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Pollari E, Tegelberg S, Björklund H, Kälviäinen R, Lehesjoki AE, Haapalinna A. In depth behavioral phenotyping unravels complex motor disturbances in Cstb-/- mouse, a model for progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 1. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1325051. [PMID: 38179183 PMCID: PMC10764494 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1325051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 1 (EPM1) is an autosomal recessively inherited childhood-adolescence onset neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the cystatin B (CSTB gene). The key clinical manifestation in EPM1 is progressive, stimulus-sensitive, in particular action-induced myoclonus. The cystatin B-deficient mouse model, Cstb-/-, has been described to present with myoclonic seizures and progressive ataxia. Here we describe results from in-depth behavioral phenotyping of the Cstb-/- mouse model in pure isogenic 129S2/SvHsd background covering ages from 1.5 to 6 months. We developed a method for software-assisted detection of myoclonus from video recordings of the Cstb-/- mice. Additionally, we observed that the mice were hyperactive and showed reduced startle response, problems in motor coordination and lack of inhibition. We were, however, not able to demonstrate an ataxic phenotype in them. This detailed behavioral phenotyping of the Cstb-/- mice reveals new aspects of this mouse model. The nature of the motor problems in the Cstb-/- mice seems to be more complex and more resembling the human phenotype than initially described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saara Tegelberg
- Folkhälsan Research Center and Medicum, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- Epilepsy Center, Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Folkhälsan Research Center and Medicum, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Trstenjak-Prebanda M, Biasizzo M, Dolinar K, Pirkmajer S, Turk B, Brault V, Herault Y, Kopitar-Jerala N. Stefin B Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via AMPK/mTOR Signalling. Cells 2023; 12:2731. [PMID: 38067160 PMCID: PMC10798374 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stefin B (cystatin B) is an inhibitor of lysosomal and nuclear cysteine cathepsins. The gene for stefin B is located on human chromosome 21 and its expression is upregulated in the brains of individuals with Down syndrome. Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the stefin B gene lead to Unverricht-Lundborg disease-progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 1 (EPM1) in humans. In our past study, we demonstrated that mice lacking stefin B were significantly more sensitive to sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and secreted higher levels of interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) due to increased inflammasome activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Here, we report lower interleukin 1-β processing and caspase-11 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages prepared from mice that have an additional copy of the stefin B gene. Increased expression of stefin B downregulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lowered the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in macrophages. We determined higher AMP-activated kinase phosphorylation and downregulation of mTOR activity in stefin B trisomic macrophages-macrophages with increased stefin B expression. Our study showed that increased stefin B expression downregulated mitochondrial ROS generation and increased autophagy. The present work contributes to a better understanding of the role of stefin B in regulation of autophagy and inflammasome activation in macrophages and could help to develop new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Trstenjak-Prebanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Biasizzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Dolinar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronique Brault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (V.B.)
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (V.B.)
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, INSERM, CNRS, Universite’ de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Nataša Kopitar-Jerala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Stańczykiewicz B, Łuc M, Banach M, Zabłocka A. Cystatins: unravelling the biological implications for neuroprotection. Arch Med Sci 2023; 20:157-166. [PMID: 38414464 PMCID: PMC10895963 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/171706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystatins, a family of proteins known for their inhibitory role against cysteine proteases, have garnered significant attention in the field of neurodegeneration. Numerous genetic, experimental, and clinical studies concerning cystatin C suggest it plays an important role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Its beneficial effects are associated with cysteine protease inhibition, impact on β-amyloid aggregation, as well as regulation of cell proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Cystatin isolated from chicken egg white, called ovocystatin, has been widely used in medical and pharmaceutical research due to its structural and biological similarities to human cystatin C. This article focuses on the potential use of cystatins, with special emphasis on easily obtained ovocystatin, in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia. The current evidence on cystatin use has shed light on its mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications for neuroprotection and maintenance of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Stańczykiewicz
- Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łuc
- Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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4
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Liu L, Jiang Y, Steinle JJ. Loss of cystatin C regulates permeability and inflammatory pathways in retina. Microvasc Res 2023; 148:104510. [PMID: 36822364 PMCID: PMC10258155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin C has been linked to inflammation in other diseases, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. These studies were designed to investigate whether Cystatin C regulates retinal inflammation and permeability. To address this question, we used Cystatin C knockout mice in a retinal ischemia/reperfusion model to determine whether Cystatin C regulated retinal damage, as well as inflammatory mediators and retinal permeability. To support the mouse work, we also used primary retinal endothelial cells cultured in normal and high glucose. Ischemia/reperfusion in Cystatin C knockout mice caused increased formation of degenerate capillaries. Loss of Cystatin C increased fluorescein leakage in the retina, which was accompanied by reduced levels of zonula occludin 1 (ZO-1) and occludin proteins. When REC were grown in high glucose, recombinant Cystatin C decreased retinal permeability, while Cystatin C siRNA increased dextran flux compared to high glucose alone. Recombinant Cystatin C decreased levels of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels. In conclusion, loss of Cystatin C increased vascular damage in response to ischemia/reperfusion. Cystatin C regulated permeability and inflammatory mediators in the retina in response to stressors. Cystatin C offers a new target for retinal disease therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Youde Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jena J Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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5
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Lucchino V, Scaramuzzino L, Scalise S, Lo Conte M, Zannino C, Benedetto GL, Aguglia U, Ferlazzo E, Cuda G, Parrotta EI. Insights into the Genetic Profile of Two Siblings Affected by Unverricht-Lundborg Disease Using Patient-Derived hiPSCs. Cells 2022; 11:3491. [PMID: 36359887 PMCID: PMC9655992 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unverricht-Lundborg disease (ULD), also known as progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1 (EPM1), is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a complex symptomatology that includes action- and stimulus-sensitive myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. The main cause of the onset and development of ULD is a repeat expansion of a dodecamer sequence localized in the promoter region of the gene encoding cystatin B (CSTB), an inhibitor of lysosomal proteases. Although this is the predominant mutation found in most patients, the physio-pathological mechanisms underlying the disease complexity remain largely unknown. In this work, we used patient-specific iPSCs and their neuronal derivatives to gain insight into the molecular and genetic machinery responsible for the disease in two Italian siblings affected by different phenotypes of ULD. Specifically, fragment length analysis on amplified CSTB promoters found homozygous status for dodecamer expansion in both patients and showed that the number of dodecamer repeats is the same in both. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assay showed that the CSTB promoter activity was similarly reduced in both lines compared to the control. This information allowed us to draw important conclusions: (1) the phenotypic differences of the patients do not seem to be strictly dependent on the genetic mutation around the CSTB gene, and (2) that some other molecular mechanisms, not yet clearly identified, might be taken into account. In line with the inhibitory role of cystatin B on cathepsins, molecular investigations performed on iPSCs-derived neurons showed an increased expression of lysosomal cathepsins (B, D, and L) and a reduced expression of CSTB protein. Intriguingly, the increase in cathepsin expression does not appear to be correlated with the residual amount of CSTB, suggesting that other mechanisms, in addition to the regulation of cathepsins, could be involved in the pathological complexity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lucchino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luana Scaramuzzino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michela Lo Conte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Clara Zannino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgia Lucia Benedetto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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6
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Cao B, Luo M, Li J, Lu Y, Chang Y, Chen Z, Li R, Hu B, Lu Z, Qiu W, Shu Y. Cerebrospinal fluid cystatin C levels in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and other neurological diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 369:577900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Ye F, Wang T, Li H, Liang J, Wu X, Sheng W. Serum Cystatin C as a Potential Predictor of the Severity of Multiple System Atrophy With Predominant Cerebellar Ataxia: A Case-Control Study in Chinese Population. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:663980. [PMID: 34566557 PMCID: PMC8461053 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.663980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a serious neurodegenerative disease that is charactered by progressive neurological disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of serum oxidant factors with the severity of MSA. Methods: A total of 52 MSA patients and 52 age- and gender- matched healthy subjects were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Enzymatic colorimetric methods were used to assay the concentrations of uric acid (UA), serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and cystatin C (Cys-C). Disease severity was evaluated by the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS). The disease progression rate was defined by the change in UMSARS-IV (global disability score, GDS) over a 1-year period. Results: Comparisons between the two groups revealed that there were no significant differences in terms of serum Scr (70.81 ± 13.88 vs. 70.92 ± 14.19 μmol/L, p = 0.967). However, the serum levels of the other three biomarkers were significantly higher in the MSA patients (UA: 325.31 ± 84.92 vs. 291.19 ± 64.14 μmol/L, p = 0.023; BUN: 5.68 ± 1.67 vs. 4.60 ± 1.24 mmol/L, p < 0.001; Cys-C: 0.96 ± 0.15 vs. 0.89 ± 0.14 mg/L, p = 0.024). In addition, Pearson correlation analyses revealed that only serum Cys-C was significantly correlated to GDS (r = 0.281, p = 0.044). Subgroup analysis further demonstrated that serum Cys-C was the only factor that was positively associated with the disease severity in patients with MSA and predominant cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) (r = 0.444, p = 0.018); there was no significant association in MSA patients with predominant Parkinsonism (MSA-P) (r = 0.118, p = 0.582). MSA-C patients with severe disability were shown to express higher serum levels of Cys-C than patients with mild disability (1.03 ± 0.13 vs. 0.88 ± 0.12 mg/L, p = 0.009). Finally, Kaplan-Meier plots revealed a significant difference in the 5-year probability of survival from severe disability between MSA-C patients with high- and low-concentrations of serum Cys-C (Log-rank test: X2 = 4.154, p = 0.042). ROC curve analysis confirmed that serum Cys-C exhibits good performance as a biomarker (AUC = 0.847). Conclusion: Our research indicated that oxidative stress plays a vital role in MSA. Serum Cys-C represents a potential prognostic biomarker to evaluate the severity of disease in patients with MSA-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Sheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Zaccaria A, Antinori P, Licker V, Kövari E, Lobrinus JA, Burkhard PR. Multiomic Analyses of Dopaminergic Neurons Isolated from Human Substantia Nigra in Parkinson's Disease: A Descriptive and Exploratory Study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2805-2818. [PMID: 34528139 PMCID: PMC9561004 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons (DA) of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) selectively and progressively degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Until now, molecular analyses of DA in PD have been limited to genomic or transcriptomic approaches, whereas, to the best of our knowledge, no proteomic or combined multiomic study examining the protein profile of these neurons is currently available. In this exploratory study, we used laser capture microdissection to extract regions from DA in 10 human SNpc obtained at autopsy in PD patients and control subjects. Extracted RNA and proteins were identified by RNA sequencing and nanoliquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively, and the differential expression between PD and control group was assessed. Qualitative analyses confirmed that the microdissection protocol preserves the integrity of our samples and offers access to specific molecular pathways. This multiomic analysis highlighted differential expression of 52 genes and 33 proteins, including molecules of interest already known to be dysregulated in PD, such as LRP2, PNMT, CXCR4, MAOA and CBLN1 genes, or the Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 protein. On the other hand, despite the same samples were used for both analyses, correlation between RNA and protein expression was low, as exemplified by the CST3 gene encoding for the cystatin C protein. This is the first exploratory study analyzing both gene and protein expression of laser-dissected neuronal parts from SNpc in PD. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024748 and via GEO with identifier GSE 169755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Affif Zaccaria
- Neuroproteomics Group, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Paola Antinori
- Neuroproteomics Group, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Licker
- Neuroproteomics Group, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enikö Kövari
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre R Burkhard
- Neuroproteomics Group, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Cystatin C Deficiency Increases LPS-Induced Sepsis and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082071. [PMID: 34440840 PMCID: PMC8391971 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C is a potent cysteine protease inhibitor that plays an important role in various biological processes including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of CstC in inflammation is still unclear. In this study we demonstrated that cystatin C-deficient mice were significantly more sensitive to the lethal LPS-induced sepsis. We further showed increased caspase-11 gene expression and enhanced processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in CstC KO bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) upon LPS and ATP stimulation. Pre-treatment of BMDMs with the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor E-64d did not reverse the effect of CstC deficiency on IL-1β processing and secretion, suggesting that the increased cysteine cathepsin activity determined in CstC KO BMDMs is not essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The CstC deficiency had no effect on (mitochondrial) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the MAPK signaling pathway or the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. However, CstC-deficient BMDMs showed dysfunctional autophagy, as autophagy induction via mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways was suppressed and accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 indicated a reduced autophagic flux. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the excessive inflammatory response to the LPS-induced sepsis in CstC KO mice is dependent on increased caspase-11 expression and impaired autophagy, but is not associated with increased cysteine cathepsin activity.
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Nagakannan P, Islam MI, Conrad M, Eftekharpour E. Cathepsin B is an executioner of ferroptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118928. [PMID: 33340545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a necrotic form of cell death caused by inactivation of the glutathione system and uncontrolled iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Increasing evidence implicates ferroptosis in a wide range of diseases from neurotrauma to cancer, highlighting the importance of identifying an executioner system that can be exploited for clinical applications. In this study, using pharmacological and genetic models of ferroptosis, we observed that lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cytoplasmic leakage of cathepsin B unleashes structural and functional changes in mitochondria and promotes a not previously reported cleavage of histone H3. Inhibition of cathepsin-B robustly rescued cellular membrane integrity and chromatin degradation. We show that these protective effects are independent of glutathione peroxidase-4 and are mediated by preventing lysosomal membrane damage. This was further confirmed when cathepsin B knockout primary fibroblasts remained unaffected in response to various ferroptosis inducers. Our work identifies new and yet-unrecognized aspects of ferroptosis and identifies cathepsin B as a mediator of ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Md Imamul Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute for Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Sierra-Torre V, Plaza-Zabala A, Bonifazi P, Abiega O, Díaz-Aparicio I, Tegelberg S, Lehesjoki AE, Valero J, Sierra A. Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in the dentate gyrus is related to local neuronal activity in a genetic model of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2593-2608. [PMID: 32940364 PMCID: PMC7756777 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is an essential component of the brain regenerative response during neurodegeneration. Whereas it is very efficient in physiological conditions, it is impaired in mouse and human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and now we extend our studies to a model of progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 1 in mice lacking cystatin B (CSTB). METHODS We used confocal imaging and stereology-based quantification of apoptosis and phagocytosis of the hippocampus of Cstb knockout (KO) mice, an in vitro model of phagocytosis and siRNAs to acutely reduce Cstb expression, and a virtual three-dimensional (3D) model to analyze the physical relationship between apoptosis, phagocytosis, and active hippocampal neurons. RESULTS Microglial phagocytosis was impaired in the hippocampus of Cstb KO mice at 1 month of age, when seizures arise and hippocampal atrophy begins. This impairment was not related to the lack of Cstb in microglia alone, as shown by in vitro experiments with microglial Cstb depletion. The phagocytosis impairment was also unrelated to seizures, as it was also present in Cstb KO mice at postnatal day 14, before seizures begin. Importantly, phagocytosis impairment was restricted to the granule cell layer and spared the subgranular zone, where there are no active neurons. Furthermore, apoptotic cells (both phagocytosed and not phagocytosed) in Cstb-deficient mice were at close proximity to active cFos+ neurons, and a virtual 3D model demonstrated that the physical relationship between apoptotic cells and cFos+ neurons was specific for Cstb KO mice. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest a complex crosstalk between apoptosis, phagocytosis, and neuronal activity, hinting that local neuronal activity could be related to phagocytosis dysfunction in Cstb KO mice. Overall, these data suggest that phagocytosis impairment is an early feature of hippocampal damage in epilepsy and opens novel therapeutic approaches for epileptic patients based on targeting microglial phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Sierra-Torre
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain
| | - Paolo Bonifazi
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain.,Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Irune Díaz-Aparicio
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Saara Tegelberg
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jorge Valero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:94-127. [PMID: 32259579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are small specialized organelles containing a variety of different hydrolase enzymes that are responsible for degradation of all macromolecules, entering the cells through the endosomal system or originated from the internal sources. This allows for transport and recycling of nutrients and internalization of surface proteins for antigen presentation as well as maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are also important storage compartments for metal ions and nutrients. The integrity of lysosomal membrane is central to maintaining their normal function, but like other cellular membranes, lysosomal membrane is subject to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species. This results in spillage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, leading to proteolytic damage to cellular systems and organelles. Several forms of lysosomal dependent cell death have been identified in diseases. Examination of these events are important for finding treatment strategies relevant to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases as well as autoimmune deficiencies. In this review, we have examined the current literature on involvement of lysosomes in induction of programed cell death and have provided an extensive list of therapeutic approaches that can modulate cell death. Exploitation of these mechanisms can lead to novel therapies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Parisa Tabeshmehr
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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13
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Di Matteo F, Pipicelli F, Kyrousi C, Tovecci I, Penna E, Crispino M, Chambery A, Russo R, Ayo-Martin AC, Giordano M, Hoffmann A, Ciusani E, Canafoglia L, Götz M, Di Giaimo R, Cappello S. Cystatin B is essential for proliferation and interneuron migration in individuals with EPM1 epilepsy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11419. [PMID: 32378798 PMCID: PMC7278547 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) of Unverricht–Lundborg type (EPM1) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder with the highest incidence of PME worldwide. Mutations in the gene encoding cystatin B (CSTB) are the primary genetic cause of EPM1. Here, we investigate the role of CSTB during neurogenesis in vivo in the developing mouse brain and in vitro in human cerebral organoids (hCOs) derived from EPM1 patients. We find that CSTB (but not one of its pathological variants) is secreted into the mouse cerebral spinal fluid and the conditioned media from hCOs. In embryonic mouse brain, we find that functional CSTB influences progenitors’ proliferation and modulates neuronal distribution by attracting interneurons to the site of secretion via cell‐non‐autonomous mechanisms. Similarly, in patient‐derived hCOs, low levels of functional CSTB result in an alteration of progenitor's proliferation, premature differentiation, and changes in interneurons migration. Secretion and extracellular matrix organization are the biological processes particularly affected as suggested by a proteomic analysis in patients’ hCOs. Overall, our study sheds new light on the cellular mechanisms underlying the development of EPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Matteo
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabrizia Pipicelli
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Isabella Tovecci
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Ane Cristina Ayo-Martin
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Emilio Ciusani
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Planegg/Martinsried, Germany.,Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Planegg/Martinsried, Germany.,SyNergy Excellence Cluster, Munich, Germany
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Pérez-González R, Sahoo S, Gauthier SA, Kim Y, Li M, Kumar A, Pawlik M, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Levy E. Neuroprotection mediated by cystatin C-loaded extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11104. [PMID: 31367000 PMCID: PMC6668451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C (CysC) is implicated in neuroprotection and repair in the nervous system in response to diverse neurotoxic conditions. In addition to being secreted from cells in a soluble form, CysC is released by cells in association with extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes. We demonstrate that EVs containing CysC protect cultured cells from starvation-induced death. Moreover, while EVs secreted by CysC-deficient cells were not protective, EVs secreted by CysC-deficient cells treated with exogenous human CysC significantly enhanced the survival of the cells. CysC also plays a role in modulating the secretion of EVs, enhancing secretion of EVs by primary cortical neurons and primary cortical smooth muscle cells. Confirming these in vitro findings, higher EV levels were observed in the brain extracellular space of transgenic mice expressing human CysC as compared to littermate controls. Regulation of cell-secreted EV levels and content in the brain is likely to be essential to maintaining normal brain function. We propose that enhanced EV release could rescue the deleterious effects of dysfunction of the endosomal-lysosomal system in neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, a higher level of CysC-loaded EVs released from cells in the central nervous system has important protective functions, representing a potential therapeutic tool for disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pérez-González
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, USA
| | | | - Yohan Kim
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meihua Li
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Asok Kumar
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- The Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Žerovnik E. Possible Mechanisms by which Stefin B could Regulate Proteostasis and Oxidative Stress. Cells 2019; 8:E70. [PMID: 30669344 PMCID: PMC6357131 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human stefin B is a protease inhibitor from the family of cystatins. It was reported that it forms oligomers in cells. We have shown that it has a role in cell's response to misfolded proteins. We also have shown that its oligomers bind amyloid-beta (Aβ). Here, we discuss ways, how stefin B could reduce build-up of protein aggregates by other proteins and consequently reduces ROS and, how this might be connected to autophagy. When overexpressed, stefin B forms protein aggregates itself and these protein aggregates induce autophagy. Similarly, cystatin C was shown to bind Aβ and to induce autophagy. It is also suggested how more knowledge about the role of stefin B in a cell's response to misfolded proteins could be used to modulate progressive myoclonus epilepsy of type 1 EPM1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Kaur G, Gauthier SA, Perez-Gonzalez R, Pawlik M, Singh AB, Cosby B, Mohan PS, Smiley JF, Levy E. Cystatin C prevents neuronal loss and behavioral deficits via the endosomal pathway in a mouse model of down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:165-173. [PMID: 30176349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C (CysC) plays diverse protective roles under conditions of neuronal challenge. We investigated whether CysC protects from trisomy-induced pathologies in a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of developmental cognitive and behavioral impairments in humans. We have previously shown that the segmental trisomy mouse model, Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje (Ts2) has DS-like neuronal and behavioral deficiencies. The current study reveals that transgene-mediated low levels of human CysC overexpression has a preventive effect on numerous neuropathologies in the brains of Ts2 mice, including reducing early and late endosome enlargement in cortical neurons and decreasing loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). Consistent with these cellular benefits, behavioral dysfunctions were also prevented, including deficits in nesting behavior and spatial memory. We determined that the CysC-induced neuroprotective mechanism involves activation of the phosphotidylinositol kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. Activating this pathway leads to enhanced clearance of accumulated endosomal substrates, protecting cells from DS-mediated dysfunctions in the endosomal system and, for BFCNs, from neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that modulation of the PI3/AKT pathway offers novel therapeutic interventions for patients with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monika Pawlik
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962
| | | | | | | | - John F Smiley
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
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17
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Zhu Y, Yang M, Li F, Li M, Xu Z, Yang F, Liu Y, Chen W, Zhang Y, Xu R. Aberrant Levels of Cystatin C in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1041-1053. [PMID: 29989057 PMCID: PMC6036727 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidences suggest that Cystatin C (Cys C) levels might be a biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) diagnosis, but the conclusion is still in doubts. We conducted a systematic review and meta analysis of Cys C levels in cerebrospinal cord fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood of patients with ALS in order to further confirm whether or not Cys C levels is a biomarker in ALS diagnosis. The English relevant studies without year limitation were systematically searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science databases. The searched term contained "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" or "Motor Neuron Diseases" and "Cystatin C" and "Cerebrospinal fluid" or "CSF" or "Biomarker" or "Serum" or "Plasma" or "Blood". Observational studies reporting the associations between Cys C levels and ALS patients were selected to conduct a systematic review and meta analysis. Two reviewers performed the selection of this study independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assesses the quality and risk of bias of selected studies. Estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. The Cys C levels of CSF or peripheral blood in ALS patients compared with health controls (HCs) and several relevant neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Sixteen studies were included in our systematic review, 9 of them were selected to perform the meta analysis. Of these, eight studies measured Cys C levels in CSF and three studies measured it in blood. Cys C levels in CSF were significantly lower in ALS patients than in HCs (Hedge's g = -1.398, 95%CI: -2.43 to -0.36; p = 0.008), but there was no statistical difference between ALS patients and several relevant NDDs. No statistically significant difference in the Cys C levels of blood in the comparison between ALS and HCs. The correlation meta analysis presented no significant correlation between Cys C levels in CSF and age or disease duration respectively. Cys C levels significantly decrease in the CSF of ALS patients, but are not a specific biomarker for this disease. Cys C levels in CSF might be an auxiliary diagnostic biomarker of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangjun Li
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Menghua Li
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yougen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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18
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Shu Y, Zhang L, Chang Y, Li R, Sun X, Li J, Wu H, Yang Y, Peng L, Lu Z, Kermode AG, Qiu W. Association of serum Cystatin C with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:999-1002. [PMID: 29603501 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Shu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Neurology; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Zhuhai Guangdong China
| | - Y. Chang
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - R. Li
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - X. Sun
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - J. Li
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - H. Wu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Yang
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - L. Peng
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Z. Lu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - A. G. Kermode
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Neurology; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
| | - W. Qiu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
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19
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Shu Y, Chang Y, Wu H, Li J, Cao B, Sun X, Wang J, Peng L, Hu X, Yu X, Qiu W. Serum cystatin C and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Acta Neurol Scand 2018; 137:515-522. [PMID: 29315460 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystatin C (CysC) is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmune diseases, but its relationship with anti-N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is unknown. METHODS Serum levels of CysC were determined in 66 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and 115 healthy controls. Of the 66 patients, 30 had a follow-up evaluation at 3 months after admission. Association of CysC with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and its clinical parameters were evaluated in the patients. RESULTS The serum levels of CysC were significantly lower in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis than in controls (0.70 ± 0.13 vs 0.83 ± 0.17 mg/mL, P < .001). Disease severity and disease duration were significantly associated with CysC levels. Furthermore, a follow-up evaluation revealed that after treatment anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients had significantly increased serum CysC levels (P < .001) and significantly decreased modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores (P < .001) compared with before treatment. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the change in CysC levels and the change in mRS scores (r = -.700, P < .001). CONCLUSION Our results show that the serum levels of CysC are associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and its clinical parameters and that the changes in CysC levels correlate with therapeutic effect. Therefore, our findings provide new insights into the association between serum CysC and anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Shu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Chang
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - H. Wu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - J. Li
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - B. Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - X. Sun
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - L. Peng
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - X. Hu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - X. Yu
- Priority Area Asthma and Allergy; Research Center Borstel; Airway Research Center North (ARCN); German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Borstel Germany
| | - W. Qiu
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
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20
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Lee JH, Lee AJ, Dang LH, Pang D, Kisselev S, Krinsky-McHale SJ, Zigman WB, Luchsinger JA, Silverman W, Tycko B, Clark LN, Schupf N. Candidate gene analysis for Alzheimer's disease in adults with Down syndrome. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:150-158. [PMID: 28554490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) overexpress many genes on chromosome 21 due to trisomy and have high risk of dementia due to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. However, there is a wide range of phenotypic differences (e.g., age at onset of AD, amyloid β levels) among adults with DS, suggesting the importance of factors that modify risk within this particularly vulnerable population, including genotypic variability. Previous genetic studies in the general population have identified multiple genes that are associated with AD. This study examined the contribution of polymorphisms in these genes to the risk of AD in adults with DS ranging from 30 to 78 years of age at study entry (N = 320). We used multiple logistic regressions to estimate the likelihood of AD using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, level of intellectual disability and APOE genotype. This study identified multiple SNPs in APP and CST3 that were associated with AD at a gene-wise level empirical p-value of 0.05, with odds ratios in the range of 1.5-2. SNPs in MARK4 were marginally associated with AD. CST3 and MARK4 may contribute to our understanding of potential mechanisms where CST3 may contribute to the amyloid pathway by inhibiting plaque formation, and MARK4 may contribute to the regulation of the transition between stable and dynamic microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Lee
- Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Annie J Lee
- Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lam-Ha Dang
- Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah Pang
- Department of Psychology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Sergey Kisselev
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon J Krinsky-McHale
- Department of Psychology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Warren B Zigman
- Department of Psychology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - José A Luchsinger
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorraine N Clark
- Taub Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Elevated Cystatin C Levels Are Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Progression of Parkinson Disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 2017; 29:144-9. [PMID: 27662452 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between serum cystatin C (CysC) levels and cognitive dysfunction and disease progression in patients with Parkinson disease. BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported altered CysC levels in neurodegenerative disorders, but only a few studies have explored the role of CysC and its relationship to cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson disease. METHODS We measured serum levels of CysC, creatinine, urea, and uric acid in 142 patients with Parkinson disease and 146 healthy controls. We assessed disease progression using the Hoehn and Yahr scale, and cognitive function using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Beijing version). RESULTS The patients with Parkinson disease had significantly higher CysC levels than the controls (P<0.001). CysC level correlated significantly with age (r=0.494, P<0.001), sex (r=0.150, P=0.011), and serum creatinine level (r=0.377, P<0.001), but not with levels of urea or uric acid (P>0.05). CysC level was a significant independent predictor of Parkinson disease (odds ratio=23.143, 95% confidence interval: 5.485-97.648, P<0.001) in multivariate logistic regression analysis. In the Parkinson disease group, a higher CysC level was associated with a more advanced Hoehn and Yahr stage (r=0.098, P<0.05) and a lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (r=-0.381, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Serum CysC levels can predict disease severity and cognitive dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease. The exact role of CysC remains to be determined.
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22
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Wang R, Chen Z, Fu Y, Wei X, Liao J, Liu X, He B, Xu Y, Zou J, Yang X, Weng R, Tan S, McElroy C, Jin K, Wang Q. Plasma Cystatin C and High-Density Lipoprotein Are Important Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:26. [PMID: 28223934 PMCID: PMC5294921 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cystatin C (Cys C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) play critical roles in neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). However, whether they can be used as reliable biomarkers to distinguish patients with dementia from healthy subjects and to determine disease severity remain largely unknown. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine plasma Cys C and HDL levels of 88 patients with dementia (43 AD patients, 45 VaD patients) and 45 healthy age-matched controls. The severity of dementia was determined based on the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale, the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), the Lawton Instrumental ADL (IADL) Scale, and the Hachinski Ischemia Scale (Hachinski). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the diagnostic accuracy of Cys C and HDL levels in distinguishing patients with dementia from healthy subjects. Results: We found that plasma Cys C levels were higher, but HDL levels were lower in AD and VaD patients respectively, compared to healthy control subjects. Yet, Cys C levels were highest among patients with VaD. Interestingly, plasma Cys C levels were significantly correlated with IADL Scale scores. In addition, the ROC curves for Cys C (area under the curve, AUC 0.816 for AD, AUC 0.841 for VaD) and HDL (AUC 0.800 for AD, AUC 0.731 for VaD) exhibited potential diagnostic value in distinguishing AD/VaD patients from healthy subjects. While the ROC curve for the combination of Cys C and HDL (AUC 0.873 for AD, AUC 0.897 for VaD) showed higher diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing AD/VaD patients from healthy subjects than the separate curves for each parameter. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the inflammatory mediators Cys C and HDL may play important roles in the pathogenesis of dementia, and plasma Cys C and HDL levels may be useful screening tools for differentiating AD/VaD patients from healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Chen
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Fu
- Departments of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinchi Liao
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingjun He
- Departments of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Departments of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihui Weng
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Departments of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, China
| | - Christopher McElroy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Departments of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseGuangzhou, China
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Mathews PM, Levy E. Cystatin C in aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:38-50. [PMID: 27333827 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the function of catalytically active proteases is regulated, in part, by their endogenous inhibitors, and any change in the synthesis and/or function of a protease or its endogenous inhibitors may result in inappropriate protease activity. Altered proteolysis as a result of an imbalance between active proteases and their endogenous inhibitors can occur during normal aging, and such changes have also been associated with multiple neuronal diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), rare heritable neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia, some forms of epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the most extensively studied endogenous inhibitor is the cysteine-protease inhibitor cystatin C (CysC). Changes in the expression and secretion of CysC in the brain have been described in various neurological disorders and in animal models of neurodegeneration, underscoring a role for CysC in these conditions. In the brain, multiple in vitro and in vivo findings have demonstrated that CysC plays protective roles via pathways that depend upon the inhibition of endosomal-lysosomal pathway cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B (Cat B), via the induction of cellular autophagy, via the induction of cell proliferation, or via the inhibition of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. We review the data demonstrating the protective roles of CysC under conditions of neuronal challenge and the protective pathways induced by CysC under various conditions. Beyond highlighting the essential role that balanced proteolytic activity plays in supporting normal brain aging, these findings suggest that CysC is a therapeutic candidate that can potentially prevent brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mathews
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Gómez-Sintes R, Ledesma MD, Boya P. Lysosomal cell death mechanisms in aging. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:150-168. [PMID: 26947122 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradative organelles essential for cell homeostasis that regulate a variety of processes, from calcium signaling and nutrient responses to autophagic degradation of intracellular components. Lysosomal cell death is mediated by the lethal effects of cathepsins, which are released into the cytoplasm following lysosomal damage. This process of lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin release is observed in several physiopathological conditions and plays a role in tissue remodeling, the immune response to intracellular pathogens and neurodegenerative diseases. Many evidences indicate that aging strongly influences lysosomal activity by altering the physical and chemical properties of these organelles, rendering them more sensitive to stress. In this review we focus on how aging alters lysosomal function and increases cell sensitivity to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lysosomal cell death, both in physiological conditions and age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Žerovnik E. Putative alternative functions of human stefin B (cystatin B): binding to amyloid-beta, membranes, and copper. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [PMID: 27577977 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe studies performed thus far on stefin B from the family of cystatins as a model protein for folding and amyloid fibril formation studies. We also briefly mention our studies on aggregation of some of the missense EPM1 mutants of stefin B in cells, which mimic additional pathological traits (gain in toxic function) in selected patients with EPM1 disease. We collected data on the reported interactors of stefin B and discuss several hypotheses of possible cytosolic alternative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,CipKeBip-Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Damm T, Spiegel H, Barth S, Fischer R, Naehring J. Development of a Competitive Cystatin C-Specific Bioassay Suitable for Repetitive Measurements. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147177. [PMID: 26799562 PMCID: PMC4723070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cystatin C (hCC), a cysteine protease inhibitor, has been proposed as a diagnostic marker because its serum levels correlate with certain cardiovascular and kidney diseases. All current hCC assays are based on ex vivo detection. Here we describe the generation and evaluation of antibodies that allow the repetitive binding and release of hCC and hCC-fusion proteins, a prerequisite for long-term measurement, which is required for compatibility with implantable biochip devices and for the development of innovative antibody-based assays suitable for continuous in vivo and in vitro monitoring. Recombinant hCC and hCC-fusion proteins were produced in Escherichia coli and HEK293T cells and were used to generate antibodies by hybridoma technology. After screening by indirect and sandwich ELISAs, 12 monoclonal hybridoma cell lines producing hCC-specific monoclonal antibodies were identified. To determine their hCC association and dissociation properties, the antibodies were analysed by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, revealing three with the desired fast binding and moderate-to-fast release characteristics. The analysis of binding and dissociation in the presence of hCC and hCC-fusion proteins using fluorescence-based replacement assays showed that mAb CyDI-4 was the most suitable for further analysis. The results showed that repetitive replacement on mAb CyDI-4 was possible and that most of the change in signal intensity occurred after 20-30 min. Furthermore, the suitability of mAb CyDI-4 for serum hCC measurement was confirmed by a fluorescence-based replacement assay using serially-diluted reference serum from the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (ERM-DA471/IFCC). Our results suggest that the assay covers the physiological and pathological ranges of hCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Damm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Institute for Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joerg Naehring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Železnik TZ, Kadin A, Turk V, Dolenc I. Aspartic cathepsin D degrades the cytosolic cysteine cathepsin inhibitor stefin B in the cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:213-7. [PMID: 26239660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stefin B is the major general cytosolic protein inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins. Its main function is to protect the organism against the activity of endogenous potentially hazardous proteases accidentally released from lysosomes. In this study, we investigated the possible effect of endosomal/lysosomal aspartic cathepsins D and E on stefin B after membrane permeabilization. Loss of membrane integrity of lysosomes and endosomes was induced by a lysosomotropic agent L-Leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (Leu-Leu-OMe). The rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5 was selected as a model cell line owing to its high levels of proteases, including cathepsin D and E. Permeabilization of acid vesicles from FRTL-5 cells induced degradation of stefin B. The process was inhibited by pepstatin A, a potent inhibitor of aspartic proteases. However, degradation of stefin B was prevented by siRNA-mediated silencing of cathepsin D expression. In contrast, cathepsin E silencing had no effect on stefin B degradation. These results showed that cathepsin D and not cathepsin E degrades stefin B. It can be concluded that the presence of cathepsin D in the cytosol affects the inhibitory potency of stefin B, thus preventing the regulation of cysteine cathepsin activities in various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajana Zajc Železnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrey Kadin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Dolenc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Roedersheimer M. Solving the Measurement Problem and then Steppin' Out over the Line Riding the Rarest Italian: Crossing the Streams to Retrieve Stable Bioactivity in Majorana Bound States of Dialy zed Human Platelet Lysates. Open Neurol J 2015; 9:32-44. [PMID: 26191092 PMCID: PMC4503829 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01509010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive dialysis (ED) of lysed human platelets against dilute HCl yields stable angiogenic activity. Dialysis against a constrained external volume, with subsequent relaxation of the separation upon opening the dialysis bag, produces material able to maintain phenotypes and viability of human cells in culture better than ED material. Significant graded changes in MTT viability measurement tracked with external volume. The presence of elements smaller than the MW cutoff, capable of setting up cycling currents initiated by oriented flow of HCl across the membrane, suggests that maturation of bioactivity occurred through establishment of a novel type of geometric phase. These information-rich bound states fit recent descriptions of topological order and Majorana fermions, suggesting relevance in testing Penrose and Hameroff's theory of Orchestrated Objective Reduction, under conditions more general, and on finer scales, than those dependent on tubulin protein. The Berry curvature appears to be a good tool for building a general field theory of physiologic stress dependent on the quantum Hall effect. A new form of geometric phase, and an associated "geometric" quantum Hall effect underlying memory retrieval, dependent on the rate of path traversal and reduction from more than two initial field influences is described.
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29
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Urbizu A, Canet-Pons J, Munoz-Marmol AM, Aldecoa I, Lopez MT, Compta Y, Alvarez R, Ispierto L, Tolosa E, Ariza A, Beyer K. Cystatin C is differentially involved in multiple system atrophy phenotypes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:507-19. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aintzane Urbizu
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud Germans Trias i Pujol; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
| | - Julia Canet-Pons
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud Germans Trias i Pujol; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ana M. Munoz-Marmol
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud Germans Trias i Pujol; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
| | - Iban Aldecoa
- Pathology Department; Hospital Clínic Barcelona; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria T. Lopez
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud Germans Trias i Pujol; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment; Servicio de Neurología; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ramiro Alvarez
- Servicio de Neurología; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
| | - Lourdes Ispierto
- Servicio de Neurología; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Unitat de Parkinson i Trastorns del Moviment; Servicio de Neurología; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Aurelio Ariza
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud Germans Trias i Pujol; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Katrin Beyer
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud Germans Trias i Pujol; Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol; Barcelona Spain
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30
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Cystatin C is a disease-associated protein subject to multiple regulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:442-51. [PMID: 25643616 PMCID: PMC7165929 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A protease inhibitor, cystatin C (Cst C), is a secreted cysteine protease inhibitor abundantly expressed in body fluids. Clinically, it is mostly used to measure glomerular filtration rate as a marker for kidney function due to its relatively small molecular weight and easy detection. However, recent findings suggest that Cst C is regulated at both transcriptional and post‐translational levels, and Cst C production from haematopoietic cell lineages contributes significantly to the systematic pools of Cst C. Furthermore, Cst C is directly linked to many pathologic processes through various mechanisms. Thus fluctuation of Cst C levels might have serious clinical implications rather than a mere reflection of kidney functions. Here, we summarize the pathophysiological roles of Cst C dependent and independent on its inhibition of proteases, outline its change of expression by various stimuli, and elucidate the regulatory mechanisms to control this disease‐related protease inhibitor. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications of these findings for translational gains.
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Polajnar M, Zavašnik-Bergant T, Škerget K, Vizovišek M, Vidmar R, Fonović M, Kopitar-Jerala N, Petrovič U, Navarro S, Ventura S, Žerovnik E. Human stefin B role in cell's response to misfolded proteins and autophagy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102500. [PMID: 25047918 PMCID: PMC4105463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative functions, apart from cathepsins inhibition, are being discovered for stefin B. Here, we investigate its role in vesicular trafficking and autophagy. Astrocytes isolated from stefin B knock-out (KO) mice exhibited an increased level of protein aggregates scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Addition of stefin B monomers or small oligomers to the cell medium reverted this phenotype, as imaged by confocal microscopy. To monitor the identity of proteins embedded within aggregates in wild type (wt) and KO cells, the insoluble cell lysate fractions were isolated and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Chaperones, tubulins, dyneins, and proteosomal components were detected in the insoluble fraction of wt cells but not in KO aggregates. In contrast, the insoluble fraction of KO cells exhibited increased levels of apolipoprotein E, fibronectin, clusterin, major prion protein, and serpins H1 and I2 and some proteins of lysosomal origin, such as cathepsin D and CD63, relative to wt astrocytes. Analysis of autophagy activity demonstrated that this pathway was less functional in KO astrocytes. In addition, synthetic dosage lethality (SDL) gene interactions analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing human stefin B suggests a role in transport of vesicles and vacuoles These activities would contribute, directly or indirectly to completion of autophagy in wt astrocytes and would account for the accumulation of protein aggregates in KO cells, since autophagy is a key pathway for the clearance of intracellular protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Polajnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Zavašnik-Bergant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Škerget
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Vidmar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Kopitar-Jerala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Petrovič
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Susanna Navarro
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- CipKeBip - Center of Excellence for integrated approaches in chemistry and biology of proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Joensuu T, Tegelberg S, Reinmaa E, Segerstråle M, Hakala P, Pehkonen H, Korpi ER, Tyynelä J, Taira T, Hovatta I, Kopra O, Lehesjoki AE. Gene expression alterations in the cerebellum and granule neurons of Cstb(-/-) mouse are associated with early synaptic changes and inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89321. [PMID: 24586687 PMCID: PMC3937333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1) is an autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative disease, manifesting with myoclonus, seizures and ataxia, caused by mutations in the cystatin B (CSTB) gene. With the aim of understanding the molecular basis of pathogenetic events in EPM1 we characterized gene expression changes in the cerebella of pre-symptomatic postnatal day 7 (P7) and symptomatic P30 cystatin B -deficient (Cstb(-/-) ) mice, a model for the disease, and in cultured Cstb(-/-) cerebellar granule cells using a pathway-based approach. Differentially expressed genes in P7 cerebella were connected to synaptic function and plasticity, and in cultured cerebellar granule cells, to cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and intracellular transport. In particular, the gene expression data pinpointed alterations in GABAergic pathway. Electrophysiological recordings from Cstb(-/-) cerebellar Purkinje cells revealed a shift of the balance towards decreased inhibition, yet the amount of inhibitory interneurons was not declined in young animals. Instead, we found diminished number of GABAergic terminals and reduced ligand binding to GABAA receptors in Cstb(-/-) cerebellum. These results suggest that alterations in GABAergic signaling could result in reduced inhibition in Cstb(-/-) cerebellum leading to the hyperexcitable phenotype of Cstb(-/-) mice. At P30, the microarray data revealed a marked upregulation of immune and defense response genes, compatible with the previously reported early glial activation that precedes neuronal degeneration. This further implies the role of early-onset neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of EPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Joensuu
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Saara Tegelberg
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Segerstråle
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Hakala
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Pehkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa R. Korpi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Tyynelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Taira
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Kopra
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wang X, Gui L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Shi J, Xu G. Cystatin B is a progression marker of human epithelial ovarian tumors mediated by the TGF-β signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1099-106. [PMID: 24452274 PMCID: PMC3977810 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced ovarian cancer is a devastating disease. Gaining biomarkers of early detection during ovarian tumorigenesis may lead to earlier diagnosis and better therapeutic strategies. Cystatin B (CSTB) functions as an inhibitor to suppress intracellular cysteine proteases and has been implicated in several types of cancers. The present study explored the expression of CSTB in human ovarian tumors, to investigate CSTB expression associated with clinicopathological features, and to examine the effect of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which plays a key role in ovarian tumorigenesis, on CSTB expression in ovarian cancer cells. The ovarian tissue samples from 33 patients were retrieved. The expression of CSTB in ovarian tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry. We found that CSTB was over-expressed in human ovarian surface epithelial tumors, including serous, mucinous and clear cell tumors. The immunoreactive staining of CSTB was strong in borderline and malignant tumors, weak in benign tumors, and negative in normal tissue counterparts, but was not correlated with the clinicopathological features of patients with ovarian tumors, such as age, histological types, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and clinical stages. The CSTB at mRNA and protein levels in two types of epithelial ovarian cancer cells, OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3, was decreased after TGF-β1 treatment detected by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 on CSTB expression was abolished in the presence of SB-431542, a TGF-β type I receptor kinase inhibitor. Our data suggest that CSTB is tumor tissue-specific and overexpressed in ovarian borderline and malignant tumors. The increased CSTB expression in ovarian tissue represents tumor progression and is dysregulated by the TGF-β signaling pathway. CSTB may become a novel diagnostic intracellular biomarker for the early detection of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wang
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Lu Gui
- Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Youyuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Shi
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
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Choi JHK, Kaur G, Mazzella MJ, Morales-Corraliza J, Levy E, Mathews PM. Early endosomal abnormalities and cholinergic neuron degeneration in amyloid-β protein precursor transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 34:691-700. [PMID: 23254640 DOI: 10.3233/jad-122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Early endosomal changes, a prominent pathology in neurons early in Alzheimer's disease, also occur in neurons and peripheral tissues in Down syndrome. While in Down syndrome models increased amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) expression is known to be a necessary contributor on the trisomic background to this early endosomal pathology, increased AβPP alone has yet to be shown to be sufficient to drive early endosomal alterations in neurons. Comparing two AβPP transgenic mouse models, one that contains the AβPP Swedish K670N/M671L double mutation at the β-cleavage site (APP23) and one that has the AβPP London V717I mutation near the γ-cleavage site (APPLd2), we show significantly altered early endosome morphology in fronto-parietal neurons as well as enlargement of early endosomes in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons of the medial septal nucleus in the APP23 model, which has the higher levels of AβPP β-C-terminal fragment (βCTF) accumulation. Early endosomal changes correlate with a marked loss of the cholinergic population, which is consistent with the known dependence of the large projection cholinergic cells on endosome-mediated retrograde neurotrophic transport. Our findings support the idea that increased expression of AβPP and AβPP metabolites in neurons is sufficient to drive early endosomal abnormalities in vivo, and that disruption of the endocytic system is likely to contribute to basal forebrain cholinergic vulnerability.
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Pišlar A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins in neurological disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1017-30. [PMID: 24234234 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased proteolytic activity is a hallmark of several pathological processes, including neurodegeneration. Increased expression and activity of cathepsins, lysosomal cysteine proteases, during degeneration of the central nervous system is frequently reported. Recent studies reveal that a disturbed balance of their enzymatic activities is the first insult in brain aging and age-related diseases. Leakage of cathepsins from lysosomes, due to their membrane permeability, and activation of pro-apoptotic factors additionally contribute to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, in inflammation-induced neurodegeneration the cathepsins expressed in activated microglia play a pivotal role in neuronal death. The proteolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins is controlled by endogenous protein inhibitors-the cystatins-which evidently fail to perform their function in neurodegenerative processes. Exogenous synthetic inhibitors, which may augment their inhibitory potential, are considered as possible therapeutic tools for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pišlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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Zhong XM, Hou L, Luo XN, Shi HS, Hu GY, He HB, Chen XR, Zheng D, Zhang YF, Tan Y, Liu XJ, Mu N, Chen JP, Ning YP. Alterations of CSF cystatin C levels and their correlations with CSF Αβ40 and Αβ42 levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with lewy bodies and the atrophic form of general paresis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55328. [PMID: 23383156 PMCID: PMC3558470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical studies have revealed that cystatin C (CysC) co-localizes with amyloid-β (Αβ) in amyloid-laden vascular walls and in the senile plaque cores of amyloid. In vitro and in vivo animal studies suggest that CysC protects against neurodegeneration by inhibition of cysteine proteases, inhibition of Αβ aggregation, induction of autophagy and induction of cell division. CysC levels may be altered and may have a potential link with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ levels in various types of dementia with characteristic amyloid deposits, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and the atrophic form of general paresis (AF-GP). We assessed the serum and CSF levels of CysC and the CSF levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in patients with AD (n = 51), DLB (n = 26) and AF-GP (n = 43) and normal controls (n = 30). Using these samples, we explored the correlation between CSF CysC and CSF Aβ levels. We found that in comparison to the normal control group, both CSF CysC and CSF Aβ42 levels were significantly lower in all three dementia groups (all p<0.001); serum CysC levels were the same in the AD and DLB groups, and were lower in the AF-GP group (p = 0.008). The CSF CysC levels were positively correlated with both the CSF Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in the AD, AF-GP and normal control groups (r = 0.306∼0.657, all p<0.05). Lower CSF CysC levels might be a common feature in dementia with characteristic amyloid deposits. Our results provide evidence for the potential role of CysC involvement in Aβ metabolism and suggest that modulation of the CysC level in the brain might produce a disease-modifying effect in dementia with characteristic amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Hou
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ni Luo
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Shan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yan Hu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo He
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ru Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jun Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Mu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Ning
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Spodzieja M, Szymańska A, Kołodziejczyk A, Prądzińska M, Maszota M, Stefanowicz P, Szewczuk Z, Grubb A, Czaplewska P. Interaction of serum amyloid A with human cystatin C--identification of binding sites. J Mol Recognit 2013; 25:513-24. [PMID: 22996594 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a multifunctional acute-phase protein whose natural role seems to be participation in many physiologic and pathological processes. Prolonged increased SAA level in a number of chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases gives rise to reactive systemic amyloid A amyloidosis, where the N-terminal 76-amino acid residue-long segment of SAA is deposited as amyloid fibrils. Recently, a specific interaction between SAA and the ubiquitous inhibitor of cysteine proteases--human cystatin C (hCC)--has been described. Here, we report further evidence corroborating this interaction, and the identification of the SAA and hCC binding sites in the SAA-hCC complex, using a combination of selective proteolytic excision and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The shortest binding site in the SAA sequence was determined as SAA(86-104), whereas the binding site in hCC sequence was identified as hCC(96-102). Binding specificities of both interacting sequences were ascertained by affinity experiments (ELISA) and by registration of mass spectrum of SAA-hCC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spodzieja
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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Cathepsin B and cystatin B in HIV-seropositive women are associated with infection and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. AIDS 2013; 27:347-56. [PMID: 23291538 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835b3e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is triggered by immune activation of brain cells and remain prevalent during progressive viral infection despite antiretroviral therapy. Cathepsins and cystatins are lysosomal proteins secreted by macrophages and microglia, and may play important roles in neuroregulatory responses. Our laboratory has shown increased secretion and neurotoxicity of cathepsin B from in-vitro HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages, and increased expression in postmortem brain tissue with HIV encephalitis and HAND. We hypothesized that cystatin B and cathepsin B could represent potential biomarkers for HAND. METHODS Monocytes, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from retrospective samples from 63 HIV-seropositive Hispanic women were selected for this study. These were stratified as 27 normal, 14 asymptomatic, and 22 HIV dementia, and as 14 progressors and 17 nonprogressors. Samples were evaluated for cystatins B and C and cathepsin B expression and activity. RESULTS Increased cathepsin B and cystatins B and C were found in plasma of HIV-seropositive women. Higher intracellular expression of cathepsin B and cystatin B were found in monocytes from women with HIV-associated dementia (P < 0.05). Significant increase in cystatin B concentration in CSF was found in women with dementia compared with HIV-seropositive asymptomatic women. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that dysregulation of cystatin B-cathepsin B system is operative in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and suggests that intracellular expression of cystatin B and cathepsin B in monocytes could be potential candidate biomarkers for HIV dementia, whereas increased cathepsin B and cystatins B and C in plasma are potential candidate markers of chronic HIV-1 activation.
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Polajnar M, Ceru S, Kopitar-Jerala N, Zerovnik E. Human stefin B normal and patho-physiological role: molecular and cellular aspects of amyloid-type aggregation of certain EPM1 mutants. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:88. [PMID: 22936898 PMCID: PMC3426797 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsies are characterized by abnormal electrophysiological activity of the brain. Among various types of inherited epilepsies different epilepsy syndromes, among them progressive myoclonus epilepsies with features of ataxia and neurodegeneration, are counted. The progressive myoclonus epilepsy of type 1 (EPM1), also known as Unverricht-Lundborg disease presents with features of cerebellar atrophy and increased oxidative stress. It has been found that EPM1 is caused by mutations in human cystatin B gene (human stefin B). We first describe the role of protein aggregation in other neurodegenerative conditions. Protein aggregates appear intraneurally but are also excreted, such as is the case with senile plaques of amyloid-β (Aβ) that accumulate in the brain parenchyma and vessel walls. A common characteristic of such diseases is the change of the protein conformation toward β secondary structure that accounts for the strong tendency of such proteins to aggregate and form amyloid fibrils. Second, we describe the patho-physiology of EPM1 and the normal and aberrant roles of stefin B in a mouse model of the disease. Furthermore, we discuss how the increased protein aggregation observed with some of the mutants of human stefin B may relate to the neurodegeneration that occurs in rare EPM1 patients. Our hypothesis (Ceru et al., 2005) states that some of the EPM1 mutants of human stefin B may undergo aggregation in neural cells, thus gaining additional toxic function (apart from loss of normal function). Our in vitro experiments thus far have confirmed that four mutants undergo increased aggregation relative to the wild-type protein. It has been shown that the R68X mutant forms amyloid-fibrils very rapidly, even at neutral pH and forms perinuclear inclusions, whereas the G4R mutant exhibits a prolonged lag phase, during which the toxic prefibrillar aggregates accumulate and are scattered more diffusely over the cytoplasm. Initial experiments on the G50E and Q71P missense EPM1 mutants are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Polajnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Anderluh G, Zerovnik E. Pore formation by human stefin B in its native and oligomeric states and the consequent amyloid induced toxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:85. [PMID: 22876218 PMCID: PMC3410518 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that amyloid forming peptides and proteins interact with membranes and that this correlates with cytotoxicity. To introduce the theme we give a brief description of some amyloidogenic proteins and note their similarities with pore forming toxins (PFTs) and cell penetrating peptides. Human stefin B, a member of the family of cystatins, is an amyloidogenic protein in vitro. This review describes our studies of the interaction of stefin B oligomers and prefibrillar aggregates with model membranes leading to pore formation. We have studied the interaction between human stefin B and artificial membranes of various compositions. We also have prepared distinct sizes and morphologies of stefin B prefibrillar states and assessed their toxicity. Furthermore, we have measured electrical currents through pores formed by stefin B prefibrillar oligomers in a planar lipid bilayer setup. We finally discuss the possible functional and pathological significance of such pores formed by human stefin B.
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Abstract
Changes in expression and secretion levels of cystatin C (CysC) in the brain in various neurological disorders and in animal models of neurodegeneration underscore a role for CysC in these conditions. A polymorphism in the CysC gene (CST3) is linked to increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD pathology is characterized by deposition of oligomeric and fibrillar forms of amyloid β (Aβ) in the neuropil and cerebral vessel walls, neurofibrillary tangles composed mainly of hyperphosphorylated tau, and neurodegeneration. The implication of CysC in AD was initially suggested by its co-localization with Aβ in amyloid-laden vascular walls, and in senile plaque cores of amyloid in the brains of patients with AD, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Dutch type (HCHWA-D), and cerebral infarction. CysC also co-localizes with Aβ amyloid deposits in the brains of non-demented aged individuals. Multiple lines of research show that CysC plays protective roles in AD. In vitro studies have shown that CysC binds Aβ and inhibits Aβ oligomerization and fibril formation. In vivo results from the brains and plasma of Aβ-depositing transgenic mice confirmed the association of CysC with the soluble, non-pathological form of Aβ and the inhibition of Aβ plaques formation. The association of CysC with Aβ was also found in brain and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and non-demented control individuals. Moreover, in vitro results showed that CysC protects neuronal cells from a variety of insults that may cause cell death, including cell death induced by oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ. These data suggest that the reduced levels of CysC manifested in AD contribute to increased neuronal vulnerability and impaired neuronal ability to prevent neurodegeneration. This review elaborates on the neuroprotective roles of CysC in AD and the clinical relevance of this protein as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjinder Kaur
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg NY, USA
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2011; 24:511-6. [PMID: 21900773 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32834be5c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ, Alldred MJ, Counts SE, Wuu J, Nixon RA, Che S. Upregulation of select rab GTPases in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:102-10. [PMID: 21669283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Endocytic system dysfunction is one of the earliest disturbances that occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and may underlie the selective vulnerability of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons during the progression of dementia. Herein we report that genes regulating early and late endosomes are selectively upregulated within CBF neurons in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Specifically, upregulation of rab4, rab5, rab7, and rab27 was observed in CBF neurons microdissected from postmortem brains of individuals with MCI and AD compared to age-matched control subjects with no cognitive impairment (NCI). Upregulated expression of rab4, rab5, rab7, and rab27 correlated with antemortem measures of cognitive decline in individuals with MCI and AD. qPCR validated upregulation of these select rab GTPases within microdissected samples of the basal forebrain. Moreover, quantitative immunoblot analysis demonstrated upregulation of rab5 protein expression in the basal forebrain of subjects with MCI and AD. The elevation of rab4, rab5, and rab7 expression is consistent with our recent observations in CA1 pyramidal neurons in MCI and AD. These findings provide further support that endosomal pathology accelerates endocytosis and endosome recycling, which may promote aberrant endosomal signaling and neurodegeneration throughout the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Gauthier S, Kaur G, Mi W, Tizon B, Levy E. Protective mechanisms by cystatin C in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2011; 3:541-54. [PMID: 21196395 DOI: 10.2741/s170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration occurs in acute pathological conditions such as stroke, ischemia, and head trauma and in chronic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While the cause of neuronal death is different and not always known in these varied conditions, hindrance of cell death would be beneficial in the prevention of, slowing of, or halting disease progression. Enhanced cystatin C (CysC) expression in these conditions caused a debate as to whether CysC up-regulation facilitates neurodegeneration or it is an endogenous neuroprotective attempt to prevent the progression of the pathology. However, recent in vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated that CysC plays protective roles via pathways that are dependent on inhibition of cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B, or by induction of autophagy, induction of proliferation, and inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation. Here we review the data demonstrating the protective roles of CysC under conditions of neuronal challenge and the protective pathways induced under various conditions. These data suggest that CysC is a therapeutic candidate that can potentially prevent brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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D'Adamio L. Role of cystatin C in neuroprotection and its therapeutic implications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2163-5. [PMID: 20864683 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano D'Adamio
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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