1
|
Tovo PA, Garazzino S, Daprà V, Pruccoli G, Calvi C, Mignone F, Alliaudi C, Denina M, Scolfaro C, Zoppo M, Licciardi F, Ramenghi U, Galliano I, Bergallo M. COVID-19 in Children: Expressions of Type I/II/III Interferons, TRIM28, SETDB1, and Endogenous Retroviruses in Mild and Severe Cases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7481. [PMID: 34299101 PMCID: PMC8303145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have milder symptoms and a better prognosis than adult patients. Several investigations assessed type I, II, and III interferon (IFN) signatures in SARS-CoV-2 infected adults, however no data are available for pediatric patients. TRIM28 and SETDB1 regulate the transcription of multiple genes involved in the immune response as well as of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). Exogenous viral infections can trigger the activation of HERVs, which in turn can induce inflammatory and immune reactions. Despite the potential cross-talks between SARS-CoV-2 infection and TRIM28, SETDB1, and HERVs, information on their expressions in COVID-19 patients is lacking. We assessed, through a PCR real time Taqman amplification assay, the transcription levels of six IFN-I stimulated genes, IFN-II and three of its sensitive genes, three IFN-lIIs, as well as of TRIM28, SETDB1, pol genes of HERV-H, -K, and -W families, and of env genes of Syncytin (SYN)1, SYN2, and multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MRSV) in peripheral blood from COVID-19 children and in control uninfected subjects. Higher expression levels of IFN-I and IFN-II inducible genes were observed in 36 COVID-19 children with mild or moderate disease as compared to uninfected controls, whereas their concentrations decreased in 17 children with severe disease and in 11 with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Similar findings were found for the expression of TRIM-28, SETDB1, and every HERV gene. Positive correlations emerged between the transcriptional levels of type I and II IFNs, TRIM28, SETDB1, and HERVs in COVID-19 patients. IFN-III expressions were comparable in each group of subjects. This preserved induction of IFN-λs could contribute to the better control of the infection in children as compared to adults, in whom IFN-III deficiency has been reported. The upregulation of IFN-I, IFN-II, TRIM28, SETDB1, and HERVs in children with mild symptoms, their declines in severe cases or with MIS-C, and the positive correlations of their transcription in SARS-CoV-2-infected children suggest that they may play important roles in conditioning the evolution of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier-Angelo Tovo
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Silvia Garazzino
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (F.M.); (C.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Valentina Daprà
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giulia Pruccoli
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Cristina Calvi
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Federica Mignone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (F.M.); (C.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carla Alliaudi
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Marco Denina
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Carlo Scolfaro
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (F.M.); (C.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marisa Zoppo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (S.G.); (F.M.); (C.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Francesco Licciardi
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Ugo Ramenghi
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Ilaria Galliano
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (C.C.); (C.A.); (M.D.); (F.L.); (U.R.); (I.G.)
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
O’Rourke RW, Lumeng CN. Pathways to Severe COVID-19 for People with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:645-653. [PMID: 33270351 PMCID: PMC7753541 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased morbidity and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in people with obesity have illuminated the intersection of obesity with impaired responses to infections. Although data on mechanisms by which COVID-19 impacts health are being rapidly generated, there is a critical need to better understand the pulmonary, vascular, metabolic, and immunologic aspects that drive the increased risk for complications from COVID-19 in people with obesity. This review provides a broad overview of the intersection between COVID-19 and the physiology of obesity in order to highlight potential mechanisms by which COVID-19 disease severity is increased by obesity and identify areas for future investigation toward developing tailored therapy for people with obesity who develop COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. O’Rourke
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of SurgeryAnn Arbor Veterans Affairs Healthcare SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Carey N. Lumeng
- Division of Pediatric PulmonologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mahle RE, Suchindran S, Henao R, Steinbrink JM, Burke TW, McClain MT, Ginsburg GS, Woods CW, Tsalik EL. Validation of a host gene expression test for bacterial/viral discrimination in immunocompromised hosts. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:605-613. [PMID: 33462581 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host gene expression has emerged as a complementary strategy to pathogen detection tests for the discrimination of bacterial and viral infection. The impact of immunocompromise on host response tests remains unknown. We evaluated a host response test discriminating bacterial, viral, and non-infectious conditions in immunocompromised subjects. METHODS An 81-gene signature was measured using RT-PCR in subjects with immunocompromise (chemotherapy, solid organ transplant, immunomodulatory agents, AIDS) with bacterial infection, viral infection, or noninfectious illness. A regularized logistic regression model trained in immunocompetent subjects was used to estimate the likelihood of each class in immunocompromised subjects. RESULTS Accuracy in the 136-subject immunocompetent training cohort was 84.6% for bacterial vs. non-bacterial discrimination and 80.8% for viral vs. non-viral discrimination. Model validation in 134 immunocompromised subjects showed overall accuracy of 73.9% for bacterial infection (p=0.04 relative to immunocompetent subjects) and 75.4% for viral infection (p=0.30). A scheme reporting results by quartile improved test utility. The highest probability quartile ruled-in bacterial and viral infection with 91.4% and 84.0% specificity, respectively. The lowest probability quartile ruled-out infection with 90.1% and 96.4% sensitivity for bacterial and viral infection, respectively. Performance was independent of the type or number of immunocompromising conditions. CONCLUSION A host gene expression test discriminated bacterial, viral, and non-infectious etiologies at a lower overall accuracy in immunocompromised patients compared to immunocompetent patients, though this difference was only significant for bacterial infection classification. With modified interpretive criteria, a host response strategy may offer clinically useful diagnostic information for patients with immunocompromise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Mahle
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sunil Suchindran
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie M Steinbrink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas W Burke
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Micah T McClain
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Emergency Medicine Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
AMORUSO A, BALBO PE, PATRUCCO F, GAVELLI F, CASTELLO LM, BARDELLI C, NERI T, CELI A, FOCI V, FRESU LG, BRUNELLESCHI S. Monocyte-derived microparticles stimulate alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis: modulation by PPARγ. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.20.02632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
5
|
Gavelli F, Castello LM, Patrucco F, Bellan M, Sainaghi PP, Avanzi GC. Insights from Italy: the Novara-COVID Score for rapid destination of COVID-19 patients at Emergency Department presentation. Minerva Med 2020; 111:300-302. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.06609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
6
|
Salmi L, Gavelli F, Gardino CA, Medica D, Patrucco F, Bellan M, Sainaghi PP, Vaschetto R, Della Corte F, Smirne C, Benech A, Brucoli M, Avanzi GC, Cantaluppi V, Castello LM. Plasma microvesicles in patients admitted to the emergency department for mild traumatic brain injury: first clues to understand their role. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.20.02626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Patrucco F, Gavelli F, Shi R, De Vita N, Pavot A, Castello LM, Ravanini P, Balbo PE. Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Panminerva Med 2020; 62:73-74. [DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.20.03897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Patrucco F, Venezia L, Nicali R, Pellicano R, Bellan M, Balbo PE. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and gastroesophageal reflux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4954.20.01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
9
|
Patrucco F, Gavelli F, Shi R, De Vita N, Pavot A, Ravanini P, Castello LM, Balbo PE. COVID-2019 outbreak: negative swab but positive bronchoalveolar lavage? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4954.20.01871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Gavelli F, Patrucco F, Daverio M, De Vita N, Bellan M, Rena O, Balbo PE, Avanzi GC, Castello LM. Sequelae of traumatic rib fractures: management in the Emergency Department. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4954.19.01863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|