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Agarwal V, Yue Y, Zhang X, Feng X, Tao Y, Wang J. Spatial and temporal distribution of endotoxins, antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in the air of a dairy farm in Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122404. [PMID: 37625772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious issue that is continuously growing and spreading, leading to a dwindling number of effective treatments for infections that were easily treatable with antibiotics in the past. Animal farms are a major hotspot for AMR, where antimicrobials are often overused, misused, and abused, in addition to overcrowding of animals. In this study, we investigated the risk of AMR transmission from a farm to nearby residential areas by examining the overall occurrence of endotoxins, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the air of a cattle farm. We assessed various factors, including the season and year, day and nighttime, and different locations within the farm building and its vicinity. The most abundant ARGs detected were tetW, aadA1, and sul2, genes that encode for resistances towards antibiotics commonly used in veterinary medicine. While there was a clear concentration gradient for endotoxin from the middle of the farm building to the outside areas, the abundance of ARGs and MGEs was relatively uniform among all locations within the farm and its vicinity. This suggests that endotoxins preferentially accumulated in the coarse particle fraction, which deposited quickly, as opposed to the ARGs and MGEs, which might concentrate in the fine particle fraction and remain longer in the aerosol phase. The occurrence of the same genes found in the air samples and in the manure indicated that ARGs and MGEs in the air mostly originated from the cows, continuously being released from the manure to the air. Although our atmospheric dispersion model indicated a relatively low risk for nearby residential areas, farm workers might be at greater risk of getting infected with resistant bacteria and experiencing overall respiratory tract issues due to continuous exposure to elevated concentrations of endotoxins, ARGs and MGEs in the air of the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Agarwal
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Y Yue
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - X Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - X Feng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Y Tao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - J Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.
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Bekki K, Ito T, Yoshida Y, He C, Arashidani K, He M, Sun G, Zeng Y, Sone H, Kunugita N, Ichinose T. PM2.5 collected in China causes inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in macrophages through the multiple pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:362-9. [PMID: 27393915 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution continues to increase in East Asia, particularly in China, and is considered to cause serious health problems. In this study, we investigated the toxicological properties of particulate matter ≤2.5mm (PM2.5) collected in an urban area in China (Shenyang), focusing on inflammation and oxidative stress tightly linked to respiratory diseases. Exposure to PM2.5 significantly increased the expression levels of inflammatory (interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase-2) and oxidative stress (heme oxygenase1) genes in the mouse macrophages. PM2.5-caused inflammatory response was strongly suppressed by endotoxin neutralizer (polymyxin B) and knock-out of toll-like receptor 4, while oxidative stress was not. On the other hand, an antioxidant (N-acetylcystein) suppressed oxidative stress, but not inflammatory response. These results suggest that PM2.5 in the atmospheric environment of China causes inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages via separate pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Bekki
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ito
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Cuiying He
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Keiichi Arashidani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Miao He
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Guifan Sun
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hideko Sone
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita City, Oita Prefecture, 870-1201, Japan
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Ramírez-Romero R, Nevárez-Garza AM, Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Wong-González A, Ledezma-Torres RA, Hernández-Vidal G. Histopathological analogies in chronic pulmonary lesions between cattle and humans: basis for an alternative animal model. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:647403. [PMID: 22629176 PMCID: PMC3353567 DOI: 10.1100/2012/647403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the natural cases of pneumonia in feedlot cattle are characterized by a longer clinical course due to chronic lung lesions. Microscopically, these lesions include interstitial fibroplasia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and epithelial metaplasia of the airways. Herein, the aim was to review, under a medical perspective, the pathologic mechanisms operating in these chronic pneumonic lesions in calves. Based on the similarities of these changes to those reported in bronchiolitis obliterans/organising pneumonia (BO/OP) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in human beings, calves are proposed as an alternative animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ramírez-Romero
- Pathobiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Avenida Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, 66451 San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
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Vogel CFA, Garcia J, Wu D, Mitchell DC, Zhang Y, Kado NY, Wong P, Trujillo DA, Lollies A, Bennet D, Schenker MB, Mitloehner FM. Activation of inflammatory responses in human U937 macrophages by particulate matter collected from dairy farms: an in vitro expression analysis of pro-inflammatory markers. Environ Health 2012; 11:17. [PMID: 22452745 PMCID: PMC3342144 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to investigate activation of inflammatory markers in human macrophages derived from the U937 cell line after exposure to particulate matter (PM) collected on dairy farms in California and to identify the most potent components of the PM. METHODS PM from different dairies were collected and tested to induce an inflammatory response determined by the expression of various pro-inflammatory genes, such as Interleukin (IL)-8, in U937 derived macrophages. Gel shift and luciferase reporter assays were performed to examine the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and Toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4). RESULTS Macrophage exposure to PM derived from dairy farms significantly activated expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-8, cyclooxygenase 2 and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which are hallmarks of inflammation. Acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A and IL-6, were also significantly upregulated in macrophages treated with PM from dairies. Coarse PM fractions demonstrated more pro-inflammatory activity on an equal-dose basis than fine PM. Urban PM collected from the same region as the dairy farms was associated with a lower concentration of endotoxin and produced significantly less IL-8 expression compared to PM collected on the dairy farms. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence that the endotoxin components of the particles collected on dairies play a major role in mediating an inflammatory response through activation of TLR4 and NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph FA Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Health and The Environment, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Johnny Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dalei Wu
- Center for Health and The Environment, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diane C Mitchell
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Norman Y Kado
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
| | - Patrick Wong
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
| | - Danitza Alvizar Trujillo
- Center for Health and The Environment, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anna Lollies
- Center for Health and The Environment, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Deborah Bennet
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marc B Schenker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frank M Mitloehner
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Guo L, Maghirang RG, Razote EB, Trabue SL, McConnell LL. Concentrations of particulate matter emitted from large cattle feedlots in Kansas. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2011; 61:1026-1035. [PMID: 22070035 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2011.599282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) emitted from cattle feedlots are thought to affect air quality in rural communities, yet little is known about factors controlling their emissions. The concentrations of PM (i.e., PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates or TSP) upwind and downwind at two large cattle feedlots (KS1, KS2) in Kansas were measured with gravimetric samplers from May 2006 to October 2009 (at KS1) and from September 2007 to April 2008 (at KS2). The mean downwind and net (i.e., downwind - upwind) mass concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP varied seasonally, indicating the need for multiple-day, seasonal sampling. The downwind and net concentrations were closely related to the moisture content of the pen surface. The PM2.5/PM10 and PM2.5/TSP ratios at the downwind sampling location were also related to the moisture content of the pen surface, humidity, and temperature. Measurement of the particle size distribution downwind of the feedlot with a cascade impactor showed geometric mean diameter ranging from 7 to 18 microm, indicating that particles that were emitted from the feedlots were generally large in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Purdy C, Clark R, Straus D. Determination of water quality variables, endotoxin concentration, and Enterobacteriaceae concentration and identification in southern High Plains dairy lagoons. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1511-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Purdy CW, Clark RN, Straus DC. Ambient and indoor particulate aerosols generated by dairies in the southern High Plains. J Dairy Sci 2010; 92:6033-45. [PMID: 19923606 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to quantify and size ambient aerosolized dust in and around the facilities of 4 southern High Plains dairies of New Mexico and to determine where health of workers might be vulnerable to particulate aerosols, based on aerosol concentrations that exceed national air quality standards. Ambient dust air samples were collected upwind (background) and downwind of 3 dairy location sites (loafing pen boundary, commodity, and compost field). The indoor milking parlor, a fourth site, was monitored immediately upwind and downwind. Aerosolized particulate samples were collected using high-volume sequential reference air samplers, laser aerosol monitors, and cyclone air samplers. The overall (main effects and estimable interactions) statistical general linear model statement for particulate matter (PM(10); particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of up to 10 microm) and PM(2.5) resulted in a greater mean concentration of dust in the winter (PM(10) = 97.4 +/- 4.4 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 32.6 +/- 2.6 microg/m(3)) compared with the summer (PM(10) = 71.9 +/- 5.0 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 18.1 +/- 1.2 microg/m(3)). The upwind and downwind boundary PM(10) concentrations were significantly higher in the winter (upwind = 64.3 +/- 9.5 microg/m(3); downwind = 119.8 +/- 13.0 microg/m(3)) compared with the summer (upwind = 35.2 +/- 7.5 microg/m(3); downwind = 66.8 +/- 11.8 microg/m(3)). The milking parlor PM(10) and PM(2.5) concentration data were significantly higher in the winter (PM(10) = 119.5 +/- 5.8 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 55.3 +/- 5.8microg/m(3)) compared with the summer (PM(10) = 88.6.0 +/- 5.8 microg/m(3); PM(2.5) = 21.0 +/- 2.1 microg/m(3)). Personnel should be protected from high aerosol concentrations found at the commodity barn, compost field, and milking parlor during the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Purdy
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
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Dungan RS, Leytem AB. Airborne endotoxin concentrations at a large open-lot dairy in southern idaho. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:1919-1923. [PMID: 19643758 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxins are derived from gram-negative bacteria and are a potential respiratory health risk for animals and humans. To determine the potential for endotoxin transport from a large open-lot dairy, total airborne endotoxin concentrations were determined at an upwind location (background) and five downwind locations on three separate days. The downwind locations were situated at of the edge of the lot, 200 and 1390 m downwind from the lot, and downwind from a manure composting area and wastewater holding pond. When the wind was predominantly from the west, the average endotoxin concentration at the upwind location was 24 endotoxin units (EU) m(-3), whereas at the edge of the lot on the downwind side it was 259 EU m(-3). At 200 and 1390 m downwind from the edge of the lot, the average endotoxin concentrations were 168 and 49 EU m(-3), respectively. Average airborne endotoxin concentrations downwind from the composting site (36 EU m(-3)) and wastewater holding pond (89 EU m(-3)) and 1390 m from the edge of the lot were not significantly different from the upwind location. There were no significant correlations between ambient weather data collected and endotoxin concentrations over the experimental period. The downwind data show that the airborne endotoxin concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from the lot edge. Decreasing an individual's proximity to the dairy should lower their risk of airborne endotoxin exposure and associated health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Dungan
- USDA-ARS, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab., 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341, USA.
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Auditing and Assessing Air Quality in Concentrated Feeding Operations1231Contribution from the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Res. Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Exp. St., Amarillo, and West Texas A&M Univ., Canyon.2Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.3Presented at the Annual ARPAS Symposium Current and Future On-Farm Auditing and Assessment, San Antonio, TX, July, 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Loneragan GH, Brashears MM. Effects of using retention-pond water for dust abatement on performance of feedlot steers and carriage of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:1378-83. [PMID: 15844433 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of using retention-pond water for dust abatement on performance of feedlot steers and carriage of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. DESIGN Matched cohort studies. ANIMALS 2 groups of feedlot steers comprising 3,510 (pathogen carriage) and 3,737 (performance) animals housed in a large commercial feedlot in the Texas Panhandle. PROCEDURE Steers were systematically allocated to treatment pens approximately 60 days after arrival (pathogen carriage) or at arrival (performance). For evaluation of pathogen carriage, feces and hide swab specimens were collected from 25 animals in each pen within 10 days of slaughter. Samples were submitted for bacterial culture for E. coli O157 and were tested with a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for Salmonella spp. For evaluation of performance, pen weights of animals were obtained at arrival and slaughter and feed delivered to each pen was recorded. The exposure of interest for both studies was application of retention-pond water through fixed high-pressure sprinklers. RESULTS Carriage of E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp and animal performance were not adversely affected by exposure to retention-pond water. Prevalences of E. coli O157 in feces, on hides, and either in feces or on hides for those exposed to retention-pond water were 8.3%, 8.9%, and 15.4%, respectively; prevalences for those unexposed to retention-pond water were 11.4%, 15.4%, and 22.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that use of retention-pond water for dust abatement in feedlot pens does not adversely affect pathogen carriage or animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy H Loneragan
- Feedlot Research Group, Division of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Nursing, Natural Sciences, and Engineering, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
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Purdy CW, Layton RC, Straus DC, Ayers JR. Virulence of fungal spores determined by tracheal inoculation of goats following inhalation of aerosolized sterile feedyard dust. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:615-22. [PMID: 15900941 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the virulence of spores of 7 fungi by tracheal inoculation of goats following exposure of goats to an aerosol of sterilized feedyard dust. Animals-54 weanling Boer-Spanish goats. PROCEDURE A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. There were 7 fungal treatment groups, a tent control group, and a pen control group (n = 6 goats/group). Goats in the 7 treatment and tent control groups were exposed to autoclaved aerosolized feedyard dust for 4 hours in a specially constructed tent. Goats in the 7 treatment groups were then inoculated intratracheally with 30 mL of a fungal spore preparation, whereas tent control goats were intratracheally inoculated with 30 mL of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCI) solution. These treatments were repeated each week for 6 weeks. RESULTS Severity of pathologic changes differed significantly among the 7 fungal treatment groups as determined on the basis of gross atelectatic and consolidated lung lesions and histologic lesions of the lungs. Descending order for severity of lesions was Mucor ramosissimus, Trichoderma viride, Chaetomium globosum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Monotospora lanuginosa. Trichoderma viride spores were the most invasive and were isolated from the bronchial lymph nodes and thoracic fluid of all 6 goats administered this organism. Spores were observed-histologically in lung tissues harvested 72 hours after inoculation from all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE 4 of 7 fungal spore types induced significantly larger lung lesions, compared with those induced by the other 3 spore types or those evident in control goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Purdy
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, 2300 Experiment Rd, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
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