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Morone G, Riener R, Mazzoleni S. Integrating robot-assisted therapy into neurorehabilitation clinical practice: Where are we now? Where are we heading? NeuroRehabilitation 2022; 51:537-539. [PMID: 36502344 DOI: 10.3233/nre-228025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Morone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,San Raffaele Institute of Sulmona, Sulmona, Italy
| | - Robert Riener
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy.,The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Giansanti D. The Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Radiology in the Scientific Literature: A Narrative Review of Reviews. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1824. [PMID: 36292270 PMCID: PMC9601605 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, there is growing interest in artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of digital radiology (DR). This is also due to the push that has been applied in this sector due to the pandemic. Many studies are devoted to the challenges of integration in the health domain. One of the most important challenges is that of regulations. This study conducted a narrative review of reviews on the international approach to the regulation of AI in DR. The design of the study was based on: (I) An overview on Scopus and Pubmed (II) A qualification and eligibility process based on a standardized checklist and a scoring system. The results have highlighted an international approach to the regulation of these systems classified as "software as medical devices (SaMD)" arranged into: ethical issues, international regulatory framework, and bottlenecks of the legal issues. Several recommendations emerge from the analysis. They are all based on fundamental pillars: (a) The need to overcome a differentiated approach between countries. (b) The need for greater transparency and publicity of information both for SaMDs as a whole and for the algorithms and test patterns. (c) The need for an interdisciplinary approach that avoids bias (including demographic) in algorithms and test data. (d) The need to reduce some limits/gaps of the scientific literature production that do not cover the international approach.
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Morone G, Pirrera A, Meli P, Giansanti D. Ethics and Automated Systems in the Health Domain: Design and Submission of a Survey on Rehabilitation and Assistance Robotics to Collect Insiders’ Opinions and Perception. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050778. [PMID: 35627915 PMCID: PMC9140863 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The problem of the relationship between ethics and robotics is very broad, has important implications, and has two large areas of impact: the first is conduct in research, development, and use in general. The second is the implication of the programming of machine ethics. Purpose: Develop and administer a survey of professionals in the health domain collection of their positions on ethics in rehabilitation and assistance robotics. Methods: An electronic survey was designed using Microsoft Forms and submitted to 155 professionals in the health domain (age between 23 and 64 years; 78 males, mean age 43.7, minimum age 24, maximum age 64; 77 females, mean age 44.3, minimum age 23, maximum age 64) using social media. Results and discussion: The outcome returned: (a) the position on ethics training during university studies and in the world of work, (b) the organizational aspects hindered by ethics and those to be perfected in relation to ethics, (c) issues of ethical concern, (d) structured feedback on the usefulness of the methodology along with considerations of open text. Conclusions: An electronic survey methodology has allowed the structured collection of information on positions towards ethics in this sector. Encouraging feedback from the participants suggests the continuation of the study is beneficial. A continuation is expected, expanding the audience of professionals involved and perfecting the survey with the support of scientific companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Morone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Antonia Pirrera
- Centro TISP, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Meli
- Centro TISP, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Daniele Giansanti
- Centro TISP, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.P.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Giansanti D, Di Basilio F. The Artificial Intelligence in Digital Radiology: Part 1: The Challenges, Acceptance and Consensus. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:509. [PMID: 35326987 PMCID: PMC8949694 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is having important developments in the world of digital radiology also thanks to the boost given to the research sector by the COVID-19 pandemic. In the last two years, there was an important development of studies focused on both challenges and acceptance and consensus in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The challenges and acceptance and consensus are two strategic aspects in the development and integration of technologies in the health domain. The study conducted two narrative reviews by means of two parallel points of view to take stock both on the ongoing challenges and on initiatives conducted to face the acceptance and consensus in this area. The methodology of the review was based on: (I) search of PubMed and Scopus and (II) an eligibility assessment, using parameters with 5 levels of score. The results have: (a) highlighted and categorized the important challenges in place. (b) Illustrated the different types of studies conducted through original questionnaires. The study suggests for future research based on questionnaires a better calibration and inclusion of the challenges in place together with validation and administration paths at an international level.
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Monoscalco L, Simeoni R, Maccioni G, Giansanti D. Information Security in Medical Robotics: A Survey on the Level of Training, Awareness and Use of the Physiotherapist. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:159. [PMID: 35052322 PMCID: PMC8775601 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cybersecurity is becoming an increasingly important aspect to investigate for the adoption and use of care robots, in term of both patients' safety, and the availability, integrity and privacy of their data. This study focuses on opinions about cybersecurity relevance and related skills for physiotherapists involved in rehabilitation and assistance thanks to the aid of robotics. The goal was to investigate the awareness among insiders about some facets of cybersecurity concerning human-robot interactions. We designed an electronic questionnaire and submitted it to a relevant sample of physiotherapists. The questionnaire allowed us to collect data related to: (i) use of robots and its relationship with cybersecurity in the context of physiotherapy; (ii) training in cybersecurity and robotics for the insiders; (iii) insiders' self-assessment on cybersecurity and robotics in some usage scenarios, and (iv) their experiences of cyber-attacks in this area and proposals for improvement. Besides contributing some specific statistics, the study highlights the importance of both acculturation processes in this field and monitoring initiatives based on surveys. The study exposes direct suggestions for continuation of these types of investigations in the context of scientific societies operating in the rehabilitation and assistance robotics. The study also shows the need to stimulate similar initiatives in other sectors of medical robotics (robotic surgery, care and socially assistive robots, rehabilitation systems, training for health and care workers) involving insiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Monoscalco
- Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Via Cracovia, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rossella Simeoni
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Turolla A, Kiper P, Mazzarotto D, Cecchi F, Colucci M, D'Avenio G, Facciorusso S, Gatti R, Giansanti D, Iosa M, Bonaiuti D, Boldrini P, Mazzoleni S, Posteraro F, Benanti P, Castelli E, Draicchio F, Falabella V, Galeri S, Gimigliano F, Grigioni M, Mazzon S, Morone G, Petrarca M, Picelli A, Senatore M, Turchetti G, Molteni F. Reference theories and future perspectives on robot-assisted rehabilitation in people with neurological conditions: A scoping review and recommendations from the Italian Consensus Conference on Robotics in Neurorehabilitation (CICERONE). NeuroRehabilitation 2022; 51:681-691. [PMID: 36530100 DOI: 10.3233/nre-220160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robot-based treatments are developing in neurorehabilitation settings. Recently, the Italian National Health Systems recognized robot-based rehabilitation as a refundable service. Thus, the Italian neurorehabilitation community promoted a national consensus on this topic. OBJECTIVE To conceptualize undisclosed perspectives for research and applications of robotics for neurorehabilitation, based on a qualitative synthesis of reference theoretical models. METHODS A scoping review was carried out based on a specific question from the consensus Jury. A foreground search strategy was developed on theoretical models (context) of robot-based rehabilitation (exposure), in neurological patients (population). PubMed and EMBASE® databases were searched and studies on theoretical models of motor control, neurobiology of recovery, human-robot interaction and economic sustainability were included, while experimental studies not aimed to investigate theoretical frameworks, or considering prosthetics, were excluded. RESULTS Overall, 3699 records were screened and finally 9 papers included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the population investigated, structured information on theoretical models and indications for future research was summarized in a synoptic table. CONCLUSION The main indication from the Italian consensus on robotics in neurorehabilitation is the priority to design research studies aimed to investigate the role of robotic and electromechanical devices in promoting neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Turolla
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Division of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Deborah Mazzarotto
- Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione, ULSS 4 Veneto Orientale, San Donà di Piave, Italy
| | - Francesca Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
- IRCSS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe D'Avenio
- National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Gatti
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Giansanti
- National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iosa
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Smart Lab, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Boldrini
- Italian Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (SIMFER), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Posteraro
- Department of Rehabilitation, AUSL Toscana Nord Ovest - Camaiore, Versilia Hospital, Lucca, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Castelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Draicchio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Falabella
- Italian Federation of Persons with Spinal Cord Injuries (FAIP Onlus), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Grigioni
- National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzon
- Rehabilitation Unit, ULSS (Local Health Authority) Euganea, Camposampiero Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- San Raffaele Institute of Sulmona, Sulmona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Petrarca
- Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARlab), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Picelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Senatore
- Associazione Italiana dei Terapisti Occupazionali (AITO), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Lecco, Italy
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Giansanti D, Gulino RA. The Cybersecurity and the Care Robots: A Viewpoint on the Open Problems and the Perspectives. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9121653. [PMID: 34946379 PMCID: PMC8702125 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Care robots represent an opportunity for the health domain. The use of these robots has important implications. They can be used in surgery, rehabilitation, assistance, therapy, and other medical fields. Therefore, care robots (CR)s, have both important physical and psychological implications during their use. Furthermore, these devices, meet important data in clinical applications. These data must be protected. Therefore, cybersecurity (CS) has become a crucial characteristic that concerns all the involved actors. The study investigated the collocation of CRs in the context of CS studies in the health domain. Problems and peculiarities of these devices, with reference to the CS, were faced, investigating in different scientific databases. Highlights, ranging also from ethics implications up to the regulatory legal framework (ensuring safety and cybersecurity) have been reported. Models and cyber-attacks applicable on the CRs have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Giansanti
- Centre Tisp, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49902701
| | - Rosario Alfio Gulino
- Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Via Cracovia, 00133 Roma, Italy;
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