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Bauer A, Hegen H, Reindl M. Body fluid markers for multiple sclerosis and differential diagnosis from atypical demyelinating disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:283-297. [PMID: 38533708 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2334849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Body fluid markers could be helpful to predict the conversion into clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) in people with a first demyelinating event of the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, biomarkers such as oligoclonal bands, which are integrated in the current MS diagnostic criteria, could assist early MS diagnosis. AREAS COVERED This review examines existing knowledge on a broad spectrum of body fluid markers in people with a first CNS demyelinating event, explores their potential to predict conversion to MS, to assess MS disease activity, as well as their utility to differentiate MS from atypical demyelinating disorders such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease. EXPERT OPINION This field of research has shown a dramatic increase of evidence, especially in the last decade. Some biomarkers are already established in clinical routine (e.g. oligoclonal bands) while others are currently implemented (e.g. kappa free light chains) or considered as breakthroughs (e.g. neurofilament light). Determination of biomarkers poses challenges for continuous monitoring, especially if exclusively detectable in cerebrospinal fluid. A handful of biomarkers are measurable in blood which holds a significant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bauer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Hegen
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wieland L, Schwarz T, Engel K, Volkmer I, Krüger A, Tarabuko A, Junghans J, Kornhuber ME, Hoffmann F, Staege MS, Emmer A. Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Genes and Endogenous Retroviruses in Immortalized B Cells from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223619. [PMID: 36429047 PMCID: PMC9688211 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be triggered by environmental factors in individuals with an unfavorable genetic predisposition. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a major risk factor for subsequent development of MS. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) can be activated by EBV, and might be a missing link between an initial EBV infection and the later onset of MS. In this study, we investigated differential gene expression patterns in EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid B cell lines (LCL) from MS-affected individuals (MSLCL) and controls by using RNAseq and qRT-PCR. RNAseq data from LCL mapped to the human genome and a virtual virus metagenome were used to identify possible biomarkers for MS or disease-relevant risk factors, e.g., the relapse rate. We observed that lytic EBNA-1 transcripts seemed to be negatively correlated with age leading to an increased expression in LCL from younger PBMC donors. Further, HERV-K (HML-2) GAG was increased upon EBV-triggered immortalization. Besides the well-known transactivation of HERV-K18, our results suggest that another six HERV loci are up-regulated upon stimulation with EBV. We identified differentially expressed genes in MSLCL, e.g., several HERV-K loci, ERVMER61-1 and ERV3-1, as well as genes associated with relapses. In summary, EBV induces genes and HERV in LCL that might be suitable as biomarkers for MS or the relapse risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wieland
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tommy Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kristina Engel
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ines Volkmer
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anna Krüger
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Tarabuko
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jutta Junghans
- Department of Neurology, Martha-Maria Hospital Halle-Dölau, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Malte E. Kornhuber
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Martha-Maria Hospital Halle-Dölau, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-34-5557-7280
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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BERGALLO M, LOIACONO E, GALLIANO I, MONTANARI P, PERUZZI L, TOVO PA, COPPO R. HERV-K and W expression in peripheral mononuclear cells of children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura and relation with TLR activation. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022; 74:421-427. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.17.04717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pérez-Pérez S, Domínguez-Mozo MI, García-Martínez MÁ, Ballester-González R, Nieto-Gañán I, Arroyo R, Alvarez-Lafuente R. Epstein-Barr Virus Load Correlates with Multiple Sclerosis-Associated Retrovirus Envelope Expression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020387. [PMID: 35203596 PMCID: PMC8962350 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
pHERV-W ENV and syncytin-1, the envelope proteins of the human endogenous retrovirus W family (HERV-W), have been proposed as etiological factors for MS development. In addition, herpesviruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the human herpesvirus 6A/B (HHV-6A/B), have been also strongly associated with the disease. This work aims to study the possible link between viral loads and antibody titers against EBV and HHV-6A/B and the pHERV-W ENV/syncytin-1 protein/gene expression. For this purpose, we conducted a 12-month longitudinal study involving 98 RRMS patients. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from each patient. Serum antibody titers against EBV and HHV-6A/B were determined by ELISA, while viral loads were analyzed using qPCR. HLA MS-related alleles were also genotyped. pHERV-W ENV/syncytin-1 protein and gene expression levels in immune cells were assessed by flow cytometry and qPCR, respectively. We found that the 12-month variation of the pHERV-W ENV gene expression levels positively correlated with the variation of the EBV viral load, especially in those patients with high baseline EBV loads. Therefore, these results could support previous studies pointing to the transactivation of pHERV-W ENV by EBV. However, further studies are needed to better understand this possible relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pérez-Pérez
- Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases Research Group, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-P.); (M.I.D.-M.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
| | - María Inmaculada Domínguez-Mozo
- Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases Research Group, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-P.); (M.I.D.-M.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
| | - María Ángel García-Martínez
- Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases Research Group, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-P.); (M.I.D.-M.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
| | - Rubén Ballester-González
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.B.-G.); (I.N.-G.)
| | - Israel Nieto-Gañán
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (R.B.-G.); (I.N.-G.)
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roberto Alvarez-Lafuente
- Environmental Factors in Degenerative Diseases Research Group, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.P.-P.); (M.I.D.-M.); (M.Á.G.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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Yin Q, Strong MJ, Zhuang Y, Flemington EK, Kaminski N, de Andrade JA, Lasky JA. Assessment of viral RNA in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using RNA-seq. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:81. [PMID: 32245461 PMCID: PMC7119082 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous publications suggest an association between herpes virus infection and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). These reports have employed immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and/or PCR, which are susceptible to specificity artifacts. Methods We investigated the possible association between IPF and viral RNA expression using next-generation sequencing, which has the potential to provide a high degree of both sensitivity and specificity. We quantified viral RNA expression for 740 viruses in 28 IPF patient lung biopsy samples and 20 controls. Key RNA-seq results were confirmed using Real-time RT-PCR for select viruses (EBV, HCV, herpesvirus saimiri and HERV-K). Results We identified sporadic low-level evidence of viral infections in our lung tissue specimens, but did not find a statistical difference for expression of any virus, including EBV, herpesvirus saimiri and HERV-K, between IPF and control lungs. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication that employs RNA-seq to assess whether viral infections are linked to the pathogenesis of IPF. Our results do not address the role of viral infection in acute exacerbations of IPF, however, this analysis patently did not support an association between herpes virus detection and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Yin
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Michael J Strong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, Ste S441D, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Joao A de Andrade
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Avenue South, B1317 MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232-2650, USA
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Chen J, Foroozesh M, Qin Z. Transactivation of human endogenous retroviruses by tumor viruses and their functions in virus-associated malignancies. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:6. [PMID: 30643113 PMCID: PMC6331641 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), viral-associated sequences, are normal components of the human genome and account for 8–9% of our genome. These original provirus sequences can be transactivated to produce functional products. Several reactivated HERVs have been implicated in cancers and autoimmune diseases. An emerging body of literature supports a potential role of reactivated HERVs in viral diseases, in particular viral-associated neoplasms. Demystifying studies on the mechanism(s) of HERV reactivation could provide a new framework for the development of treatment and prevention strategies targeting virus-associated tumors. Although available data suggest that co-infection by other viruses, such as Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), may be a crucial driving force to transactivate HERV boom, the mechanisms of action of viral infection-induced HERV transactivation and the contributions of HERVs to viral oncogenesis warrant further studies. Here, we review viral co-infection contributes to HERVs transactivation with focus on human viral infection associated oncogenesis and diseases, including the abilities of viral regulators involved in HERV reactivation, and physiological effects of viral infection response on HERV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Maryam Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70125, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China. .,Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China.
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Bergallo M, Daprà V, Ponti R, Quaglino P, Novelli M, Fava P, Montanari P, Calvi C, Galliano I, Fierro M. HERV-E expression in peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with psoriasis. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2018; 156:42-45. [PMID: 30251805 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.18.06133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of keratinocytes and recruitment of T lymphocytes into the skin. Possible triggers for psoriasis have been attributed to drugs or pathogens such as bacteria and possibly virus. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) might play a role in triggering these antiviral immune responses, since the role of HERVs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has generated considerable interest. Some studies have also reported an association of HERV-E and psoriasis. None of them investigate the HERV-E expression in peripheral blood of psoriasis. All these considerations have prompted us to perform a survey for HERV-E expression in PBMC from psoriatic patients. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 69 psoriatic patients were analyzed. Total RNA was extracted and amplified with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results were compared with those obtained in a cohort of 20 healthy donors. RESULTS HERV E was expressed in all samples analyzed but the level of expression was much lower in the psoriasis that in HC P<0.0001. CONCLUSIONS The reasons for the unexpected, low levels of HERV expression in psoriatic patients are unclear and might be in part a consequence of antiviral defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy -
| | - Valentina Daprà
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Renata Ponti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Novelli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fava
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Montanari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Calvi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galliano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Fierro
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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