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Ribaldone DG, Pellicano R, Fagoonee S, Actis GC. Modulation of the gut microbiota: opportunities and regulatory aspects. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:128-140. [PMID: 35179341 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.22.03152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human gut is an intensively colonized organ containing microorganisms that can be health-promoting or pathogenic. This feature led to the development of functional foods aiming to fortify the former category at the expense of the latter. Since long, cultured products, including probiotics fortification, have been used for humans as live microbial feed additions. This review presents some of the microbes used as probiotics and discusses how supplementation with probiotics may help initiate and/or restore eubiotic composition of gut microbiota. Additionally, it considers safety and regulatory aspects of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (CNR) c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
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Abenavoli L, Maurizi V, Rinninella E, Tack J, Di Berardino A, Santori P, Rasetti C, Procopio AC, Boccuto L, Scarpellini E. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in NAFLD Treatment. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58111559. [PMID: 36363516 PMCID: PMC9695159 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gut microbiota is not only a taxonomic biologic ecosystem but is also involved in human intestinal and extra-intestinal functions such as immune system modulation, nutrient absorption and digestion, as well as metabolism regulation. The latter is strictly linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathophysiology. Materials and methods: We reviewed the literature on the definition of gut microbiota, the concepts of “dysbiosis” and “eubiosis”, their role in NAFLD pathogenesis, and the data on fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in these patients. We consulted the main medical databases using the following keywords, acronyms, and their associations: gut microbiota, eubiosis, dysbiosis, bile acids, NAFLD, and FMT. Results: Gut microbiota qualitative and quantitative composition is different in healthy subjects vs. NALFD patients. This dysbiosis is associated with and involved in NAFLD pathogenesis and evolution to non-acoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In detail, microbial-driven metabolism of bile acids (BAs) and interaction with hepatic and intestinal farnesoid nuclear X receptor (FXR) have shown a determinant role in liver fat deposition and the development of fibrosis. Over the use of pre- or probiotics, FMT has shown preclinical and initial clinical promising results in NAFLD treatment through re-modulation of microbial dysbiosis. Conclusions: Promising clinical data support a larger investigation of gut microbiota dysbiosis reversion through FMT in NAFLD using randomized clinical trials to design precision-medicine treatments for these patients at different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Maurizi
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Jan Tack
- T.A.R.G.I.D., Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arianna Di Berardino
- Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Santori
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Carlo Rasetti
- Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Boccuto
- Healthcare Genetics and Genomics Doctoral Program, School of Nursing, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, 105 Sikes Hall, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- T.A.R.G.I.D., Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3907-3579-3301; Fax: +3907-3579-3306
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Abenavoli L, Scarpellini E, Luzza F. The role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal diseases: the heart of the matter. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2022; 67:312-313. [PMID: 35040300 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.03022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy -
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition and Internal Medicine, Madonna del Soccorso General Hospital, San Benedetto del Tronto, Ascoli Piceno, Italy.,Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesco Luzza
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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