Endocrinopathies in celiac disease: When the endocrinologist sees what is invisible to the gastroenterologist

Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Celiac Disease: What Should We Know in 2022?

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, small-intestinal, immune-mediated enteropathy due to gluten exposition in genetically predisposed individuals. It occurs in about 1% of the population and often remains an underdiagnosed condition. This could be due to the fact that the adult population often lacks the classical signs and symptoms of CD, manifesting only atypical symptoms. In this review we analyzed the main extra-intestinal manifestations of CD which include cutaneous and endocrinological disorders, abnormal liver function tests, and neuropsychiatric features. When CD is not diagnosed and therefore is not treated with a gluten-free diet (GFD), it can predispose to severe complications, not only gastrointestinal. Thus, it is important for clinicians to quickly recognize the atypical manifestations of CD, considering that an early diagnosis can significantly impact on a patient's prognosis.

Celiac Disease and the Autoimmune Web of Endocrinopathies

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy or Celiac disease (CD) is a disease that has become very prevalent in most parts of the globe especially in the western world. Resulting from a chaotic interplay between the backgrounds of autoimmunity and genetics, this disorder targets primarily the gastrointestinal tract with ominous extraintestinal counterparts that have a very discrete presentation. Among those counterparts, the one that has been reviewed in this article is the involvement of the endocrine system as concurrence of hormonal disorders with CD possesses numerous challenges that lead to a refractory treatment and a dull prognosis. This review article aims to feature the effect of the CD and endocrine disorders on one another, especially if either of the diseases is asymptomatic, explore the clinical dilemma faced by clinicians in various specialties, and, hence, further pave a path into the importance of rigorous screening and diagnosis.

Thyroid and celiac disease in pediatric age: a literature review

Chronic autoimmune thyroid disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves-Basedow disease (GD) are the main autoimmune thyroid diseases in pediatric age. Both are characterized by the production of anti-thyroid antibodies, by an infiltration of autoreactive B and T lymphocytes into the thyroid parenchyma and by alterations in thyroid function (hyperthyroidism in GD, normal function or subclinical hypothyroidism in HT with possible evolution towards manifest hypothyroidism). Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disease caused by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed subjects, its prevalence is around 1% in Western Countries. It presents with a pathognomonic enteropathy, a variety of clinical manifestations, positivity for specific antibodies, positivity for typical haplotypes HLA DQ2/DQ8. The clinical manifestations may vary among four types: typical, atypical, silent and latent. Diagnosis can be made in presence of specific histopathologic findings in duodenal biopsies and antibodies positivity. Celiac disease is associated to various endocrine autoimmunities such as thyropathies, diabetes mellitus type 1, Addison disease, multiendocrine syndromes. The most frequent associated thyropaties are HT and GD. The present review aims to explore the associations between thyropathies and celiac disease in pediatric age.