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Agulla B, Villaescusa A, Sainz Á, Díaz‐Regañón D, Rodríguez‐Franco F, Calleja‐Bueno L, Olmeda P, García‐Sancho M. Peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1437-1448. [PMID: 38472110 PMCID: PMC11099799 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated T lymphocyte response is thought to play a key role in chronic intestinal inflammation (CIE). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presence of changes in peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets and to describe potential immune and inflammatory biomarkers in dogs with CIE. ANIMALS Sixteen healthy dogs and 26 dogs were diagnosed with CIE. METHODS Prospective case-control study evaluating peripheral and intestinal T lymphocytes using flow cytometry and inflammatory markers obtained from complete blood cell counts. RESULTS Dogs with CIE had higher peripheral activated T helper (Th) lymphocytes (87/μL [18-273] CIE, 44/μL [16-162] healthy control (HC, P = .013) and regulatory T cells (Treg; 108/μL [2-257] CIE, 34/μL [1-114] HC, P = .004). In the intestinal epithelium, CIE dogs presented lower percentages of Th (4.55% [1.75-18.67] CIE, 8.77% [3.79-25.03] HC, P = .002), activated Th cells (0.16% [0.02-0.83] CIE, 0.33% [0.05-0.57] HC, P = .03) and CD4/CD8 ratio (0.08 [0.02-0.39] CIE, 0.21 [0.07-0.85] HC, P = .003). Conversely, higher percentage of activated T cytotoxic cells (20.24% [3.12-77.12] CIE, 12.32% [1.21-39.22] HC, P = .04) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T lymphocytes (7.36% [0.63-55.83] CIE, 1.44% [0.00-10.56] HC, P = .01) within the epithelium was observed. In the lamina propria the percentage of Treg lymphocytes was higher (6.02% [1.00-21.48] CIE, 3.52% [0.18-10.52] HC, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Systemic and intestinal immune alterations occur in dogs with CIE suggesting that blood IFN-γ producing T lymphocytes and the systemic immune-inflamation index (SII) could potentially serve as biomarkers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Agulla
- Department Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de VeterinàriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Alejandra Villaescusa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - David Díaz‐Regañón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez‐Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Lydia Calleja‐Bueno
- Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad Alfonso X El Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1MadridSpain
| | - Patricia Olmeda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Mercedes García‐Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
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2
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Febo E, Crisi PE, Oddi S, Pietra M, Galiazzo G, Piscitelli F, Gramenzi A, Prinzio RD, Di Tommaso M, Bernabò N, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M, Boari A. Circulating Endocannabinoids as Diagnostic Markers of Canine Chronic Enteropathies: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:655311. [PMID: 34124221 PMCID: PMC8187750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs, according to the treatment response to consecutive trials, are classified as food-responsive (FRE), antibiotic-responsive (ARE), and immunosuppressive-responsive (IRE) enteropathy. In addition to this classification, dogs with loss of protein across the gut are grouped as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). At present, the diagnosis of CEs is time-consuming, costly and sometimes invasive, also because non-invasive biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity are not yet available. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the levels of circulating endocannabinoids in plasma as potential diagnostic markers of canine CEs. Thirty-three dogs with primary chronic gastrointestinal signs presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of Teramo and Bologna (Italy) were prospectively enrolled in the study, and 30 healthy dogs were included as a control group. Plasma levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) were measured at the time of the first visit in dogs with different CEs, as well as in healthy subjects. Plasma levels of 2-AG (p = 0.001) and PEA (p = 0.008) were increased in canine CEs compared to healthy dogs. In particular, PEA levels were increased in the FRE group compared to healthy dogs (p = 0.04), while 2-AG was higher in IRE than in healthy dogs (p = 0.0001). Dogs affected by FRE also showed decreased 2-AG (p = 0.0001) and increased OEA levels (p = 0.0018) compared to IRE dogs. Moreover, dogs with PLE showed increased 2-AG (p = 0.033) and decreased AEA (p = 0.035), OEA (p = 0.016) and PEA (p = 0.023) levels, when compared to dogs affected by CEs without loss of proteins. The areas under ROC curves for circulating 2-AG (0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79–1.03) and OEA (0.81; 95% CI, 0.65–0.97) showed a good accuracy in distinguishing the different forms of CEs under study (FRE, ARE and IRE), at the time of the first visit. The present study demonstrated that endocannabinoid signaling is altered in canine CEs, and that CE subtypes showed distinct profiles of 2-AG, PEA and OEA plasma levels, suggesting that these circulating bioactive lipids might have the potential to become candidate biomarkers for canine CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elettra Febo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Oddi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Bioscience, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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3
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Estruch J, Johnson J, Ford S, Yoshimoto S, Mills T, Bergman P. Utility of the combined use of 3 serologic markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic enteropathies in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1306-1315. [PMID: 33960552 PMCID: PMC8163139 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE) displayed elevated IgA seropositivity against specific markers that can be used to develop a novel test. OBJECTIVE To assess a multivariate test to aid diagnosis of CE in dogs and to monitor treatment-related responses. ANIMALS One hundred fifty-seven dogs with CE/inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 24 dogs non-IBD gastrointestinal disorders, and 33 normal dogs. METHODS Prospective, multicenter, clinical study that enrolled dogs with gastrointestinal disorders. Serum sample collected at enrollment and up to 3 months follow-up measuring OmpC (ACA), canine calprotectin (ACNA), and gliadin-derived peptides (AGA) by ELISA. RESULTS Seropositivity was higher in CE/IBD than normal dogs (66% vs 9% for ACA; 55% vs 15% for ACNA; and 75% vs 6% for AGA; P < .001). When comparing CE/IBD with non-IBD disease, ACA and ACNA displayed discriminating properties (66%, 55% vs 12.5%, 29% respectively) while AGA separated CE from normal cohorts (54% vs 6%). A 3-marker algorithm at cutoff of ACA > 15, ACNA > 6, AGA > 60 differentiates CE/IBD and normal dogs with 90% sensitivity and 96% specificity; and CE/IBD and non-IBD dogs with 80% sensitivity and 86% specificity. Titers decreased after treatment (47%-99% in ACA, 13%-88% in ACNA, and 30%-85% in AGA), changes that were concurrent with clinical improvements. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE An assay based on combined measurements of ACA, ACNA, and AGA is useful as a noninvasive diagnostic test to distinguish dogs with CE/IBD. The test also has the potential to monitor response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Ford
- Department of Internal MedicineBlue Pearl SpecialtyScottsdaleArizonaUSA
| | - Sean Yoshimoto
- Department of Internal MedicineWest LA Animal HospitalLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tracy Mills
- Department of Clinical StudiesWest LA Animal HospitalLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Philip Bergman
- Department of Internal MedicineKatonah Bedford Veterinary CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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4
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Hernandez J, Dandrieux JRS. From Bench Top to Clinics: How New Tests Can Be Helpful in Diagnosis and Management of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:137-153. [PMID: 33187620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review different tests that have been researched in dogs with chronic enteropathy. The usefulness of these tests either to assess etiology, to differentiate between treatment response, or to monitor treatment response is discussed. The tests are divided in those that are commercially available and those that hold promises for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 Micalis, Microbiota Interactions with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), F-78350, Jouy-en Josas, France; Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), University of Nantes, 101 route de Gachet, Nantes 44300, France
| | - Julien Rodolphe Samuel Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, U-Vet, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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5
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Estruch JJ, Barken D, Bennett N, Krawiec DK, Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, Polansky BJ, Sueda MT. Evaluation of novel serological markers and autoantibodies in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1177-1186. [PMID: 32282988 PMCID: PMC7255684 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of serological markers to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans is well‐established. Because of the frequency of IBD in dogs and resources required for its diagnosis with current methods, new approaches are desired. Objective The goal is to evaluate novel serologic markers to differentiate clinical cohorts in dogs with gastrointestinal (GI) disease and assess their potential to develop a serum‐based IBD diagnostic test. Animals Seventy dogs diagnosed with biopsy‐confirmed IBD, 23 dogs with non‐IBD predominantly acute GI diseases, and 58 normal dogs. Methods Prospective control study. ELISA methods were developed to detect autoantibodies to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (APMNA) and calprotectin (ACNA), antibodies against gliadins (AGA), microbial outer membrane porin C (ACA), and flagellins (AFA) isolated from diseased dogs based on clinical and histopathological scoring. Results IBD dogs displayed a 39%‐76% prevalence of seropositivity against selected serologic markers that markedly decreased to 0%‐13% in non‐IBD and normal dogs. ROC analysis showed statistical significance in differentiating the cohorts, with seropositivity against OmpC being the highest single performance marker. The combination of markers such as OmpC and APMNA reached specificities of 93%‐99% and 79%‐98% and sensitivities of 76%‐97% and 66%‐86% when comparing IBD versus normal cohorts and non‐IBD cohorts, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Seropositivity of canine immunoglobulins A against selected serologic markers in dogs appears promising in the detection and differentiation of IBD versus other acute GI conditions. Among them, antibody reactivity to Escherichia coli OmpC and canine autoantibodies against polymorphonuclear leukocytes displayed the highest single marker discriminating performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Estruch
- Vetica Labs, Inc., 3525 Del Mar Heights Rd. Suite 106, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Derren Barken
- BaseChange Bioinformatics, 7465 Mission Gorge Road Suite #120, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Nicole Bennett
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Donald K Krawiec
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Gregory K Ogilvie
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Barbara E Powers
- CSU, Diagnostic Laboratories, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Benjamin J Polansky
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
| | - Michael T Sueda
- California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2310 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 2409 S. Vineyard Ave Suite O, Ontario, California, United States.,California Veterinary Specialists Hospital, 39809 Avenida Acacias, Suite E, Murrieta, California, United States
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6
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Duodenal expression of antimicrobial peptides in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal lymphoma. Vet J 2019; 249:47-52. [PMID: 31239164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an integral role in the regulation of intestinal microbiota and homeostasis, their expression in canine gastrointestinal diseases, including idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal lymphoma, remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal expression of AMPs in dogs with IBD or intestinal lymphoma. IBD was diagnosed in 44 dogs, small cell intestinal lymphoma in 25 dogs, and large cell intestinal lymphoma in 19 dogs. Twenty healthy beagles were used as normal controls. Duodenal mRNA expression of six representative AMPs - lactoferrin, lysozyme, cathelicidin, secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), and canine beta defensin (CBD103) - was quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The relative expression of BPI, lactoferrin, and SLPI was significantly higher in dogs with IBD and intestinal lymphomas than in healthy controls. Interestingly, the expression patterns of AMPs differed between dogs with IBD and those with intestinal lymphomas, especially small cell lymphoma. Increased expression of BPI differentiated IBD from dogs with small cell intestinal lymphoma, with a sensitivity of 93.2%, a specificity of 100%, and an area under the curve of 0.955. These results suggest that the expression patterns of AMP aid in the diagnosis of canine IBD and intestinal lymphoma, although it remains uncertain whether the altered AMP expression is the cause or effect of mucosal inflammation.
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7
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Tamamoto T, Nagao A, Sugano M. Detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in dogs with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 203:47-51. [PMID: 30243372 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is a type of autoantibody against neutrophil cytoplasm. In veterinary medicine, few studies have reported the detection of ANCA in dogs, and most of these studies were performed in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ANCA is detected in dogs with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) other than IBD. Serum samples were collected before treatment initiation from 40 client-owned dogs with various diseases and 22 healthy beagle dogs; the dogs were classified into two groups: IMID group (n = 16) and control group (n = 46). ANCA was detected using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Of the 16 dogs in the IMID group, 13 (81.3%) tested positive for ANCA. In contrast, of the 46 dogs in the control group, 13 (28.03%) tested positive for ANCA. Moreover, a significant association between ANCA positivity and IMIDs was identified in the IMID group than in the control group (P = 0.0003). In the control group, however, dogs with bacterial infection showed a relatively high rate of ANCA positivity. Therefore, ANCA positivity was observed in dogs with both IMIDs and bacterial infection. This suggested that ANCA positivity is associated with diseases accompanied by neutrophil activation and infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Aki Nagao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sugano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
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8
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Heilmann RM, Steiner JM. Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1495-1508. [PMID: 30222209 PMCID: PMC6189362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs are a group of disorders that are characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent signs of gastrointestinal disease and histologic evidence of mucosal inflammation. These CIEs are classified as either food-responsive, antibiotic-responsive, or immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Patients not clinically responding to immunomodulatory treatment are grouped as nonresponsive enteropathy and dogs with intestinal protein loss as protein-losing enteropathy. Disease-independent clinical scoring systems were established in dogs for assessment of clinical disease severity and patient monitoring during treatment. Histopathologic and routine clinicopathologic findings are usually not able to distinguish the subgroups of CIE. Treatment trials are often lengthy and further diagnostic tests are usually at least minimally invasive. Biomarkers that can aid in defining the presence of disease, site of origin, severity of the disease process, response to treatment, or a combination of these would be clinically useful in dogs with CIE. This article summarizes the following biomarkers that have been evaluated in dogs with CIE during the last decade, and critically evaluates their potential clinical utility in dogs with CIE: functional biomarkers (cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, folate, α1 -proteinase inhibitor, immunoglobulin A), biochemical biomarkers (C-reactive protein, perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, 3-bromotyrosine, N-methylhistamine, calprotectin, S100A12, soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products, cytokines and chemokines, alkaline phosphatase), microbiomic biomarkers (microbiome changes, dysbiosis index), metabolomic biomarkers (serum metabolome), genetic biomarkers (genomic markers, gene expression changes), and cellular biomarkers (regulatory T cells). In addition, important performance criteria of diagnostic tests are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Small Animal ClinicCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzigSaxonyGermany
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
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9
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Otoni CC, Heilmann RM, García-Sancho M, Sainz A, Ackermann MR, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Jergens AE. Serologic and fecal markers to predict response to induction therapy in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:999-1008. [PMID: 29624721 PMCID: PMC5980281 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little information is available of markers that assess the disease course in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Objectives Evaluate relationship between disease severity and serum and fecal biomarkers in dogs with idiopathic IBD before and after treatment. Animals Sixteen dogs with idioptahic IBD and 13 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective case control study. Canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) clinical score, serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA), and serum and fecal canine calprotectin (cCP) were measured before and after 21 days of treatment. Results Serum CRP (median 3.5 mg/L; range: 0.1‐52.4 mg/L), fecal cCP (median 92.3 μg/g; range: 0.03‐637.5 μg/g), and CIBDAI scores significantly increased in dogs with IBD before treatment compared with serum CRP (median 0.2 mg/L; range: 0.1‐11.8 mg/L; P < .001), fecal cCP (median 0.67 μg/g; range: 0.03‐27.9 μg/g; P < .001) and CIBDAI (P < .001) after treatment. No significant associations between CIBDAI scores and before or after treatment serum biomarkers. There was a significant association between fecal cCP and CIBDAI scores before treatment (rho = 0.60, P = .01). CRP and fecal cCP significantly decreased after treatment (median 3.5 mg/L v. 0.2 mg/L; P < .001 and 92.3 μg/g v. 0.67 μg/g; P = .001, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Our data indicate that measurement of fecal cCP concentration is a useful biomarker for noninvasive evaluation of intestinal inflammation. Dogs with severe signs of GI disease more often have abnormal markers than dogs having less severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane C Otoni
- Internal Medicine Department, VCA Arboretum View Animal Hospital, 2551 Warrenville Road, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas.,Department of Small Animal Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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10
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Florey J, Viall A, Streu S, DiMuro V, Riddle A, Kirk J, Perazzotti L, Affeldt K, Wagner R, Vaden S, Harris T, Allenspach K. Use of a Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Assay Designed for Humans for Detection of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1062-1066. [PMID: 28608577 PMCID: PMC5508352 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) previously have been shown to be serum markers in dogs with chronic enteropathies, with dogs that have food-responsive disease (FRD) having higher frequencies of seropositivity than dogs with steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay used in previous publications is time-consuming to perform, with low interobserver agreement. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that a commercially available granulocyte IIF assay designed for humans could be used to detect perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in dogs. ANIMALS Forty-four dogs with FRD, 20 dogs with SRD, 20 control dogs, and 38 soft-coated wheaten terrier (SCWT) or SCWT-cross dogs. METHODS A granulocyte assay designed for humans was used to detect pANCA, cANCA, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), as well as antibodies against proteinase-3 protein (PR-3) and myeloperoxidase protein (MPO) in archived serum samples. RESULTS Sensitivity of the granulocyte assay to predict FRD in dogs was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45, 0.75), and specificity was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.91, 1.00). A significant association was identified between positive pANCA or cANCA result and diagnosis of FRD (P < 0.0001). Agreement between the two assays to detect ANCA in the same serum samples from SCWT with protein-losing enteropathy/protein-losing nephropathy (PLE/PLN) was substantial (kappa, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53, 1.00). Eight ANCA-positive cases were positive for MPO or PR-3 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The granulocyte immunofluorescence assay used in our pilot study was easy and quick to perform. Agreement with the previously published method was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Florey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | - A Viall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - S Streu
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - V DiMuro
- Arcadia University, Philadelphia, PE
| | - A Riddle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | - J Kirk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | | | | | - R Wagner
- Laboklin Ltd, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - S Vaden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - T Harris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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11
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Westermarck E. Chronic Diarrhea in Dogs: What Do We Actually Know About It? Top Companion Anim Med 2016; 31:78-84. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Cazalot G, Lavergne SN. Investigation of Anti-Myeloperoxidase Antibodies in a Dog with Bilateral Necrotizing Scleritis. Vet Sci 2015; 2:259-269. [PMID: 29061945 PMCID: PMC5644637 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing scleritis is uncommon in dogs and presumed to be immune-mediated. Its clinical pattern and histopathology are similar to ocular lesions observed in humans suffering from granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly named Wegener’s granulomatosis, where the pathogenesis revolves around anti-neutrophil antibodies (e.g., anti-myeloperoxidase). These antibodies are used to diagnose and follow-up the disease in humans, but variants that only affect the eyes often test negative. Here, we present the first case of canine necrotizing scleritis where measurement of anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies was attempted. A 1.5 year-old female Scottish Terrier was presented with bilateral deep multifocal scleromalacia, severe inflammation of corneal/uveal/retrobulbar tissues, perilimbal corneal oedema and neovascularization, hypotony, and mild exophthalmos. Corticosteroids and antibiotics had been administrated (topically and orally) without success. Due to painful multifocal scleral perforation with vitreal haemorrhage, the left eye underwent enucleation, so did the right eye one week later. The histopathology of the left eye revealed a neutrophilic and histiocytic scleral infiltration with extension of pyogranulomatous inflammation to the cornea, choroid, ciliary body, and orbital fat. Levels of plasma anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies were not statistically significant to those of 13 healthy dogs. Further research is warranted to investigate the presence and role of anti-neutrophil antibodies in canine necrotizing scleritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Cazalot
- Clinique de la La Borde Rouge, 150 rue Edmond Rostand, Toulouse 31200, France.
| | - Sidonie N Lavergne
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7PT, UK.
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14
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Slovak JE, Wang C, Morrison JA, Deitz KL, LeVine DN, Otoni C, King RR, Gerber LE, Hanson KR, Lundberg AP, Jergens AE. Endoscopic assessment of the duodenum in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 28:1442-6. [PMID: 25274438 PMCID: PMC4895581 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopy is performed for direct inspection of the mucosa and acquisition of biopsies in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM To evaluate the interobserver agreement in the endoscopic assessment of duodenal mucosa in dogs with IBD. METHODS Thirty-five archived endoscopic images of grossly normal (n = 6) and inflamed (n = 29) duodenal mucosa were displayed to 3 expert and 5 trainee endoscopists. Each image was assessed independently by endoscopists for mucosal abnormalities using established indices (of hyperemia, granularity, friability, lymphatic dilatation, and erosions) or interpreted as normal mucosa (trial 1). A repeated trial (trial 2) was performed with the same images presented in random order 1 month later, and accompanied by a visual template. RESULTS There was slight interobserver agreement in initial mucosal assessment for expert and trainee endoscopists in trial 1 (kappa ≤ 0.02, P > .05). Interobserver agreement improved in trial 2 for both expert and trainee endoscopists (kappa = 0.2, P > .05) for experts and (P < .05) for trainees. There was a significant (P < .01) improvement in trainee endoscopy scores of lesions from trial 1 to trial 2. Regression analysis showed a significant (P < .01) difference between expert versus trainee endoscopy scores in trial 1. Repeat lesion assessment aided by use of a visual template (trial 2) improved the overall scores of trainee endoscopists to near that of expert endoscopists (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Interobserver agreement of IBD mucosal appearance from endoscopic findings benefitted from operator experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Slovak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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15
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Böhm M, Basson S. Erosive rhinitis resembling granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in an Anatolian shepherd dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:1187. [PMID: 26018737 PMCID: PMC6138194 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) is one of the idiopathic immune-mediated small-vessel vasculitides described in humans which are characterised by the presence of circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. It most commonly involves capillaries, venules and arterioles of the ear, nose and throat, lungs and glomeruli. A case of destructive haemopurulent rhinitis associated with relapsing periods of pyrexia, lethargy and stiffness as well as generalised pulmonary infiltrates in a young Anatolian shepherd dog is presented that closely resembles granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) as reported in humans. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) were detected in the dog's serum. Signs resolved promptly and completely once immunosuppressive doses of prednisone were administered, and have not recurred. This is the first report on the use of pANCA to investigate rhinitis in dogs. It is also, to the authors’ knowledge, the first description of a relapsing haemopurulent lytic rhinitis in this species. The concurrent manifestations of erosive haemopurulent rhinitis, ground-glass opacities on pulmonary computed tomography, pyrexia and listlessness resemble GPA as described in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Böhm
- King Edward Veterinary Referral Hospital, Port Elizabeth.
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16
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Abstract
Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous group of chronic gastrointestinal disorders. The etiology, similar to human IBD, remains unknown. Canine IBD is diagnosed by exclusion, which is a long, time and money-consuming process due to the need of elimination of other diseases presenting with similar symptoms. Therefore, a search for a specific and sensitive marker is needed to overcome these difficulties. The article is divided into 3 sections presenting up-to-date information about laboratory markers, immunohistochemical markers and changes in the neurochemical coding of the enteric nervous system, concentrating on their usefulness and future applications. Data concerning laboratory and immunohistochemical markers is based mainly on canine IBD, while the neuroimmunohistochemistry section presents knowledge from human IBD due to the lack of such studies in veterinary medicine.
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Abstract
Laboratory tests are an important part of the workup of small intestinal diseases in dogs and cats. Especially in chronic cases, when extragastrointestinal causes need to be ruled out, it is important to adhere to a systematic workup. This article details the newest available data on tests to aid this diagnostic process. Once the diagnosis of a chronic enteropathy is made, there are many laboratory tests that can help in monitoring the disease and providing prognostic information. Several new tests being evaluated for clinical usefulness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7PT, UK.
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18
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Karagianni AE, Solano-Gallego L, Breitschwerdt EB, Gaschen FP, Day MJ, Trotta M, Wieland B, Allenspach K. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in dogs infected with various vector-borne pathogens and in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1403-9. [PMID: 22924722 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (pANCA) in dogs with confirmed or suspected immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) or dogs infected with various vector-borne pathogens, including Rickettsia rickettsii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum. ANIMALS 55 dogs with confirmed or suspected IMHA, 140 dogs seroreactive for vector-borne pathogens, and 62 healthy dogs and dogs seronegative for vector-borne pathogens. PROCEDURES Samples were allocated to subgroups on the basis of the health status of the dogs and the degree of seroreactivity against various vector-borne pathogens. Serum samples were tested retrospectively via indirect immunofluorescence assay to determine pANCA status. RESULTS 26 of 55 (47%) dogs with confirmed or suspected IMHA and 67 of 140 (48%) dogs seroreactive for vector-borne pathogens had positive results when tested for pANCA. Serum samples with the highest antibody concentrations against L infantum antigen had the highest proportion (28/43 [65%]) that were positive for pANCA. One of 20 (5%) dogs seronegative for tick-borne pathogens and 8 of 22 (36%) dogs seronegative for L infantum had positive results for pANCA. One of 20 (5%) healthy dogs had serum antibodies against pANCA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE pANCA were detected in a high percentage of dogs with IMHA and vector-borne infectious diseases. Therefore, pANCA may be a relatively nonspecific marker for dogs with inflammatory bowel disease, although they could represent a biomarker for immune-mediated diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, England
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Wieland B, Summers JF, Häsler B, Mancho-Alonso C, Craig A, Allenspach K. Prevalence of perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies in serum of healthy Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers in the United Kingdom. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:404-8. [PMID: 22369533 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.3.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies (pANCA) in the serum of healthy Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers (SCWTs) in the United Kingdom and to identify potential risk factors and heritability patterns associated with a positive result for pANCA. ANIMALS 188 SCWTs (age range, 18 months to 14.3 years). PROCEDURES Blood samples were obtained from SCWTs in various locations in England. Serum was tested for pANCA by use of an immunofluorescence assay, and total protein and albumin concentrations were determined. Pedigrees were evaluated to identify close relatives that had protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) or protein-losing nephropathy (PLN). RESULTS 39 of 188 (20.7%) dogs, including young dogs, had positive results for pANCA. Dogs had significantly higher odds of having positive results for pANCA if they had at least 1 littermate that had PLE or PLN (odds ratio, 12.1) or if they had at least 1 full sibling from another litter known to be affected with PLE or PLN (odds ratio, 4.0). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE; This study revealed a high prevalence of pANCA in the serum of a representative sample of healthy SCWTs in the United Kingdom and a significant association between positive results for pANCA and a diagnosis of PLE or PLN in a sibling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wieland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, England.
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20
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Mancho C, Sainz Á, García-Sancho M, Villaescusa A, Rodríguez-Franco F. Evaluation of perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies in sera from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease or intestinal lymphoma. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1333-7. [PMID: 21962275 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.10.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess and compare the expression of perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) in sera obtained from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and dogs with intestinal lymphoma. ANIMALS 104 dogs with IBD and 23 dogs with intestinal lymphoma. PROCEDURES Each ill dog had persistent gastrointestinal signs (> 3 weeks in duration) and absence of response to diet changes or antimicrobial treatments. Gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in ill dogs to obtain intestinal biopsy specimens for histologic confirmation of IBD or lymphoma. A serum sample was obtained from each ill dog. Neutrophils were isolated from a blood sample from the healthy dog; neutrophil-bearing slides were incubated with serum from each ill dog and examined for expression of pANCA by use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Detection of cells that had a perinuclear fluorescence pattern was considered a positive result. RESULTS The 2 groups of dogs did not differ with regard to breed and sex but did differ with regard to age. Expression of pANCA was detected in 38 of the 104 (36.5%) dogs with IBD and 4 of the 23 (17.4%) dogs with intestinal lymphoma. Although the frequency of pANCA expression was higher in dogs with IBD, compared with findings in dogs with intestinal lymphoma, the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that circulating pANCA are present in some dogs with IBD or intestinal lymphoma. However, pANCA detection does not seem to be useful for distinguishing dogs with IBD from dogs with intestinal lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Allenspach K. Clinical immunology and immunopathology of the canine and feline intestine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:345-60. [PMID: 21486640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is at the forefront of defense against invading pathogens, but at the same time, it must maintain tolerance toward commensals and food antigens in the intestinal lumen. The interplay between the innate immune response and commensal microorganisms is essential to maintaining this balance. Great progress has been made in identifying some of the genetic predispositions underlying inflammatory bowel disease in certain breeds, such as the German shepherd dog. Several immunologic markers are discussed with respect to their clinical usefulness in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7PT, UK.
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22
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Berghoff N, Steiner JM. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and management of chronic canine and feline enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:311-28. [PMID: 21486638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies are commonly encountered in both cats and dogs. Although definitive diagnosis often requires collection of gastrointestinal biopsies for histopathologic evaluation, less invasive laboratory tests can be highly informative and should be performed prior to biopsy collection. Tests for determination of infectious causes comprise those for helminthic, protozoal, bacterial, or fungal organisms. Intestinal function and disease may be assessed by measuring serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, and C-reactive protein, and fecal concentrations of α(1)-proteinase inhibitor. Ongoing research has led to development of tests for serum perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, and fecal inflammatory markers, including S100-proteins and N-methylhistamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berghoff
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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23
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Mancho C, Sainz Á, García-Sancho M, Villaescusa A, Tesouro MA, Rodríguez-Franco F. Detection of Perinuclear Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Antinuclear Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Canine Inflammatory Bowel Diseas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:553-8. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, serologic markers for diagnosis and classification of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been used in human medicine. Perinuclear, antineutrophil, cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) are the most important of these markers. Because of their similar pattern of fluorescence, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) could cause misleading interpretations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of an indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect p-ANCA in dogs with IBD, to compare the presence of p-ANCA in dogs with IBD with the presence of the same antibodies in other dogs, and to analyze the presence of ANAs in the p-ANCA-positive samples. Using a 1:10 dilution as a cutoff point, a sensitivity of 0.34 and a specificity of 0.86 was obtained when dogs with IBD were compared with the other groups as a whole, and specificity increased to 0.94 when dogs with IBD were compared with animals with other chronic gastrointestinal disorders. The lowest specificity value, 0.76, was obtained when the group of dogs with IBD was compared with that of dogs with different inflammatory and infectious disorders. Globally, 78 dogs were positive for p-ANCA when the cutoff was 1:10. Only 1 dog from these 78 animals was also seropositive to ANA. The results suggest that 1) detection of p-ANCA might be included in the IBD diagnostic protocol as another test to differentiate between this disease and other digestive diseases with similar clinical signs, and 2) most p-ANCA- positive dogs are not ANA positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes García-Sancho
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Villaescusa
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Tesouro
- Department of Animal Pathology-Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Cerquetella M, Spaterna A, Laus F, Tesei B, Rossi G, Antonelli E, Villanacci V, Bassotti G. Inflammatory bowel disease in the dog: Differences and similarities with humans. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:1050-6. [PMID: 20205273 PMCID: PMC2835779 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i9.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) represent important chronic conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract in man. However, similar disorders are found in several animal species and the IBD affecting dogs are particularly important. These are encompassed by an umbrella of probably several different entities with common symptoms, some of which seem to share striking similarities with human conditions. This review will focus on the actual knowledge of IBD in dogs, and attempt to identify differences and similarities with human IBD conditions.
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Allenspach K, Lomas B, Wieland B, Harris T, Pressler B, Mancho C, Lees GE, Vaden SL. Evaluation of perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies as an early marker of protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1301-4. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.10.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McCann TM, Ridyard AE, Else RW, Simpson JW. Evaluation of disease activity markers in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:620-5. [PMID: 17608662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical utility of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria as disease activity markers in canine idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease for which no underlying cause could be identified were considered to have idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and were included in the study. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha was assessed using a canine-specific ELISA, C-reactive protein by immunoturbidometric assay and quantitative microalbuminuria was analysed using a monoclonal antibody directed against canine albumin. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and histopathologic grade were used to assess disease severity; biologic markers were then compared with the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and histopathologic grade. RESULTS Sixteen dogs were included in the study. C-reactive protein level was mildly elevated in 15 dogs. Microalbuminuria was elevated in two of 15 dogs, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha was not detected in any dog tested. No correlation was found between the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and C-reactive protein or microalbuminuria or between histopathologic grade and C-reactive protein or microalbuminuria. There was no correlation between histopathologic grade and the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although only a small number of dogs were evaluated, this study does not support the use of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha measured by canine-specific ELISA or microalbuminuria in the evaluation of disease activity in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Although mildly elevated in most dogs, C-reactive protein did not reflect disease severity as assessed by the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index or histopathologic grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M McCann
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Luckschander N, Allenspach K, Hall J, Seibold F, Gröne A, Doherr MG, Gaschen F. Perinuclear Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody and Response to Treatment in Diarrheic Dogs with Food Responsive Disease or Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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28
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Spichiger AC, Allenspach K, Ontsouka E, Gaschen F, Morel C, Blum JW, Sauter SN. Abundance of mRNA of Growth Hormone Receptor and Insulin-Like Growth Factors-1 and -2 in Duodenal and Colonic Biopsies of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:491-7. [PMID: 16300656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Repair processes of the inflamed intestine are very important for dissolution of chronic enteropathies (CE). Therefore, we examined the mRNA abundance of growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-1 and -2 in duodenal and colonic biopsies of dogs with CE such as food-responsive diarrhoea (FRD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) before and after treatment as compared with each other and healthy dogs. A clinical score (Canine IBD Activity Index = CIBDAI) was applied to judge the severity of CE. Biopsies of duodenum and colon from client-owned dogs with CE were sampled before (FRD(bef), n = 5; IBD(bef), n = 5) and after treatment (FRD(aft), n = 5; IBD(aft), n = 5). Intestinal control samples were available from a homogenous control population (n = 15; C). Intestinal samples were homogenized, total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure mRNA levels of GHR, IGF-1 and IGF-2. Results were normalized with glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase as housekeeping gene. The CIBDAI decreased during the treatment period in FRD and IBD (P < 0.01). In duodenum, GHR mRNA levels were higher in all groups than in C (P < 0.001). Duodenal IGF-1 mRNA levels in FRD(aft) and IBD(aft) tended to be higher than in C (P < 0.1). The IGF-2 mRNA abundance in FRD(aft) was higher than in C (P < 0.05) in duodenum. In colon, mRNA levels of IGF-1 in IBD(aft) were higher than in FRD(aft) (P < 0.05) and levels differed between IBD(aft) and C (P < 0.05). In conclusion, mRNA levels of GHR, IGF-1 and IGF-2 in the gastrointestinal tract were increased during CE when compared with gastrointestinally healthy dogs. The data suggest that GHR, IGF-1 and IGF-2 are involved in gastrointestinal repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Spichiger
- Division of Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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