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Frippiat T, Dams L, Wielick C, Delguste C, Ludwig-Begall LF, Art T, Thiry E. In vitro virucidal activity of nebulized citrate-complexed silver nanoparticles against equine herpesvirus-1 and murine norovirus. Virology 2023; 585:232-239. [PMID: 37406580 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses can be involved in respiratory disorders in horses, with limited therapeutic options. Citrate-complexed silver nanoparticles (C-AgNP) have shown bactericidal properties after in vitro nebulization. The aim of the present study was to assess the virucidal activity of C-AgNP after in vitro instillation or nebulization on equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and murine norovirus (MNV), the latter used as surrogate for small non-enveloped viruses. Both viruses were instilled or nebulized with C-AgNP of increasing concentrations, and titres were determined via TCID50 method. We demonstrated efficient inactivation of enveloped EHV-1 following instillation and nebulization of C-AgNP (infectivity losses of ≥ three orders of magnitude). While tenacious MNV was inactivated via 2000 ppm C-AgNP instillation, nebulized C-AgNP did not lead to reduction in MNV titres. Nebulization of C-AgNP may represent a novel virucidal therapeutic approach in horses. Further investigations are needed to assess its safety and effective concentrations for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Frippiat
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Sportpaardenarts - Equine Sports Medicine, Laren, the Netherlands.
| | - Lorène Dams
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Constance Wielick
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Catherine Delguste
- General Services, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Art
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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Frippiat T, Paindaveine C, Duprez JN, Delguste C, Mainil J, Art T. Evaluation of the Bactericidal Effect of Nebulized Silver Nanoparticles on Common Respiratory Bacteria in Horses- In Vitro Studies. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 103:103635. [PMID: 34281634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacteria can be part of the etiology of respiratory disorders in horses. Bactericidal activity of silver has been largely described and silver is currently used in veterinary therapeutic applications such as wound dressings. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro bactericidal effects of nebulized silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on 2 common equine respiratory bacteria, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli. Firstly, antimicrobial susceptibility of AgNP was determined over time by turbidity assessment in liquid broth. Secondly, bacterial growth inhibition was tested after instillation or after nebulization of low (100 ppm) and high (500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) concentrations of AgNP on agar plate. Both bacteria were susceptible to AgNP, even at dilution 1:4 for A. equuli and 1:8 for S. zooepidemicus after 8 hours of incubation, and 1:256 for both bacteria after 24 hours of incubation. The bacterial growth was partially inhibited at low concentration and completely inhibited at high concentrations of instilled AgNP. The bacterial growth was completely inhibited after nebulization of low concentrations of AgNP for A. equuli and high concentrations of AgNP for S. zooepidemicus. We concluded nebulized AgNP could be a candidate for innovative therapeutic way against bacterial respiratory disorders in horses. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to assess the in vivo potential and toxicity of nebulized AgNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Frippiat
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Equine Sports Medicine, Laren, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte Paindaveine
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noel Duprez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Catherine Delguste
- General Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mainil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Art
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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Redpath A, Hallowell GD, Bowen IM. Use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in equine clinical practice; a questionnaire-based study of current use. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:279-288. [PMID: 33099884 PMCID: PMC8025607 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinary use of the aminoglycoside antibiotics is under increasing scrutiny. This questionnaire-based study aimed to document the use of aminoglycosides with a particular focus on gentamicin. An online questionnaire was delivered to generalist equine veterinary surgeons and specialists in internal medicine to determine the perceived importance, frequency of use and routes of administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. A series of hypothetical scenarios were also evaluated regarding gentamicin. Data were compared to evaluate the impact of the level of specialisation on prescribing practices for different antibiotics using Chi-squared and Fischer's exact tests. Data were analysed from 111 responses. Gentamicin was commonly used empirically without culture and susceptibility testing. Generalists were more likely to use gentamicin only after susceptibility testing than specialists in a variety of clinical presentations including respiratory diseases, septic peritonitis, acute febrile diarrhoea, cellulitis and contaminated limb wounds (p < 0.01). Intravenous administration of gentamicin was most common, although inhaled and regional administration of gentamicin and amikacin were also described. Amikacin was most commonly used by intra-articular administration. Gentamicin was more likely to be used in high-risk procedures or contaminated surgeries (86% and 74%, respectively) compared with clean surgery (32%; p < 0.0001). Gentamicin was often used perioperatively in horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy and more commonly used in horses undergoing an enterotomy (90%) than without and enterotomy (79%; p = 0.04). Most respondents (86%) used gentamicin at a dose of 6.6 mg/kg in adults, with few changing their dosing strategies based on the presence of sepsis, although higher doses were more reported in foals (7-15 mg/kg) irrespective of the presence of sepsis. Aminoglycosides are widely used in equine practice and use outside current EU marketing authorisations is common. Stewardship of the aminoglycoside antibiotics could be enhanced in both generalists and specialists through the more frequent use of susceptibility testing, regional administration and dose adjustment, especially in foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Redpath
- Oakham Veterinary HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Gayle D. Hallowell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Ian Mark Bowen
- Oakham Veterinary HospitalSchool of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
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Morgane Canonne A, Roels E, Menard M, Desquilbet L, Billen F, Clercx C. Clinical response to 2 protocols of aerosolized gentamicin in 46 dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection (2012-2018). J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2078-2085. [PMID: 32790103 PMCID: PMC7517846 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) infection commonly causes respiratory disease in dogs. Gentamicin delivered by aerosol maximizes local drug delivery without systemic absorption but clinical response to protocols remains undetermined. Objectives To compare the clinical response to 2 protocols of aerosolized delivery of gentamicin in bordetellosis. Animals Forty‐six dogs with Bb infection confirmed by culture or quantitative polymerase chain reaction on bronchoalveolar lavage. Methods Retrospective study. Administration of aerosolized gentamicin for ≥10 minutes q12h for ≥3 weeks using 4 mg/kg diluted with saline (group 1) or undiluted 5% solution (group 2). Clinical response firstly assessed after 3‐4 weeks and treatment pursued by 3‐weeks increments if cure not reached. Cure defined as absence of cough persisting at least a week after treatment interruption. Results Demographic data were similar between both groups. Clinical cure at 3‐4 weeks was more frequently observed with the use of undiluted solution (19/33 vs 3/13 dogs, P = .03) in association with a shorter median duration of treatment (4 vs 6 weeks, P = .01). Dogs from group 2 having less than 1000 cells/μL in lavage were also more likely to be cured at 3‐4 weeks than dogs with more than 1000 cells/μL [9/9 vs 10/19, P = .006] and median duration of treatment in that subgroup of animals was reduced (3 vs 5 weeks, P = .02). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Aerosolized delivery of gentamicin seems effective for inducing clinical cure in Bb infection. Clinical response appears better using undiluted 5% solution, particularly in the subgroup of dogs having less than 1000 cells/μL in lavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Morgane Canonne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Small Animals Internal Medicine Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elodie Roels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maud Menard
- Small Animals Internal Medicine Unit, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- Unit of Biostatistics, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Billen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Tallon
- Bourton Vale Equine Clinic, Wyck Road, Lower Slaughter, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL54 2EX
| | - Kate McGovern
- American, European and RCVS Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine; Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Oxford Road, Newbury, Berks, RG14 2JB
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Pirie RS, McGorum BC. Inhalation therapy for equine lower respiratory tract disease. IN PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.j2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
This article discusses the benefits and limitations of inhalation therapy in horses. Inhalation drug therapy delivers the drug directly to the airways, thereby achieving maximal drug concentrations at the target site. Inhalation therapy has the additional advantage of decreasing systemic side effects. Inhalation therapy in horses is delivered by the use of nebulizers or pressured metered dose inhalers. It also requires the use of a muzzle or nasal mask in horses. Drugs most commonly delivered through inhalation drug therapy in horses include bronchodilators, antiinflammatories, and antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Cha
- Kulshan Veterinary Hospital, 8880 Benson Rd, Lynden, WA 98264, USA
| | - Lais R R Costa
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Toombs-Ruane LJ, Riley CB, Kendall AT, Bolwell CF, Benschop J, Rosanowski SM. Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Aerobic Isolates from Respiratory Samples of Young New Zealand Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1700-6. [PMID: 26289293 PMCID: PMC4895690 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Decreased efficacy of antimicrobials and increased prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is of concern worldwide. Objectives To describe and analyze bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibilities from respiratory samples submitted from young horses (4 weeks to 3 years old). Animals Samples from 289 horses were submitted to a commercial laboratory. Methods A retrospective database search of submissions made to a New Zealand veterinary laboratory between April 2004 and July 2014. The results of in vitro susceptibility testing by Kirby‐Bauer disc diffusion were described and tabulated for the major bacterial species isolated. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was used to describe the clustering of MDR isolates and selected demographic variables. Results Overall, 774 bacterial isolates were cultured from 237 horses, the majority of these isolates were gram‐positive (67.6%; 95% CI 64.3–70.9%). Streptococcus spp. were the most common genus of bacteria isolated and were 40.1% (95% CI 36.6–43.5%) of the isolates cultured. Susceptibility of Streptococcus spp. to penicillin, gentamicin, and ceftiofur was >85%. Overall, gram‐negative susceptibility to ceftiofur, tetracycline, and TMPS was <75%. MDR was defined as resistance to 3 or more antimicrobials, and was found in 39.2% of horses (93/237; 95% CI 33.0–45.5%). Conclusions and clinical importance Culture and susceptibility results have highlighted that MDR is an emerging problem for young horses in New Zealand (NZ), where a bacterial respiratory infection is suspected. This should be considered when prescribing antimicrobials, and emphasizes the need for submission of samples for culture and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Toombs-Ruane
- Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C B Riley
- Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A T Kendall
- Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C F Bolwell
- Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Benschop
- Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S M Rosanowski
- Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Reuss SM, Giguère S. Update on Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia in the Adult Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:105-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Dunkel B, Johns IC. Antimicrobial use in critically ill horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:89-100. [PMID: 25582245 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss controversies surrounding antimicrobial use in critically ill horses. DATA SOURCES PubMed searches from 1970-present for terms including, but not limited to: "horse," "foal," "antimicrobial," "prophylaxis," "infection," "surgery," "sepsis," and "antimicrobial resistance." HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Increasing bacterial antimicrobial resistance has changed first-line antimicrobial choices and prompted shortening of the duration of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. The need to decrease bacterial resistance development to critically important antimicrobials has been highlighted. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Veterinary medicine has followed a similar trend but often without a high-level evidence. Common dilemmas include diseases in which the theoretically most effective drug is a reserved antimicrobial, the inability to differentiate infectious from noninfectious disease, the duration and necessity of prophylactic antimicrobials and use of antimicrobials in primary gastrointestinal disease. These problems are illustrated using examples of purulent infections, neonatal sepsis, colic surgery, and treatment of colitis. Although enrofloxacin, cephalosporins, and doxycycline, in contrast to gentamicin, reach therapeutic concentrations within the lungs of healthy horses, the first two should not be used as first line treatment due to their reserved status. Due to the high risk of bacterial sepsis, antimicrobial treatment remains indispensable in compromised neonatal foals but shortening the length of antimicrobial treatment might be prudent. One prospective randomized study demonstrated no difference between 3 and 5 days of perioperative antimicrobial treatment in colic surgery but shorter durations were not evaluated. High-level evidence to recommend antimicrobial treatment of adult horses with undifferentiated diarrhea does not exist. CONCLUSIONS Few evidence-based recommendations can be made. Commonly used antimicrobial combinations remain the mainstay for treating purulent infections. Antimicrobial treatment for compromised foals should not extend beyond recovery. Continuation of prophylactic antimicrobials >3 days is likely unnecessary after colic surgery; shorter durations might be equally effective. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in adult horses with diarrhea is unlikely to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertforshire, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
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Fultz L, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Grover GS, Merritt DA. Pulmonary pharmacokinetics of desfuroylceftiofur acetamide after nebulisation or intramuscular administration of ceftiofur sodium to weanling foals. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:473-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Fultz
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens USA
| | - S. Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens USA
| | - L. J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens USA
| | - G. S. Grover
- Metabolism and Safety; Zoetis; Kalamazoo Michigan USA
| | - D. A. Merritt
- Metabolism and Safety; Zoetis; Kalamazoo Michigan USA
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Winther L. Antimicrobial drug concentrations and sampling techniques in the equine lung. Vet J 2012; 193:326-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Art T, Ramery E, Fraipont A, Lekeux P. Pulmonary function, airway cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid drug concentration after aerosol administration of cefquinome to horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Brown VA, Wilkins PA. Advanced Techniques in the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Pulmonary Diseases in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:633-51, xi. [PMID: 16882489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques for novel approaches to the diagnosis and management of equine pulmonary disease continue to be developed and used in clinical practice. Diagnostic techniques involving immunoassays and nucleic acid-based tests not only decrease the time in which results become available but increase the sensitivity and specificity of test results. These assays do not substitute for careful clinical evaluation but can shorten the time to a confirmed accurate diagnosis, and thus allow for early initiation of therapeutic strategies and prevention protocols. With further understanding of the molecular biology and immunology of equine pulmonary disease, diagnostic and management techniques should become further refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Brown
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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McKenzie HC, Murray MJ. Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after once-daily aerosol administration to horses for seven days. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:173-8. [PMID: 14974574 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess gentamicin concentrations in serum and bronchial lavage fluid (BLF) of horses during a 24-hour period after once-daily aerosol administration of gentamicin (GAER) for 7 days and the pattern and degree of bronchial tree inflammation associated with repeated GAER. ANIMALS 13 healthy adult horses (9 geldings and 4 mares). PROCEDURE The treatment group comprised 8 horses, and 5 horses were untreated control animals. Gentamicin (20 mL of gentamicin [50 mg/mL]) was administered via aerosol once daily for 7 days. Samples of serum and BLF were obtained from all horses before GAER and 0.5, 4, 8, and 24 hours after the final day of GAER. Gentamicin concentrations were determined for all samples from treated horses, and cytologic examinations were performed on all BLF samples. RESULTS Peak median BLF gentamicin concentration detected at 0.5 hours was 2.50 microg/mL. Median serum gentamicin concentration was < 0.50 microg/mL at all time points. Significant differences were not observed in total nucleated cell counts or differential cell counts in BLF between groups at any time point. Neutrophil count in BLF for all horses was increased over baseline at 4 and 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We did not detect evidence of gentamicin accumulation or respiratory inflammation after once-daily GAER for 7 days. This protocol appears unlikely to result in local or systemic toxicosis. Repeated daily GAER to horses appears to be a safe procedure and may have clinical use in the treatment of horses with bacterial infections of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold C McKenzie
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA 20177, USA
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Werner LA, Hardy J, Bertone AL. Bone gentamicin concentration after intra-articular injection or regional intravenous perfusion in the horse. Vet Surg 2004; 32:559-65. [PMID: 14648535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2003.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare intra-articular (IA) and bone gentamicin concentrations achieved after intra-articular administration or regional intravenous perfusion (RIP). STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Twelve healthy adult horses. METHODS Horses were assigned to 2 treatment groups (n = 6/group): Group 1, 1 g gentamicin administered simultaneously in both left and right metacarpophalangeal joints and group 2, 1 g gentamicin administered simultaneously in both left and right lateral palmar veins. Serum, synovial fluid, and bone biopsy specimens were collected. Gentamicin concentrations were determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Bone, synovial fluid, and serum gentamicin concentrations were compared over time and between groups using 2-way ANOVA. Significance of all tests were evaluated at P <.05. RESULTS IA metacarpophalangeal joint administration resulted in higher concentration of gentamicin in synovial fluid than RIP administration. Synovial fluid concentration remained above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for common pathogens for over 24 hours with IA and RIP administration. Bone gentamicin concentration remained above MIC for 8 hours with both methods; there was no significant difference in gentamicin concentration in bone with either method. Neither IA nor RIP administration had a significant effect on serum concentration of gentamicin. CONCLUSIONS In normal horses, there is no difference in bone gentamicin concentration obtained with IA or RIP administration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on MIC for common equine pathogens, administration of gentamicin intra-articularly or by regional intravenous perfusion should be useful for treatment of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Werner
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Henrikson SL, Rush BR. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218:1961-5. [PMID: 11417742 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the onset, magnitude, and duration of bronchodilation after administration of aerosolized salmeterol xinafoate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. DESIGN Randomized controlled study ANIMALS 6 horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Procedure Horses received aerosolized salmeterol (210 microg) or no treatment, using a crossover design. Salmeterol was administered, using a mask designed for aerosol delivery in horses. Subjective rating of airway obstruction (RAO), maximal change in pleural pressure (deltaPplmax), and pulmonary resistance (RL) were determined at baseline; 5, 15, and 30 minutes; and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after administration of salmeterol and in horses that did not receive treatment. RESULTS The deltaPpl and RL were improved 15 minutes through 6 hours after administration of salmeterol, compared with values obtained from horses receiving no treatment. The RAO was improved 15 minutes through 2 hours after administration of salmeterol. The maximal response to salmeterol was evident 30 to 60 minutes after administration and was characterized by a 59 + 19% decrease in deltaPpl and a 56 +/- 13% decrease in RL. The deltaPpl and RL were not different from baseline values 8 hours after salmeterol administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Duration of action of salmeterol in these horses was approximately 6 hours. Maximal bronchodilation was somewhat delayed (30 to 60 minutes), and the magnitude of response was similar to that of short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists. Salmeterol provides moderately sustained bronchodilation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction and may be an effective drug for long-term control of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Henrikson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-5606, USA
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