evaluated whether the variables had an effect on in-hospital mortality. Overall, 1148 patients were enrolled. The SEM analysis showed that the 72-hour physical condition was the strongest latent variable affecting mortality, followed by physical condition before treatment. Furthermore, the 72-hour physical condition and the physical condition before treatment strongly influenced the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score with path coefficients of 0.954 and 0.845, respectively. The SOFA score was the strongest variable that affected mortality after the onset of severe sepsis. The score remains the most robust prognostic factor and can facilitate appropriate policy development on care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Niizashiki Chuo General Hospital, Saitama
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Biostatistics Section, Department of Data Science, Clinical Science Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Yosuke Inaba
- Biostatistics Section, Department of Data Science, Clinical Science Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Satoshi Gando
- Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo
- Department of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Sapporo Higashi Tokushima Hospital, Sapporo
| | | | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa
| | - Yasuhiro Otomo
- Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical, and Dental University
| | - Hiroto Ikeda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo
| | - Hiroshi Ogura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Shigeki Kushimoto
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi
| | - Joji Kotani
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe
| | - Yuichiro Sakamoto
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Saga
| | - Yasukazu Shiino
- Department of Acute Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Shin-ichiro Shiraishi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aizu Chuo Hospital, Aizuwakamatsu
| | - Kiyotsugu Takuma
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa
| | - Takehiko Tarui
- Department of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka
| | - Ryosuke Tsuruta
- Advanced Medical Emergency & Critical Care Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube
| | - Taka-aki Nakada
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba
| | - Toru Hifumi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Chūō, Tokyo
| | - Kazuma Yamakawa
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka
| | - Naoshi Takeyama
- Advanced Critical Care Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi
| | - Norio Yamashita
- Advanced Emergency Medical Service Center, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka
| | - Toshikazu Abe
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | - Masashi Ueyama
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine, and Burn Center, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi
| | - Kohji Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Kitakyushu City Yahata Hospital
| | - Junichi Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City
| | - Tomohiko Masuno
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo City, Tokyo
| | - Toshihiko Mayumi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka
| | - Seitaro Fujishima
- Center for General Medicine Education, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku City, Tokyo
| | - Yutaka Umemura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Fujimi
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Satorres C, García-Campos M, Bustamante-Balén M. Molecular Features of the Serrated Pathway to Colorectal Cancer: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Gut Liver 2021; 15:31-43. [PMID: 32340435 PMCID: PMC7817929 DOI: 10.5009/gnl19402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serrated lesions are the precursor lesions of a new model of colorectal carcinogenesis. From a molecular standpoint, the serrated pathway is thought to be responsible for up to 30% of all colorectal cancer cases. The three major processes of this molecular mechanism are alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, production of the CpG island methylation phenotype, and generation of microsatellite instability. Other contributing processes are activation of WNT, alterations in the regulation of tumor suppressor genes, and alterations in microRNAs or in MUC5AC hypomethylation. Although alterations in the serrated pathway also contribute, their precise roles remain obscure because of the various methodologies and definitions used by different research groups. This knowledge gap affects clinical assessment of precursor lesions for their carcinogenic risk. The present review describes the current literature reporting the molecular mechanisms underlying each type of serrated lesion and each phenotype of serrated pathway colorectal cancer, identifying those areas that merit additional research. We also propose a unified serrated carcinogenesis pathway combining molecular alterations and types of serrated lesions, which ends in different serrated pathway colorectal cancer phenotypes depending on the route followed. Finally, we describe some key issues that need to be addressed in order to incorporate the newest technologies in serrated pathway research and to improve overall knowledge for developing specific prevention strategies and new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Satorres
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Diseases Department, La Fe Polytechnic University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - María García-Campos
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Diseases Department, La Fe Polytechnic University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marco Bustamante-Balén
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Digestive Diseases Department, La Fe Polytechnic University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- Corresponding AuthorMarco Bustamante-Balén, ORCIDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2019-0158, E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Shen J, Huang C, Cao M, Shen L. Clinicopathological Significance of BRAFV600E Mutation in Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis. J Cancer 2019; 10:2332-2341. [PMID: 31258736 PMCID: PMC6584400 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Numerous studies have identified BRAFV600E mutation as a predictive factor of anti-EGFR antibodies in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the association between BRAFV600E mutation and clinicopathological features remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to conduct an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate the above issues. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PMC database examining the association between BRAFV600E mutation and clinicopathological features in CRC patients. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to estimate the effects of BRAFV600E mutation on each clinicopathological parameter with fixed-effect model or random-effect model. Results: Sixty-one studies published, including 32407 CRC patients from multiple countries, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall BRAFV600E mutation rate was 11.38%, and BRAFV600E mutation was positively related to high disease stage (OR=0.81; 95% CI=0.72-0.92; P=0.001), high T stage (OR=0.51; 95% CI=0.40-0.65; P<0.00001), proximal colon (OR=4.76; 95% CI=3.81-5.96; P<0.00001) or right colon (OR=5.15; 95% CI=4.35-6.10, P<0.00001) tumor location, poor tumor differentiation (OR=0.27; 95% CI=0.21-0.34; P<0.00001), mucinous histology (OR=2.97; 95% CI=2.37-3.72; P<0.00001), K-ras-wild type (OR=0.04; 95% CI=0.02-0.07; P<0.00001), TP53-wild type (OR=0.50; 95% CI=0.31-0.78; P=0.003), deficient DNA mismatch repair (OR=2.93; 95% CI=1.78-4.82; P<0.00001), high microsatellite instability (OR=11.15; 95% CI=8.51-14.61; P<0.00001) and high CpG island methylator phenotype (OR=0.04; 95% CI=0.03-0.08; P<0.00001). Conclusions: Our updated meta-analysis demonstrated that BRAFV600E mutation was related to poor prognosis of CRC and associated with the distinct molecular phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jiajia Shen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chi Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Lab of cellular and molecular biology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Lizong Shen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Characteristics of CpG Island Methylator Phenotype in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1188-1201. [PMID: 30071442 PMCID: PMC6080640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) tumors, comprising 20% of colorectal cancers, are associated with female sex, age, right-sided location, and BRAF mutations. However, other factors potentially associated with CIMP have not been robustly examined. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive assessment of the clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics that define CIMP tumors. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature from January 1999 through April 2018 and identified 122 articles, on which comprehensive data abstraction was performed on the clinical, pathologic, molecular, and mutational characteristics of CIMP subgroups, classified based on the extent of DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes assessed using a variety of laboratory methods. Associations of CIMP with outcome parameters were estimated using pooled odds ratio or standardized mean differences using random-effects model. RESULTS: We confirmed prior associations including female sex, older age, right-sided tumor location, poor differentiation, and microsatellite instability. In addition to the recognized association with BRAF mutations, CIMP was also associated with PIK3CA mutations and lack of mutations in KRAS and TP53. Evidence of an activated immune response was seen with high rates of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (but not peritumoral lymphocytes), Crohn-like infiltrates, and infiltration with Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteria. Additionally, CIMP tumors were associated with advance T-stage and presence of perineural and lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis highlights key features distinguishing CIMP in colorectal cancer, including molecular characteristics of an active immune response. Improved understanding of this unique molecular subtype of colorectal cancer may provide insights into prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu J, Zheng J, Shen W, Ma L, Zhao M, Wang X, Tang J, Yan J, Wu Z, Zou Z, Bu S, Xi Y. Elevated SLC26A4 gene promoter methylation is associated with the risk of presbycusis in men. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:347-352. [PMID: 28498466 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Presbycusis affects approximately one-third of people over the age of 65 and is a worldwide health problem. In the current study, whether the methylation level of solute carrier family 26 member 4 (SLC26A4) predicted an increased risk of presbycusis was investigated. Peripheral blood samples from 102 patients with presbycusis and 104 controls were collected, and the methylation of the CpG sites of SLC26A4 was measured by applying pyrosequencing technology combined with sodium bisulfate DNA conversion chemistry. Within the SLC26A4 promoter region, one CpG site (CpG3) exhibited a significantly (P<0.0001) greater methylation level in the patients with presbycusis (26.5±5.56%) compared with the controls (23.8±3.85%). Significantly different CpG3 methylation levels were observed between the patients with presbycusis and the controls among the male participants (P=0.0004). In addition, a significant decrease in the transcriptional level of SLC26A4 in peripheral blood was observed in the patients with presbycusis compared with the controls. Furthermore, analyses of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that CpG3 methylation at the SLC26A4 promoter predicted the risk of presbycusis in the male participants (AUC=0.684, 95% CI=0.584‑0.784, P=0.001). The results demonstrated the significance of the CpG site methylation level of SLC26A4, and thus provides a potential marker for the diagnosis of presbycusis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| | - Jiachen Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Diabetes Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Wanjing Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Diabetes Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Lili Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Diabetes Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Diabetes Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| | - Jiyuan Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| | - Jihong Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ningbo No. 7 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315041, P.R. China
| | - Zuquan Zou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Diabetes Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Shizhong Bu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Diabetes Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Diabetes Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bagci B, Sari M, Karadayi K, Turan M, Ozdemir O, Bagci G. KRAS, BRAF oncogene mutations and tissue specific promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor SFRP2, DAPK1, MGMT, HIC1 and p16 genes in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:133-43. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binnur Bagci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
- Advanced Technology Research Center (CÜTAM), Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Musa Sari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Kursat Karadayi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Turan
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ozturk Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, On Sekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Bagci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhuo C, Li Q, Wu Y, Li Y, Nie J, Li D, Peng J, Lian P, Li B, Cai G, Li X, Cai S. LINE-1 hypomethylation in normal colon mucosa is associated with poor survival in Chinese patients with sporadic colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23820-36. [PMID: 26172297 PMCID: PMC4695154 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic pathways are not independent in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis. We aimed to determine the influence of various molecular features on Chinese patients' colon cancer-specific survival (CCSS). Various genetic and epigenetic modifications were detected in paired tumor and normal mucosa tissue samples. The prognostic variables regarding patient CCSS were determined. Overall, 127 patients, including 83 males and 44 females, completed a median follow-up of 65 (3–85) months. A mean LINE-1 methylation rate of 64.62% (range, 9.45–86.93) was observed. Hypermethylation at the hMLH1 gene promoter was detected in 26 (20.47%) patients. KRAS was mutated in 52 (40.94%) patients. Sixteen (12.60%) patients were confirmed as microsatellite instability (MSI)-High, and 76 (59.84%) were found to have loss of heterozygosity at 18q. The LINE-1 methylation level, MSI status, perineural invasion and distant metastases were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for patient CCSS. A stratified survival analysis further revealed that certain subgroups of patients with LINE-1 hypomethylation had significantly worse survival (all p < 0.05). Our data revealed that both genetic and epigenetic abnormalities can concurrently exist during colonic tumorigenesis. As a global epigenetic change, LINE-1 hypomethylation in normal colon mucosa might be associated with a worse outcome in certain Chinese patients with colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhuo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Levine AJ, Phipps AI, Baron JA, Buchanan DD, Ahnen DJ, Cohen SA, Lindor NM, Newcomb PA, Rosty C, Haile RW, Laird PW, Weisenberger DJ. Clinicopathologic Risk Factor Distributions for MLH1 Promoter Region Methylation in CIMP-Positive Tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:68-75. [PMID: 26512054 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is a major molecular pathway in colorectal cancer. Approximately 25% to 60% of CIMP tumors are microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) due to DNA hypermethylation of the MLH1 gene promoter. Our aim was to determine if the distributions of clinicopathologic factors in CIMP-positive tumors with MLH1 DNA methylation differed from those in CIMP-positive tumors without DNA methylation of MLH1. METHODS We assessed the associations between age, sex, tumor-site, MSI status BRAF and KRAS mutations, and family colorectal cancer history with MLH1 methylation status in a large population-based sample of CIMP-positive colorectal cancers defined by a 5-marker panel using unconditional logistic regression to assess the odds of MLH1 methylation by study variables. RESULTS Subjects with CIMP-positive tumors without MLH1 methylation were significantly younger, more likely to be male, and more likely to have distal colon or rectal primaries and the MSI-L phenotype. CIMP-positive MLH1-unmethylated tumors were significantly less likely than CIMP-positive MLH1-methylated tumors to harbor a BRAF V600E mutation and significantly more likely to harbor a KRAS mutation. MLH1 methylation was associated with significantly better overall survival (HR, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.82). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that MLH1 methylation in CIMP-positive tumors is not a completely random event and implies that there are environmental or genetic determinants that modify the probability that MLH1 will become methylated during CIMP pathogenesis. IMPACT MLH1 DNA methylation status should be taken into account in etiologic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Joan Levine
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
| | - Amanda I Phipps
- Epidemiology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stacey A Cohen
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Epidemiology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Envoi Pathology, Brisbane, QLD, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert W Haile
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Peter W Laird
- Center for Epigenomics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Daniel J Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barat A, Ruskin HJ. Comparative Correlation Structure of Colon Cancer Locus Specific Methylation: Characterisation of Patient Profiles and Potential Markers across 3 Array-Based Datasets. J Cancer 2015; 6:795-811. [PMID: 26185542 PMCID: PMC4504116 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal DNA-methylation is well known to play an important role in cancer onset and development, and colon cancer is no exception to this rule. Recent years have seen the increased use of large-scale technologies, (such as methylation microarray assays or specific sequencing of methylated DNA), to determine whole genome profiles of CpG island methylation in tissue samples. Comprehensive study of methylation array data from transcriptome high-throughput platforms permits determination of gene methylation markers, important for cancer profiling. Here, three large-scale methylation datasets for colon cancer have been compared to determine locus-specific methylation agreement. These data are from the GEO database, where colon cancer and apparently healthy adjacent tissues are represented by sample sizes 125 and 29 respectively in the first dataset, 24 of each in the second and 118 of each in the third. Several data analysis techniques have been employed, including Clustering, Discriminant Principal Component Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and ROC curves, in order (i) to obtain a better insight on the locus-specific concomitant methylation structures for these diverse data and (ii) to determine a robust potential marker set for indicative screening, drawn from all data taken together. The extent of the agreement between the analysed datasets is reported. Further, potential screening methylation markers, for which methylation profiles are consistent across tissue samples and several datasets, are highlighted and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barat
- Centre for Scientific Computing and Complex Systems Modelling (Sci-Sym), School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Heather J Ruskin
- Centre for Scientific Computing and Complex Systems Modelling (Sci-Sym), School of Computing, Dublin City University, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Veganzones S, Maestro ML, Rafael S, de la Orden V, Vidaurreta M, Mediero B, Espantaleón M, Cerdán J, Díaz-Rubio E. Combined methylation of p16 and hMLH1 (CMETH2) discriminates a subpopulation with better prognosis in colorectal cancer patients with microsatellite instability tumors. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3853-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
14
|
Kim HS. [Site-specific colorectal cancer; how is it different?]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 61:63-70. [PMID: 23458982 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2013.61.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most critical characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) is the difference between proximal (right-sided colon cancer, RCC) and distal (left-sided colon cancer, LCC) disease. The recent CRC studies showed the unique characteristics of RCC; RCCs were more prevalent in women than men and old patients, and the age difference between RCC and LCC was more apparent in women. Moreover, relatively poor protection against RCC by colonoscopy is a clearly hot issue for alarm. Thus, the left and right colon have been considered as dichotomous or even different organs in the view of molecular, histopathological, epidemiologic and clinical bases for over three decades. However, the evolutionary data suggesting linearity from the rectum to ascending colon beyond the simple right-left dichotomization in the views of cancer molecular features and site-specific clinicopathological differences, support the need for a paradigm shift to the colorectal continuum model rather than the traditional two-colon concept. This new multi-segmental or colorectal continuum hypothesis would provide both the better understanding of the complex etiology of colorectal carcinogenesis and the tailored preventive and therapeutic strategies for CRC including individualized CRC screening programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bardhan K, Liu K. Epigenetics and colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:676-713. [PMID: 24216997 PMCID: PMC3730326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through a multistage process that results from the progressive accumulation of genetic mutations, and frequently as a result of mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway. However, it has become evident over the past two decades that epigenetic alterations of the chromatin, particularly the chromatin components in the promoter regions of tumor suppressors and oncogenes, play key roles in CRC pathogenesis. Epigenetic regulation is organized at multiple levels, involving primarily DNA methylation and selective histone modifications in cancer cells. Assessment of the CRC epigenome has revealed that virtually all CRCs have aberrantly methylated genes and that the average CRC methylome has thousands of abnormally methylated genes. Although relatively less is known about the patterns of specific histone modifications in CRC, selective histone modifications and resultant chromatin conformation have been shown to act, in concert with DNA methylation, to regulate gene expression to mediate CRC pathogenesis. Moreover, it is now clear that not only DNA methylation but also histone modifications are reversible processes. The increased understanding of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the context of CRC pathogenesis has led to development of epigenetic biomarkers for CRC diagnosis and epigenetic drugs for CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kankana Bardhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, and Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ogino S, Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Cho E, Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Meissner A, Schernhammer ES, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:465-84. [PMID: 23307060 PMCID: PMC3637979 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics acts as an interface between environmental/exogenous factors, cellular responses, and pathological processes. Aberrant epigenetic signatures are a hallmark of complex multifactorial diseases (including neoplasms and malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, and breast, lung, prostate, liver, and colorectal cancers). Epigenetic signatures (DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression, etc) may serve as biomarkers for risk stratification, early detection, and disease classification, as well as targets for therapy and chemoprevention. In particular, DNA methylation assays are widely applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue specimens as clinical pathology tests. To better understand the interplay between etiological factors, cellular molecular characteristics, and disease evolution, the field of 'molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE)' has emerged as an interdisciplinary integration of 'molecular pathology' and 'epidemiology'. In contrast to traditional epidemiological research including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), MPE is founded on the unique disease principle, that is, each disease process results from unique profiles of exposomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, metabolomes, microbiomes, and interactomes in relation to the macroenvironment and tissue microenvironment. MPE may represent a logical evolution of GWAS, termed 'GWAS-MPE approach'. Although epigenome-wide association study attracts increasing attention, currently, it has a fundamental problem in that each cell within one individual has a unique, time-varying epigenome. Having a similar conceptual framework to systems biology, the holistic MPE approach enables us to link potential etiological factors to specific molecular pathology, and gain novel pathogenic insights on causality. The widespread application of epigenome (eg, methylome) analyses will enhance our understanding of disease heterogeneity, epigenotypes (CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 (long interspersed nucleotide element-1; also called long interspersed nuclear element-1; long interspersed element-1; L1) hypomethylation, etc), and host-disease interactions. In this article, we illustrate increasing contribution of modern pathology to broader public health sciences, which attests pivotal roles of pathologists in the new integrated MPE science towards our ultimate goal of personalized medicine and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Promoter CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer:. Epigenomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511777271.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
18
|
Epigenomic diversity of colorectal cancer. Epigenomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511777271.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
19
|
Draht MXG, Riedl RR, Niessen H, Carvalho B, Meijer GA, Herman JG, van Engeland M, Melotte V, Smits KM. Promoter CpG island methylation markers in colorectal cancer: the road ahead. Epigenomics 2012; 4:179-94. [PMID: 22449189 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge on the biology, detection and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), the disease is still a major health problem. Hypermethylation of promoter regions of genes has been studied extensively as a contributor in CRC carcinogenesis. In addition, it is the topic of many studies focusing on biomarkers for the early detection, prediction of prognosis and treatment outcome. Methylation markers may be preferred over current screening and test methods as they are stable and easy to detect. However, almost no methylation marker is currently being used in clinical practice, often due to a lack of sensitivity, specificity, or validation of the results. This review summarizes the current knowledge of hypermethylation biomarkers for CRC detection, progression and treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel X G Draht
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morikawa T, Shima K, Kuchiba A, Yamauchi M, Tanaka N, Imamura Y, Liao X, Qian ZR, Brahmandam M, Longtine JA, Lindeman NI, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. No evidence for interference of h&e staining in DNA testing: usefulness of DNA extraction from H&E-stained archival tissue sections. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 138:122-9. [PMID: 22706867 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp28laookszsvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histochemical staining has been believed to inhibit the DNA amplification reaction, no previous study has systematically evaluated the influence of histochemical staining on downstream molecular assays. To evaluate an influence of H&E staining on DNA testing, we isolated DNA from 10 unstained, 10 hematoxylin-stained, 10 eosin-stained, and 10 H&E-stained tissue sections (ie, 4 groups), from each of 5 colon cancers. Among the 4 groups, we did not observe any significant or appreciable difference in DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis, in DNA amplification by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in microsatellite PCR fragment analyses, or in a PCR-pyrosequencing assay. As a proof-of-principle study, we successfully performed microsatellite instability analysis and sequencing of KRAS and BRAF on more than 1,300 colorectal cancers using DNA extracted from H&E-stained tissue sections. Our data provide no evidence for an interfering effect of H&E staining on DNA testing, suggesting that DNA from H&E-stained sections can be effectively used for routine DNA testing.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yamauchi M, Morikawa T, Kuchiba A, Imamura Y, Qian ZR, Nishihara R, Liao X, Waldron L, Hoshida Y, Huttenhower C, Chan AT, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Assessment of colorectal cancer molecular features along bowel subsites challenges the conception of distinct dichotomy of proximal versus distal colorectum. Gut 2012; 61:847-54. [PMID: 22427238 PMCID: PMC3345105 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer is typically classified into proximal colon, distal colon and rectal cancer. Tumour genetic and epigenetic features differ by tumour location. Considering a possible role of bowel contents (including microbiome) in carcinogenesis, this study hypothesised that tumour molecular features might gradually change along bowel subsites, rather than change abruptly at splenic flexure. DESIGN Utilising 1443 colorectal cancers in two US nationwide prospective cohort studies, the frequencies of molecular features (CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), microsatellite instability (MSI), LINE-1 methylation and BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations) were examined along bowel subsites (rectum, rectosigmoid junction, sigmoid, descending colon, splenic flexure, transverse colon, hepatic flexure, ascending colon and caecum). The linearity and non-linearity of molecular relations along subsites were statistically tested by multivariate logistic or linear regression analysis. RESULTS The frequencies of CIMP-high, MSI-high and BRAF mutations gradually increased from the rectum (<2.3%) to ascending colon (36-40%), followed by falls in the caecum (12-22%). By linearity tests, these molecular relations were significantly linear from rectum to ascending colon (p<0.0001), and there was little evidence of non-linearity (p>0.09). Caecal cancers exhibited the highest frequency of KRAS mutations (52% vs 27-35% in other sites; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The frequencies of CIMP-high, MSI-high and BRAF mutations in cancer increased gradually along colorectum subsites from the rectum to ascending colon. These novel data challenge the common conception of discrete molecular features of proximal versus distal colorectal cancers, and have a substantial impact on clinical, translational and epidemiology research, which has typically been performed with the dichotomous classification of proximal versus distal tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aya Kuchiba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Liao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Levi Waldron
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yamauchi M, Lochhead P, Morikawa T, Huttenhower C, Chan AT, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Colorectal cancer: a tale of two sides or a continuum? Gut 2012; 61:794-7. [PMID: 22490520 PMCID: PMC3345045 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Biomarkers reflective of the molecular and genetic heterogeneity in colorectal cancers now guide certain aspects of clinical management and offer great potential for enrichment, stratification, and identification of novel therapeutic targets in drug development. Using case-based examples, this article reviews biomarkers that have an established role in the clinical management of colorectal cancer: mismatch repair protein testing and KRAS and BRAF mutational analysis. A selection of biomarkers undergoing validation for future clinical application is presented, and the dynamic and challenging interface between biomarkers in research and clinical practice is discussed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ogino S, Shima K, Meyerhardt JA, McCleary NJ, Ng K, Hollis D, Saltz LB, Mayer RJ, Schaefer P, Whittom R, Hantel A, Benson AB, Spiegelman D, Goldberg RM, Bertagnolli MM, Fuchs CS. Predictive and prognostic roles of BRAF mutation in stage III colon cancer: results from intergroup trial CALGB 89803. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:890-900. [PMID: 22147942 PMCID: PMC3271172 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alterations in the RAS-RAF-MAP2K (MEK)-MAPK signaling pathway are major drivers in colorectal carcinogenesis. In colorectal cancer, BRAF mutation is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), and typically predicts inferior prognosis. We examined the effect of BRAF mutation on survival and treatment efficacy in patients with stage III colon cancer. METHODS We assessed status of BRAF c.1799T>A (p.V600E) mutation and MSI in 506 stage III colon cancer patients enrolled in a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial [5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FU/LV) vs. irinotecan (CPT11), FU and LV (IFL); CALGB 89803]. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the prognostic role of BRAF mutation, adjusting for clinical features, adjuvant chemotherapy arm, and MSI status. RESULTS Compared with 431 BRAF wild-type patients, 75 BRAF-mutated patients experienced significantly worse overall survival [OS; log-rank P = 0.015; multivariate HR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.05-2.63]. By assessing combined status of BRAF and MSI, it seemed that BRAF-mutated MSS (microsatellite stable) tumor was an unfavorable subtype, whereas BRAF wild-type MSI-high tumor was a favorable subtype, and BRAF-mutated MSI-high tumor and BRAF wild-type MSS tumor were intermediate subtypes. Among patients with BRAF-mutated tumors, a nonsignificant trend toward improved OS was observed for IFL versus FU/LV arm (multivariate HR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.25-1.10). Among patients with BRAF wild-type cancer, IFL conferred no suggestion of benefit beyond FU/LV alone (multivariate HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.72-1.46). CONCLUSIONS BRAF mutation is associated with inferior survival in stage III colon cancer. Additional studies are necessary to assess whether there is any predictive role of BRAF mutation for irinotecan-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Funkhouser WK, Lubin IM, Monzon FA, Zehnbauer BA, Evans JP, Ogino S, Nowak JA. Relevance, pathogenesis, and testing algorithm for mismatch repair-defective colorectal carcinomas: a report of the association for molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn 2012; 14:91-103. [PMID: 22260991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), which manifest as high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI), occur in approximately 15% of all colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). This molecular subset of CRC characterizes patients with better stage-specific prognoses who experience no benefit from 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Most MMR-deficient (dMMR) CRCs are sporadic, but 15% to 20% are due to inherited predisposition (Lynch syndrome). High penetrance of CRCs in germline MMR gene mutation carriers emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis of Lynch syndrome carriers. Family-based (Amsterdam), patient/family-based (Bethesda), morphology-based, microsatellite-based, and IHC-based screening criteria do not individually detect all germline mutation carriers. These limitations support the use of multiple concurrent tests and the screening of all patients with newly diagnosed CRC. This approach is resource intensive but would increase detection of inherited and de novo germline mutations to guide family screening. Although CRC prognosis and prediction of 5-fluorouracil response are similar in both the Lynch and sporadic dMMR subgroups, these subgroups differ significantly with regard to the implications for family members. We recommend that new CRCs should be classified into sporadic MMR-proficient, sporadic dMMR, or Lynch dMMR subgroups. The concurrent use of MSI testing, MMR protein IHC, and BRAF c.1799T>A mutation analysis would detect almost all dMMR CRCs, would classify 94% of all new CRCs into these MMR subgroups, and would guide secondary molecular testing of the remainder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William K Funkhouser
- Mismatch Repair-Defective CRC Working Group of the Association for Molecular Pathology Clinical Practice Committee, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sylvester BE, Huo D, Khramtsov A, Zhang J, Smalling RV, Olugbile S, Polite BN, Olopade OI. Molecular analysis of colorectal tumors within a diverse patient cohort at a single institution. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:350-9. [PMID: 22114137 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE African American colorectal cancer patients have worse survival outcomes than Caucasian patients. To determine whether differences exist in the molecular mechanisms driving colorectal cancer between African Americans and Caucasians, we characterized patient tumors from a single institution by assessing genetic alterations involved in colorectal cancer progression and response to treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We retrospectively examined 448 African Americans and Caucasians diagnosed with colorectal cancer at The University of Chicago Medical Center between 1992 and 2002. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status was determined by genotyping the BAT25, BAT26, BAT40, D5S346, and BAX loci. Mutations in KRAS codons 12 and 13 and BRAF codon 600 were identified by direct sequencing. MSI and detected mutations were correlated with clinicopathologic features. RESULTS Overall, no difference existed in MSI or BRAF mutation frequencies between African Americans and Caucasians. However, African Americans with microsatellite stable (MSS)/MSI-low (MSI-L) tumors had a higher proportion of KRAS mutations than Caucasians (34% vs. 23%, P = 0.048) that was isolated to proximal colon cancers and primarily driven by mutations in codon 13. There was no racial difference in receipt of chemotherapy, but African Americans with MSS/MSI-L tumors had a 73% increased risk of death over Caucasians that could not be explained by known prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS The significantly higher risk of death among African Americans with MSS/MSI-L tumors may be related to differences in the distribution of factors influencing response to standard therapies. These data underscore the need for further research into the molecular mechanisms driving colorectal cancer progression in underserved and understudied populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Sylvester
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hughes LAE, Khalid-de Bakker CAJ, Smits KM, van den Brandt PA, Jonkers D, Ahuja N, Herman JG, Weijenberg MP, van Engeland M. The CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer: progress and problems. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:77-85. [PMID: 22056543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, attention has focused on the biology and potential clinical importance of the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colorectal cancer (CRC). While it is generally well accepted that etiologically and clinically distinct subgroups exist in this disease, a precise definition of CIMP remains to be established. Here, we summarize existing literature that documents the prevalence of CIMP in CRC, with particular attention to the various methods and definitions used to classify a tumor as CIMP positive. Through a systematic review on both case-series and population based studies, we examined only original research articles reporting on sporadic CRC and/or adenomas in unselected cases. Forty-eight papers published between January 1999 and August 2011 met the inclusion criteria. We describe the use of multiple gene panels, marker threshold values, and laboratory techniques which results in a wide range in the prevalence of CIMP. Because there is no universal standard or consensus on quantifying the phenotype, establishing its true prevalence is a challenge. This bottleneck is becoming increasingly evident as molecular pathological epidemiology continues to offer possibilities for clear answers regarding environmental risk factors and disease trends. For the first time, large, unselected series of cases are available for analysis, but comparing populations and pooling data will remain a challenge unless a universal definition of CIMP and a consensus on analysis can be reached, and the primary cause of CIMP identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A E Hughes
- Dept. of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It results from an accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in colon epithelial cells, which transforms them into adenocarcinomas. Over the past decade, major advances have been made in understanding cancer epigenetics, particularly regarding aberrant DNA methylation. Assessment of the colon cancer epigenome has revealed that virtually all CRCs have aberrantly methylated genes and that the average CRC methylome has hundreds to thousands of abnormally methylated genes. As with gene mutations in the cancer genome, a subset of these methylated genes, called driver genes, is presumed to have a functional role in CRC. The assessment of methylated genes in CRCs has also revealed a unique molecular subgroup of CRCs called CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) cancers; these tumors have a particularly high frequency of methylated genes. These advances in our understanding of aberrant methylation in CRC have led to epigenetic alterations being developed as clinical biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications. Progress in this field suggests that these epigenetic alterations will be commonly used in the near future to direct the prevention and treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Valinluck Lao
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
TGFBR2 and BAX mononucleotide tract mutations, microsatellite instability, and prognosis in 1072 colorectal cancers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25062. [PMID: 21949851 PMCID: PMC3176811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mononucleotide tracts in the coding regions of the TGFBR2 and BAX genes are commonly mutated in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-high) colon cancers. The receptor TGFBR2 plays an important role in the TGFB1 (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) signaling pathway, and BAX plays a key role in apoptosis. However, a role of TGFBR2 or BAX mononucleotide mutation in colorectal cancer as a prognostic biomarker remains uncertain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We utilized a database of 1072 rectal and colon cancers in two prospective cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study). Cox proportional hazards model was used to compute mortality hazard ratio (HR), adjusted for clinical, pathological and molecular features including the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), LINE-1 methylation, and KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations. MSI-high was observed in 15% (162/1072) of all colorectal cancers. TGFBR2 and BAX mononucleotide mutations were detected in 74% (117/159) and 30% (48/158) of MSI-high tumors, respectively. In Kaplan-Meier analysis as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, compared to microsatellite stable (MSS)/MSI-low cases, MSI-high cases were associated with superior colorectal cancer-specific survival [adjusted HR, 0.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20-0.57] regardless of TGFBR2 or BAX mutation status. Among MSI-high tumors, TGFBR2 mononucleotide mutation was associated with CIMP-high independent of other variables [multivariate odds ratio, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.66-7.66; p = 0.0011]. CONCLUSIONS TGFBR2 or BAX mononucleotide mutations are not associated with the patient survival outcome in MSI-high colorectal cancer. Our data do not support those mutations as prognostic biomarkers (beyond MSI) in colorectal carcinoma.
Collapse
|
30
|
A genome-wide DNA methylation study in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:50. [PMID: 21699707 PMCID: PMC3135506 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We performed a genome-wide scan of 27,578 CpG loci covering 14,475 genes to identify differentially methylated loci (DML) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Methods We used Illumina's Infinium methylation assay in paired DNA samples extracted from 24 fresh frozen CRC tissues and their corresponding normal colon tissues from 24 consecutive diagnosed patients at a tertiary medical center. Results We found a total of 627 DML in CRC covering 513 genes, of which 535 are novel DML covering 465 genes. We also validated the Illumina Infinium methylation data for top-ranking genes by non-bisulfite conversion q-PCR-based methyl profiler assay in a subset of the same samples. We also carried out integration of genome-wide copy number and expression microarray along with methylation profiling to see the functional effect of methylation. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that among the major "gene sets" that are hypermethylated in CRC are the sets: "inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by G-protein signaling", "Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity", "regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway" and "estrogen receptor activity". Two-level nested cross validation showed that DML-based predictive models may offer reasonable sensitivity (around 89%), specificity (around 95%), positive predictive value (around 95%) and negative predictive value (around 89%), suggesting that these markers may have potential clinical application. Conclusion Our genome-wide methylation study in CRC clearly supports most of the previous findings; additionally we found a large number of novel DML in CRC tissue. If confirmed in future studies, these findings may lead to identification of genomic markers for potential clinical application.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rasuck CG, Leite SMO, Komatsuzaki F, Ferreira ACS, Oliveira VC, Gomes KB. Association between methylation in mismatch repair genes, V600E BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer patients. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2553-60. [PMID: 21681432 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) corresponds to the third most prevalent type of cancer. Its origins can either be sporadic or inherited, being Lynch syndrome the most common form of hereditary CRC. The activation of BRAF oncogene, inactivation of mismatch repair genes by methylation of CpG islands, and microsatellite instability (MSI) have been reported to be involved in CRC development. The goal of the study was to characterize CRC tumors using clinical and molecular criteria through association and cluster analysis. Amsterdam II and Bethesda guidelines and molecular variables were analyzed in 77 patients from Brazil. The replication error (RER) status, based in microsatellite instability, showed association with metachronous tumor, MLH1 gene methylation and inverse association with left-sided and synchronous tumors. The PMS2 gene was considered the best predictor for differentiating levels of methylation and the mononucleotide were considered the best markers to evaluate RER status. The cluster 1 was characterized of individuals over 60 years of age, female, right-sided tumor, high microsatellite instability, and metachronous or synchronous tumors. The individuals in cluster 2 were younger than 45 years of age, male and showed left sided or rectum tumors, and microsatellite stability. Even though it was not observed a significant association, a higher number of individuals with family history of cancer and tumors without promoter methylation were found in cluster 2. The V600E mutation did not show association with clinical or molecular characteristics. Evaluation of MSI and methylation of MLH1 and PMS2 genes should be considered in order to assist with clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Rasuck
- Genetic Molecular Department, Instituto Hermes Pardini, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zlobec I, Bihl M, Foerster A, Rufle A, Lugli A. Comprehensive analysis of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-high, -low, and -negative colorectal cancers based on protein marker expression and molecular features. J Pathol 2011; 225:336-43. [PMID: 21660972 DOI: 10.1002/path.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) is being investigated for its role in the molecular and prognostic classification of colorectal cancer patients but is also emerging as a factor with the potential to influence clinical decision-making. We report a comprehensive analysis of clinico-pathological and molecular features (KRAS, BRAF and microsatellite instability, MSI) as well as of selected tumour- and host-related protein markers characterizing CIMP-high (CIMP-H), -low, and -negative colorectal cancers. Immunohistochemical analysis for 48 protein markers and molecular analysis of CIMP (CIMP-H: ≥ 4/5 methylated genes), MSI (MSI-H: ≥ 2 instable genes), KRAS, and BRAF were performed on 337 colorectal cancers. Simple and multiple regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed. CIMP-H was found in 24 cases (7.1%) and linked (p < 0.0001) to more proximal tumour location, BRAF mutation, MSI-H, MGMT methylation (p = 0.022), advanced pT classification (p = 0.03), mucinous histology (p = 0.069), and less frequent KRAS mutation (p = 0.067) compared to CIMP-low or -negative cases. Of the 48 protein markers, decreased levels of RKIP (p = 0.0056), EphB2 (p = 0.0045), CK20 (p = 0.002), and Cdx2 (p < 0.0001) and increased numbers of CD8+ intra-epithelial lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) were related to CIMP-H, independently of MSI status. In addition to the expected clinico-pathological and molecular associations, CIMP-H colorectal cancers are characterized by a loss of protein markers associated with differentiation, and metastasis suppression, and have increased CD8+ T-lymphocytes regardless of MSI status. In particular, Cdx2 loss seems to strongly predict CIMP-H in both microsatellite-stable (MSS) and MSI-H colorectal cancers. Cdx2 is proposed as a surrogate marker for CIMP-H.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 40, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rawson JB, Mrkonjic M, Daftary D, Dicks E, Buchanan DD, Younghusband HB, Parfrey PS, Young JP, Pollett A, Green RC, Gallinger S, McLaughlin JR, Knight JA, Bapat B. Promoter methylation of Wnt5a is associated with microsatellite instability and BRAF V600E mutation in two large populations of colorectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1906-12. [PMID: 21587258 PMCID: PMC3111198 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In colorectal cancer (CRC), tumour microsatellite instability (MSI) status and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status are indicators of patient outcome, but the molecular events that give rise to these outcomes remain largely unknown. Wnt5a is a critical regulator of non-canonical Wnt activity and promoter hypermethylation of this gene has emerging prognostic roles in CRC; however the frequency and prognostic significance of this epigenetic event have not been explored in the context of colorectal tumour subtype. Consequently, we investigated the frequency and prognostic significance of Wnt5a methylation in a large cohort of MSI-stratified CRCs. Methods: Methylation was quantified in a large cohort of 1232 colorectal carcinomas from two clinically distinct populations from Canada. Associations were examined between methylation status and clinicopathlogical features, including tumour MSI status, BRAF V600E mutation, and patient survival. Results: In Ontario, Wnt5a methylation was strongly associated with MSI tumours after adjustment for age, sex, and tumour location (odds ratio (OR)=4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.4–7.4, P<10−6) and with BRAF V600E mutation, a marker of CIMP (OR=12.3, 95% CI=6.9–21.7, P<10−17), but was not associated with patient survival. Concordant results were obtained in Newfoundland. Conclusion: Methylation of Wnt5a is associated with distinct tumour subtypes, strengthening the evidence of an epigenetic-mediated Wnt bias in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Rawson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Curtin K, Slattery ML, Samowitz WS. CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer: past, present and future. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:902674. [PMID: 21559209 PMCID: PMC3090226 DOI: 10.4061/2011/902674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a CpG island methylator phenotype, or CIMP, quickly became the focus of several colorectal cancer studies describing its clinical and pathological features after its introduction in 1999 by Toyota and colleagues. Further characterization of CIMP in tumors lead to widespread acceptance of the concept, as expressed by Shen and Issa in their 2005 editorial, "CIMP, at last." Since that time, extensive research efforts have brought great insights into the epidemiology and prognosis of CIMP+ tumors and other epigenetic mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. With the advances in technology and subsequent cataloging of the human methylome in cancer and normal tissue, new directions in research to understand CIMP and its role in complex biological systems yield hope for future epigenetically based diagnostics and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Curtin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Martha L. Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wade S. Samowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|