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Aghili ZS, Magnani M, Ghatrehsamani M, Nourian Dehkordi A, Mirzaei SA, Banitalebi Dehkordi M. Intelligent berberine-loaded erythrocytes attenuated inflammatory cytokine productions in macrophages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9381. [PMID: 38654085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes are impressive tools for drug delivery, especially to macrophages. Therefore, berberine was loaded into erythrocytes using both hypotonic pre-swelling and endocytosis methods to target macrophages. Physicochemical and kinetic parameters of the resulting carrier cells, such as drug loading/release kinetics, osmotic fragility, and hematological indices, were determined. Drug loading was optimized for the study using Taguchi experimental design and lab experiments. Loaded erythrocytes were targeted to macrophages using ZnCl2 and bis-sulfosuccinimidyl-suberate, and targeting was evaluated using flow cytometry and Wright-Giemsa staining. Differentiated macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, and the inflammatory profiles of macrophages were evaluated using ELISA, western blotting, and real-time PCR. Findings indicated that the endocytosis method is preferred due to its low impact on the erythrocyte's structural integrity. Maximum loading achieved (1386.68 ± 22.43 μg/ml) at 1500 μg/ml berberine treatment at 37 °C for 2 h. Berberine successfully inhibited NF-κB translation in macrophages, and inflammatory response markers such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-23, and TNF-α were decreased by approximately ninefold, sixfold, twofold, eightfold, and twofold, respectively, compared to the LPS-treated macrophages. It was concluded that berberine-loaded erythrocytes can effectively target macrophages and modulate the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sadat Aghili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Mehdi Ghatrehsamani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Azar Nourian Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Banitalebi Dehkordi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Tzounakas VL, Anastasiadi AT, Lekka ME, Papageorgiou EG, Stamoulis K, Papassideri IS, Kriebardis AG, Antonelou MH. Deciphering the Relationship Between Free and Vesicular Hemoglobin in Stored Red Blood Cell Units. Front Physiol 2022; 13:840995. [PMID: 35211035 PMCID: PMC8861500 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.840995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) release hemoglobin (Hb)-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) throughout their lifespan in the circulation, and especially during senescence, by spleen-facilitated vesiculation of their membrane. During ex vivo aging under blood bank conditions, the RBCs lose Hb, both in soluble form and inside EVs that accumulate as a part of storage lesion in the supernatant of the unit. Spontaneous hemolysis and vesiculation are increasingly promoted by the storage duration, but little is known about any physiological linkage between them. In the present study, we measured the levels of total extracellular and EV-enclosed Hb (EV-Hb) in units of whole blood (n = 36) or packed RBCs stored in either CPDA-1 (n = 99) or in CPD-SAGM additive solution (n = 46), in early, middle, and late storage. The spectrophotometry data were subjected to statistical analysis to detect possible correlation(s) between storage hemolysis and EV-Hb, as well as the threshold (if any) that determines the area of this dynamic association. It seems that the percentage of EV-Hb is negatively associated with hemolysis levels from middle storage onward by showing low to moderate correlation profiles in all strategies under investigation. Moreover, 0.17% storage hemolysis was determined as the potential cut-off, above which this inverse correlation is evident in non-leukoreduced CPDA units. Notably, RBC units with hemolysis levels > 0.17% are characterized by higher percentage of nanovesicles (<100 nm) over typical microvesicles (100–400 nm) compared with the lower hemolysis counterparts. Our results suggest an ordered loss of Hb during RBC accelerated aging that might fuel targeted research to elucidate its mechanistic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis L Tzounakas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Alkmini T Anastasiadi
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Effie G Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece
| | | | - Issidora S Papassideri
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece
| | - Marianna H Antonelou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
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Bouchla A, Kriebardis AG, Georgatzakou HT, Fortis SP, Thomopoulos TP, Lekkakou L, Markakis K, Gkotzias D, Panagiotou A, Papageorgiou EG, Pouliakis A, Stamoulis KE, Papageorgiou SG, Pappa V, Valsami S. Red Blood Cell Abnormalities as the Mirror of SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2022; 12:825055. [PMID: 35126186 PMCID: PMC8812589 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.825055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Unraveling the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease is of crucial importance for designing treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the disease on erythrocytes (RBCs) and to correlate the findings with disease severity. Materials and Methods Hospitalized patients (n = 36) with COVID-19 and control group of healthy volunteers (n = 18) were included in the study. Demographic data, clinical, laboratory and chest Computed Tomography (CT) findings at time of admission were recorded. Laboratory measurements included: Hemoglobin (H b), indirect billirubin, LDH, D-Dimers, and plasma free hemoglobin (plasma free-Hb). On RBCs were performed: osmotic fragility (MCF), Free-Hb after mechanical stress (Free-Hb-MECH), intracellular RBC concentration of calcium ions (iCa2+), intracellular ROS (iROS), G6PD, intracellular active caspase-3 (RBC-caspase-3), IgG immunoglobulins (RBC-IgGs), which are bound on RBCs’ senescent neo-antigen proteins and RBC surface phosphatidylserine (RBC-PS). Results The percentage of males was 50 and 66% and the mean age was 65.16 ± 14.24 and 66.33 ± 13.48 years among patients and controls respectively (mean ± SD, p = 0.78). Upon admission patients’ PO2/FiO2 ratio was 305.92 ± 76.75 and distribution of infiltration extend on chest CT was: 0–25% (N = 19), 25–50%: (N = 7), and 50–75% (N = 9). Elevated hemolysis markers (LDH and plasma free-Hb) were observed in patients compared to the control group. Patients’ RBCs were more sensitive to mechanical stress, and exhibited significantly elevated apoptotic markers (iCa2+, RBC-PS). Plasma free Hb levels correlated with the extend of pulmonary infiltrates on chest CT in COVID-19 patients. Surprisingly, patients’ RBC-iROS were decreased, a finding possibly related with the increased G6PDH levels in this group, suggesting a possible compensatory mechanism against the virus. This compensatory mechanism seemed to be attenuated as pulmonary infiltrates on chest CT deteriorated. Furthermore, RBC-IgGs correlated with the severity of pulmonary CT imaging features as well as the abnormality of lung function, which are both associated with increased disease severity. Lastly, patients’ D-Dimers correlated with RBC surface phosphatidylserine, implying a possible contribution of the red blood cells in the thrombotic diathesis associated with the SARS-CoV-2 disease. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection has an effect on red blood cells and there seems to be an association between RBC markers and disease severity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Bouchla
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece
| | - Hara T Georgatzakou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece
| | - Sotirios P Fortis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece
| | - Thomas P Thomopoulos
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leoni Lekkakou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkotzias
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Panagiotou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Effie G Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece
| | - Abraham Pouliakis
- Second Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sotirios G Papageorgiou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, Research Institute, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Serena Valsami
- Hematology Laboratory - Blood Bank, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Stefani A, Capello K, Carminato A, Wurzburger W, Furlanello T, Bertazzo V, Marsilio E, Albertin E, La Pietra G, Bozzato E, Mutinelli F, Vascellari M. Effects of leukoreduction on storage lesions in whole blood and blood components of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:936-945. [PMID: 33591603 PMCID: PMC7995433 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukoreduction is a routine procedure in human transfusion medicine but is uncommon in veterinary. Objectives To evaluate the effect of leukoreduction on the quality of canine whole blood (WB) and blood products during storage. Animals Ten canine blood donors. Methods This is a case series study. An amount of 450 mL of blood was collected from each dog. Five WB and 5 packed red blood cells (pRBC) bags were divided into 2 units each: leukoreduced (LR) and non‐leukoreduced (nLR). RBC count, erythrocytes' mean osmotic fragility (MOF), 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), percentage of hemolysis, potassium (K), lactate, glucose, and cytokines were measured weekly from day of donation (T0) to day 35 (T35); pH, coagulation times, and clotting factors were evaluated at T0 and T35 from WB and in fresh frozen plasma after 1 year of storage. Results Leukoreduction showed positive effects on lactate (T35: LR WB 14.42 mmol/L SD 2.71, nLR WB 22.42 mmol/L SD 1.86, LR pRBC 20.88 mmol/L SD 2.65, nLR pRBC 36.81 mmol/L SD 2.34; P < .0001), pH (T35: LR WB 6.88 SD 0.16, nLR WB 6.69 SD 0.20, P = .02; LR pRBC 6.57 SD 0.23, nLR pRBC 6.22 SD 0.11; P < .001), and K (LR pRBC 4.08 mmol/L SD 0.88, nLR pRBC 5.48 mmol/L SD 0.90; P < .001). Increasing values of IL8 were observed in nLR units during storage (T0: 4167 ± 11 888 pg/mL; T35: 6367 ± 11 612 pg/mL). Conclusion and Clinical Importance LR blood units are recommended to critically ill dogs with marked inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Stefani
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Carminato
- Internal Medicine Section, Veterinary Medical Center "della Riviera", Camponogara, Venice, Italy
| | - Wendy Wurzburger
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostics, San Marco Veterinary Private Clinic, Veggiano, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertazzo
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marsilio
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Albertin
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giacomo La Pietra
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Bozzato
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- SCS3 - Special Diagnostics, Histopathology and Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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Whole Blood Storage in CPDA1 Blood Bags Alters Erythrocyte Membrane Proteome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6375379. [PMID: 30533175 PMCID: PMC6249999 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6375379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) has been frequently abused in endurance sport and is prohibited since the mid-1980s by the International Olympic Committee. Apart from any significant performance-enhancing effects, the ABT may pose a serious health issue due to aging erythrocyte-derived "red cell storage lesions." The current study investigated the effect of blood storage in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA1) on the red blood cell (RBC) membrane proteome. One unit of blood was collected in CPDA1 blood bags from 6 healthy female volunteers. RBC membrane protein samples were prepared on days 0, 14, and 35 of storage. Proteins were digested in gel and peptides separated by nanoliquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry resulting in the confident identification of 33 proteins that quantitatively change during storage. Comparative proteomics suggested storage-induced translocation of cytoplasmic proteins to the membrane while redox proteomics analysis identified 14 proteins prone to storage-induced oxidation. The affected proteins are implicated in the RBC energy metabolism and membrane vesiculation and could contribute to the adverse posttransfusion outcomes. Spectrin alpha chain, band 3 protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ankyrin-1 were the main proteins affected by storage. Although potential biomarkers of stored RBCs were identified, the stability and lifetime of these markers posttransfusion remain unknown. In summary, the study demonstrated the importance of studying storage-induced alterations in the erythrocyte membrane proteome and the need to understand the clearance kinetics of transfused erythrocytes and identified protein markers.
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Tzounakas VL, Gevi F, Georgatzakou HT, Zolla L, Papassideri IS, Kriebardis AG, Rinalducci S, Antonelou MH. Redox Status, Procoagulant Activity, and Metabolome of Fresh Frozen Plasma in Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:16. [PMID: 29459896 PMCID: PMC5807665 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) helps in maintaining the coagulation parameters in patients with acquired multiple coagulation factor deficiencies and severe bleeding. However, along with coagulation factors and procoagulant extracellular vesicles (EVs), numerous bioactive and probably donor-related factors (metabolites, oxidized components, etc.) are also carried to the recipient. The X-linked glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD-), the most common human enzyme genetic defect, mainly affects males. By undermining the redox metabolism, the G6PD- cells are susceptible to the deleterious effects of oxidants. Considering the preferential transfusion of FFP from male donors, this study aimed at the assessment of FFP units derived from G6PD- males compared with control, to show whether they are comparable at physiological, metabolic and redox homeostasis levels. METHODS The quality of n = 12 G6PD- and control FFP units was tested after 12 months of storage, by using hemolysis, redox, and procoagulant activity-targeted biochemical assays, flow cytometry for EV enumeration and phenotyping, untargeted metabolomics, in addition to statistical and bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Higher procoagulant activity, phosphatidylserine positive EVs, RBC-vesiculation, and antioxidant capacity but lower oxidative modifications in lipids and proteins were detected in G6PD- FFP compared with controls. The FFP EVs varied in number, cell origin, and lipid/protein composition. Pathway analysis highlighted the riboflavin, purine, and glycerolipid/glycerophospholipid metabolisms as the most altered pathways with high impact in G6PD-. Multivariate and univariate analysis of FFP metabolomes showed excess of diacylglycerols, glycerophosphoinositol, aconitate, and ornithine but a deficiency in riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, adenine, and arginine, among others, levels in G6PD- FFPs compared with control. CONCLUSION Our results point toward a different redox, lipid metabolism, and EV profile in the G6PD- FFP units. Certain FFP-needed patients may be at greatest benefit of receiving FFP intrinsically endowed by both procoagulant and antioxidant activities. However, the clinical outcome of G6PD- FFP transfusion would likely be affected by various other factors, including the signaling potential of the differentially expressed metabolites and EVs, the degree of G6PD-, the redox status in the recipient, the amount of FFP units transfused, and probably, the storage interval of the FFP, which deserve further investigation by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis L. Tzounakas
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Federica Gevi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Hara T. Georgatzakou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Science and Technology for Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Issidora S. Papassideri
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios G. Kriebardis
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological and Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sara Rinalducci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marianna H. Antonelou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Reisz JA, Tzounakas VL, Nemkov T, Voulgaridou AI, Papassideri IS, Kriebardis AG, D'Alessandro A, Antonelou MH. Metabolic Linkage and Correlations to Storage Capacity in Erythrocytes from Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Donors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 4:248. [PMID: 29376053 PMCID: PMC5768619 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, decreased NADPH regeneration in the pentose phosphate pathway and subnormal levels of reduced glutathione result in insufficient antioxidant defense, increased susceptibility of red blood cells (RBCs) to oxidative stress, and acute hemolysis following exposure to pro-oxidant drugs and infections. Despite the fact that redox disequilibrium is a prominent feature of RBC storage lesion, it has been reported that the G6PD-deficient RBCs store well, at least in respect to energy metabolism, but their overall metabolic phenotypes and molecular linkages to the storability profile are scarcely investigated. Methods We performed UHPLC-MS metabolomics analyses of weekly sampled RBC concentrates from G6PD sufficient and deficient donors, stored in citrate phosphate dextrose/saline adenine glucose mannitol from day 0 to storage day 42, followed by statistical and bioinformatics integration of the data. Results Other than previously reported alterations in glycolysis, metabolomics analyses revealed bioactive lipids, free fatty acids, bile acids, amino acids, and purines as top variables discriminating RBC concentrates for G6PD-deficient donors. Two-way ANOVA showed significant changes in the storage-dependent variation in fumarate, one-carbon, and sulfur metabolism, glutathione homeostasis, and antioxidant defense (including urate) components in G6PD-deficient vs. sufficient donors. The levels of free fatty acids and their oxidized derivatives, as well as those of membrane-associated plasticizers were significantly lower in G6PD-deficient units in comparison to controls. By using the strongest correlations between in vivo and ex vivo metabolic and physiological parameters, consecutively present throughout the storage period, several interactomes were produced that revealed an interesting interplay between redox, energy, and hemolysis variables, which may be further associated with donor-specific differences in the post-transfusion performance of G6PD-deficient RBCs. Conclusion The metabolic phenotypes of G6PD-deficient donors recapitulate the basic storage lesion profile that leads to loss of metabolic linkage and rewiring. Donor-related issues affect the storability of RBCs even in the narrow context of this donor subgroup in a way likely relevant to transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Vassilis L Tzounakas
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Issidora S Papassideri
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological and Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marianna H Antonelou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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