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Busechian S, Conti MB, Sgorbini M, Conte G, Marchesi MC, Pieramati C, Zappulla F, Vitale V, Rueca F. A Comparison of the Efficacy of Two Omeprazole Formulations in the Treatment of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Racehorses: A Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104296. [PMID: 37003396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is the most common disease of the stomach in horses and treatment is based on the oral administration of omeprazole for at least 28 days. Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two formulations of oral omeprazole-powder paste and gastro-enteric resistant granules-in the treatment of naturally occurring gastric ulcers in racehorses. Thirty-two adult racehorses, aged between 2 and 10 years old, with clinical signs of EGUS were included in this blinded, randomized clinical trial. Two gastroscopies were performed to evaluate gastric lesions in the squamous or glandular mucosa before and after 28 days of treatment. After the first gastroscopy, 2/32 horses were excluded because affected by equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) 1/4. The remaining horses were divided into 4 groups, and were treated with 2 formulations of omeprazole (gastroenteric resistant granules, group 1, or powder paste, group 3) or with 2 placebo formulations (granules, group 2, or paste, group 4). Treatments were performed in the placebo horses affected by ESGD or equine glandular gastric disease after the T28 gastroscopy control. No differences were found between groups at T0. Differences were found between T0 vs. T28 for granular (P = .002) and powder paste (P = .01) formulations. No differences were detected between the two groups receiving omeprazole formulations at T28 (0.34) and between T0 vs. T28 for either of the groups receiving placebo treatments. For all the variables, the size of the effect was greater than 0.5, proving that the treatments had a considerable effect. Gastro-enteric resistant granules and powder paste omeprazole showed similar efficacy in the treatment of ESGD. The glandular mucosa responded poorly to treatment with omeprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Vitale
- Department of animal medicine and surgery, Veterinary teaching Hospital, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, C/ Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Valencia, Spain
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Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses. Vet J 2022; 283-284:105830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hewetson M, Tallon R. Equine Squamous Gastric Disease: Prevalence, Impact and Management. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:381-399. [PMID: 35004264 PMCID: PMC8725839 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s235258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review explores the etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of ESGD (equine squamous gastric disease) and discusses the impact of this commonly encountered condition on the equine industry. ESGD refers specifically to peptic injury of the squamous mucosa of the stomach. Prevalence is highest in performance horses, but the disease has been documented across many breeds and ages, including in feral horses and foals. The pathogenesis of ESGD is well understood. Intensive management and exercise are important factors that contribute to a disruption of the normal stratification of gastric pH. This results in exposure of the vulnerable squamous mucosa to acid, leading to ulceration. Clinical signs are variable and there is little evidence to support a direct association between reported signs and the presence or absence of lesions seen on gastroscopy. Management is aimed at acid suppression and mitigation of known risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hewetson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rose Tallon
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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Hewetson M, McGuire CJ. Equine squamous gastric disease and delayed gastric emptying – the chicken or the egg? EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hewetson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms UK
| | - C. J. McGuire
- Department of Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms UK
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Pedersen SK, Cribb AE, Windeyer MC, Read EK, French D, Banse HE. Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping Warmbloods. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:747-751. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Pedersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- TD Equine Veterinary Group; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - A. E. Cribb
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - M. C. Windeyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - E. K. Read
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - D. French
- TD Equine Veterinary Group; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - H. E. Banse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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Raidal SL, Andrews FM, Nielsen SG, Trope G. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of two omeprazole formulations on stomach pH and gastric ulcer scores. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:802-809. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Veterinary Clinical Centre; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - F. M. Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - S. G. Nielsen
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Veterinary Clinical Centre; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - G. Trope
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Veterinary Clinical Centre; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Harris
- Equine Studies Group; WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition; Melton Mowbray Leicestershire UK
| | - C. Dunnett
- Independent Equine Nutrition; Bury St Edmunds Suffolk UK
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Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge USA
| | - C. Larson
- Zinpro Corporation; Eden Prairie Minnesota USA
| | - P. Harris
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition; Waltham-on-the-Wolds; Leicestershire UK
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Andrews FM. Gastric juice pH measurement in horses: Three-quarters of a century of history! EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Andrews
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Equine Health Studies Program; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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Sykes BW, Jokisalo JM. Rethinking equine gastric ulcer syndrome: Part 2 - Equine squamous gastric ulcer syndrome (ESGUS). EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Sykes
- BW Sykes Consultancy; Upper Orara New South Wales Australia
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Erickson-Levendoski E, Sivasankar MP. Role for ion transport in porcine vocal fold epithelial defense to acid challenge. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 146:272-8. [PMID: 22086905 DOI: 10.1177/0194599811428273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vocal fold epithelium is routinely exposed to gastric contents, including acid and pepsin, during laryngopharyngeal reflux events. The epithelium may possess intrinsic defenses to reflux. The first objective of the current study was to examine whether vocal fold epithelial ion transport is one potential mechanism of defense to gastric contents. The second objective was to determine whether ion transport in response to gastric contents is associated with the secretion of bicarbonate. STUDY DESIGN Prospective design in excised porcine larynges. SETTING Laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Porcine vocal folds (N = 56) were exposed on the luminal surface to acid, pepsin, or sham challenges. Ion transport at baseline and following challenge exposure was measured using electrophysiological techniques. To examine specific ion transport mechanisms, vocal folds were pretreated with either a sodium channel blocker or bicarbonate channel blocker. RESULTS Within 60 seconds of acid but not pepsin exposure, there was a significant increase in ion transport. This rapid increase in ion transport was transient and related to bicarbonate secretion. CONCLUSION The current data suggest that porcine vocal folds immediately increase bicarbonate secretion following exposure to acid. Bicarbonate secretion may act to neutralize acid. These findings contribute to the identification of the mechanisms underlying vocal fold defense to reflux and offer implications for the development of treatments for reflux-induced vocal fold injury.
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Effect of paddock vs. stall housing on 24 hour gastric pH within the proximal and ventral equine stomach. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:337-41. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x284673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Murray MJ, Hepburn RJ, Sullins KE. Preliminary study of use of a polypectomy snare to obtain large samples of the equine gastric antrum by endoscopy. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:76-8. [PMID: 14756376 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044864606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Murray
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Leesburg, Virginia 20177, USA
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Andrews FM, Buchanan BR, Elliott SB, Al Jassim RAM, McGowan CM, Saxton AM. In vitro effects of hydrochloric and lactic acids on bioelectric properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:301-5. [PMID: 18321809 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x293565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Volatile fatty acids, byproducts of carbohydrate fermentation by resident bacteria, have been implicated in causing nonglandular (NG) gastric ulcers. Lactic acid (LA), also produced by stomach bacteria, may cause gastric ulcers when exposed to the equine NG mucosa. OBJECTIVES To investigate the in vitro effects of LA on equine NG mucosa bioelectric properties, sodium transport and tissue resistance. METHODS Gastric tissues obtained from 13 mature horses were studied in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) were measured, and electrical resistance (R) and conductance (G) calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and LA (5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol/l) in normal Ringer's solution (NRS). RESULTS Mucosa exposed to HCl or LA (5, 10 and 20 mmol/l) in NRS (pH 1.5 and to a lesser extent pH 4.0) had a significant decrease in Isc and PD. Mucosa exposed to a high concentration of LA (40 mmol/l) in NRS (LRS) at pH 1.5 showed an increased G, but this increase was not significant. Values returned to baseline after solutions were returned to pH 7.0. Histological changes were consistent with HCl-induced (pH <4.0) acid damage. CONCLUSIONS HCl induced alteration in bioelectric properties of equine NG mucosa whereas addition of LRS did not, other than those changes seen with HCl alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Andrews
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Morrissey NK, Bellenger CR, Baird AW. Bradykinin stimulates prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase activity in equine nonglandular and glandular gastric mucosa in vitro. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:332-6. [PMID: 18331972 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x293556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There are few data available regarding regulation of prostaglandin (PG) generation by equine gastric mucosae and the role of the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in their production. OBJECTIVES To: 1) characterise and quantify PGE2 output in vitro; 2) examine the sensitivity of PGE2 production to exogenous bradykinin (BK) exposure; 3) determine the contribution of the COX-1 and COX-2 pathways to basal and BK-stimulated PGE2 production; and 4) measure if BK influences electrogenic ion transport in equine gastric mucosae in vitro. METHODS Full thickness gastric sheets were obtained from horses at post mortem, stripped of muscle layers and mounted in Ussing chambers. Tissues were exposed to bradykinin (BK, 0.1 micromol/l) either alone, or following pretreatment with a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398, 1 micromol/l) or a nonselective COX inhibitor (piroxicam, 1 micromol/l), or were untreated. RESULTS BK administration increased PGE2 output from the basolateral but not the apical faces of both tissue types. Piroxicam, but not NS-398, reduced basolateral PGE2 release below control levels in both tissue types. Both piroxicam and NS-398 pretreatment inhibited BK-stimulated PGE2 release. In separate experiments, BK was without effect upon electrophysiological parameters of tissues mounted in Ussing chambers. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 is produced by the nonglandular and glandular equine gastric mucosae in vitro. Significantly more PGE2 is released basolaterally than apically. BK stimulated the production of PGE2 from the basolateral side of both tissue types. These findings suggest that COX-1 is a significant pathway for basal PGE2 production from the basolateral faces of both nonglandular and glandular equine gastric mucosae in vitro.
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White G, McClure SR, Sifferman R, Holste JE, Fleishman C, Murray MJ, Cramer LG. Effects of short-term light to heavy exercise on gastric ulcer development in horses and efficacy of omeprazole paste in preventing gastric ulceration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230:1680-2. [PMID: 17542738 DOI: 10.2460/javma.230.11.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of 8 days of light to heavy exercise on gastric ulcer development in horses and determine the efficacy of omeprazole paste in preventing gastric ulceration. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial. ANIMALS 102 horses with normal-appearing gastric mucosa on endoscopic examination that were in light to heavy training. PROCEDURES Horses at 4 trial locations were allocated into replicates and sham dosed orally (empty syringe) or treated with a paste formulation of omeprazole (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/ lb], PO) once daily for 8 days. Training regimens varied among locations and included early training for western performance events; walking, trotting, and cantering in a mechanical exerciser; and race training (2 locations). Prevalences of gastric ulceration at the completion of the 8-day treatment period were compared between groups. RESULTS At the end of the 8-day treatment period, the proportion of omeprazole-treated horses free from gastric ulceration (88%) was significantly higher than the proportion of sham-dosed horses free from gastric ulceration (27%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results showed that horses in light to heavy training for as short as 8 days were at risk of developing gastric ulcers and that administration of omeprazole paste decreased the incidence of gastric ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary White
- Sallisaw Equine Clinic, Sallisaw, OK 74955, USA
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Abstract
In recent years, gastric ulceration has been recognised as a common, possibly performance-limiting disease of adult horses. Here, we aim to provide the reader with a useful review of recent literature covering all aspects of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in adult horses. The anatomy and physiology of the stomach, with particular reference to secretion of acid and mucosal protective mechanisms, are reviewed, as are the differing theories relating to the aetiopathogenesis of gastric ulceration. We also explore the possible influence of various management factors on development of the disease. The prevalence of the disease in racehorses has been reported to be as high as 100%. In general, horses that are in active training for racing tend to have a prevalence of around 90%, whereas pleasure horses in full work have a reported prevalence of approximately 60%. Emerging diagnostic tests which could obviate the need for gastroscopy are introduced and current recommendations for treatment are summarised, focussing on proton pump inhibitors, in particular omeprazole, administered orally. The oral administration of omeprazole has been shown to be effective in both treating horses with gastric ulceration and at preventing re-occurrence whilst the horses are in training, provided that daily dosing is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J W Bell
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Andrews FM, Buchanan BR, Smith SH, Elliott SB, Saxton AM. In vitro effects of hydrochloric acid and various concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric, or valeric acids on bioelectric properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa. Am J Vet Res 2007; 67:1873-82. [PMID: 17078749 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.11.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and various concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on tissue bioelectric properties of equine stomach nonglandular (NG) mucosa. SAMPLE POPULATION Gastric tissues obtained from 48 adult horses. PROCEDURES NG gastric mucosa was studied by use of Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) were measured and electrical resistance (R) and conductance calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and VFAs (5, 10, 20, and 40 mM) in normal Ringer's solution (NRS). RESULTS Mucosa exposed to HCl in NRS (pH of 1.5 and, to a lesser extent, 4.0) had a significant decrease in Isc, PD, and R, whereas tissues exposed to acetic acid at a pH of < 4.0, propionic and butyric acids at a pH of <or= 4.0, and valeric acid at a pH of <or= 7.0 induced a concentration-dependent effect on reduction in these same values. Values for Isc returned to baseline (recovery of sodium transport) after addition of calcium carbonate in tissues exposed to all concentrations of VFAs except the higher concentrations of valeric acid at a pH of <or= 4.0. Histologic examination revealed cell swelling in the mucosal layers below and adjacent to the stratum corneum in tissues exposed to HCl and VFAs at a pH of <or= 4.0. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The VFAs, especially acetic acid, in the presence of HCl at a pH of <or= 4.0 appear to be important in the pathogenesis of NG mucosal ulcers in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Andrews
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Andrews FM, Frank N, Sommardahl CS, Buchanan BR, Elliott SB, Allen VA. Effects of Intravenously Administrated Omeprazole on Gastric Juice pH and Gastric Ulcer Scores in Adult Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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McClure SR, Carithers DS, Gross SJ, Murray MJ. Gastric ulcer development in horses in a simulated show or training environment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:775-7. [PMID: 16178400 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether conditions representing activities that are typical in the recreational use of horses, including transport to and from show grounds, stall confinement in unfamiliar surroundings, and light exercise, are associated with increased incidence of gastric ulcers in horses. DESIGN Randomized controlled study. ANIMALS 20 client-owned horses. PROCEDURE Horses had no gastric ulcers as determined by endoscopic examination on study day -1. Ten control horses were maintained on-site with no changes in management variables. Ten horses were transported via trailer for 4 hours on day 0 to another site, placed in individual stalls, fed twice daily, and exercised twice daily for 3 days. On day 4, they were transported back to the original site via trailer for 4 hours. On day 5, endoscopic examinations were performed on all horses to assess gastric mucosa status. RESULTS Horses that were transported and housed off-site had a significantly higher incidence of hyperkeratosis and reddening of the gastric mucosa than control horses. Two control horses and 7 transported horses developed gastric ulcers by day 5. Ulcer scores of transported horses increased significantly from day -1, whereas ulcer scores in control horses did not change significantly from day -1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Activities that are typical in recreational use of horses were ulcerogenic, and ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa can develop under these conditions within 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R McClure
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Wang J, Yang ZX, Cui PL. Preventive effect of hydrotalcite on stress ulcer in rats after acute brain trauma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2115-2118. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i9.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the role of bile reflux in the stress ulcer in rats after acute brain trauma, and to investigate the preventive role of Hydrotalcite (Talcid) to the stress ulcer.
METHODS: An animal model was established by Allen's method with modification. 128 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups: Group I (n = 32): stress ulcer group, rats suffered from acute brain trauma without therapy; Group II (n = 32): normal control group, rats with sham operation; Group III (n = 32): Talcid group, rats suffered from acute brain trauma with Talcid administration; Group IV (n = 32): normal saline (NS) group, rats suffered from acute brain trauma with NS administration. Each group was divided into four subgroups of 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h after the trauma (n = 8, for each subgroup). The rats in groups III and IV received Talcid and NS by gavage respectively before the operation for three days (Talcid: 500mg/kg.weight/day, NS: 1.5 mL/kg. weight/day). The bile acid concentration in the stomach and blood, the PH value and ulcer index (UI) were assayed, and the histology of gastric mucosa was analysed.
RESULTS: The concentration of gastric bile acid in group I was higher than that of group II at each time point (P <0.05, P <0.01); The damage of gastric mucosa was serious (P <0.05); and it showed a positive correlation between them (r = 0.05, P <0.01). But there was no difference in the blood bile acid and PH value. The histology showed corresponding changes. The concentration of gastric bile acid in group III was lower than that of group Ⅳ at each time point (P <0.01); The PH value at 1 h, 3 h, 6 h was higher but UI was lower at 6 h, 24 h in group III (P <0.01). There was a linear relationship between the gastric bile acid concentration or PH value and UI (r = 0.43, r = 0.52, P <0.01). The damage was ameliorated obviously in group III.
CONCLUSION: The bile reflux plays an important role in the stress ulcer after acute brain trauma. It shows a potential correlation between the extent of bile reflux and gastric mucosa damage. As a new combined bile acid drug, hydrotalcite can effectively prevent the occurrence of stress ulcer after acute brain trauma.
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