1
|
Chen H, Carley DS, Muñoz-Carpena R, Ferruzzi G, Yuan Y, Henry E, Blankinship A, Veith TL, Breckels R, Fox G, Luo Y, Osmond D, Preisendanz HE, Tang Z, Armbrust K, Costello K, McConnell LL, Rice P, Westgate J, Whiteside M. Incorporating the benefits of vegetative filter strips into risk assessment and risk management of pesticides. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024; 20:454-464. [PMID: 37527952 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The pesticide registration process in North America, including the USA and Canada, involves conducting a risk assessment based on relatively conservative modeling to predict pesticide concentrations in receiving waterbodies. The modeling framework does not consider some commonly adopted best management practices that can reduce the amount of pesticide that may reach a waterbody, such as vegetative filter strips (VFS). Currently, VFS are being used by growers as an effective way to reduce off-site movement of pesticides, and they are being required or recommended on pesticide labels as a mitigation measure. Given the regulatory need, a pair of multistakeholder workshops were held in Raleigh, North Carolina, to discuss how to incorporate VFS into pesticide risk assessment and risk management procedures within the North American regulatory framework. Because the risk assessment process depends heavily on modeling, one key question was how to quantitatively incorporate VFS into the existing modeling approach. Key outcomes from the workshops include the following: VFS have proven effective in reducing pesticide runoff to surface waterbodies when properly located, designed, implemented, and maintained; Vegetative Filter Strip Modeling System (VFSMOD), a science-based and widely validated mechanistic model, is suitable for further vetting as a quantitative simulation approach to pesticide mitigation with VFS in current regulatory settings; and VFSMOD parametrization rules need to be developed for the North American aquatic exposure assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:454-464. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajin Chen
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Danesha Seth Carley
- NSF Center of Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Carpena
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Giulio Ferruzzi
- Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Yongping Yuan
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Henry
- BASF, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Blankinship
- Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Tamie L Veith
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ross Breckels
- Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Garey Fox
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Canada, USA
| | - Yuzhou Luo
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Deanna Osmond
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather E Preisendanz
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhenxu Tang
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kevin Costello
- Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Johnny Westgate
- Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mélanie Whiteside
- Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Z, Qi Y, Hapeman CJ, Li H, Buser MD, Alfieri JG, McConnell LL, Downey PM, Torrents A. Effectiveness and diurnal variations of vegetative environmental buffers (VEBs) for mitigating NH 3 and PM emissions from poultry houses. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122154. [PMID: 37419207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants from poultry production, such as ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM), have raised concerns due to their potential negative impacts on human health and the environment. Vegetative environmental buffers (VEBs), consisting of trees and/or grasses planted around poultry houses, have been investigated as a mitigation strategy for these emissions. Although previous research demonstrated that VEBs can reduce NH3 and PM emissions, these studies used a limited number of samplers and did not examine concentration profiles. Moreover, the differences between daytime and nighttime emissions have not been investigated. In this study, we characterized emission profiles from a commercial poultry house using an array with multiple sampling heights and explored the differences between daytime and nighttime NH3 and PM profiles. We conducted three sampling campaigns, each with ten sampling events (five daytime and five nighttime), at a VEB-equipped poultry production facility. NH3 and PM samples were collected downwind from the ventilation tunnel fans before, within, and after the VEB. Results showed that ground-level concentrations beyond the VEB decreased to 8.0% ± 2.7% for NH3, 13% ± 4% for TSP, 13% ± 4% for PM10, and 2.4% ± 2.8% for PM2.5 of the original concentrations from the exhaust tunnel fan, with greater reduction efficiency during daytime than nighttime. Furthermore, pollutant concentrations were positively intercorrelated. These findings will be valuable for developing more effective pollutant remediation strategies in poultry house emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijiang Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yao Qi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 046 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael D Buser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Office of National Programs, 5601 Sunnyside Ave (GWCC 4-2282), Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Joseph G Alfieri
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Peter M Downey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McConnell LL, Osorio C, Hofmann T. The Future of Agriculture and Food: Sustainable Approaches to Achieve Zero Hunger. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:13165-13167. [PMID: 37643297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L McConnell
- Crop Science Division Regulatory Scientific Affairs, Bayer U.S. LLC, St. Louis, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Coralia Osorio
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA14490 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McConnell LL, Osorio Roa C, Hofmann TF. Critical Reviews Should Illuminate a Path toward Impactful and Fruitful Lines of Research. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:2425-2426. [PMID: 35201743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L McConnell
- Crop Science Division, Regulatory Scientific Affairs, Bayer U.S. LLC, St. Louis, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Coralia Osorio Roa
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Química, Bogotá AA 14490, Colombia
| | - Thomas F Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Levine SL, Giddings J, Valenti T, Cobb GP, Carley DS, McConnell LL. Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019; 15:714-725. [PMID: 31144769 PMCID: PMC6852661 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide regulation requires regulatory authorities to assess the potential ecological risk of pesticides submitted for registration, and most risk assessment schemes use a tiered testing and assessment approach. Standardized ecotoxicity tests, environmental fate studies, and exposure models are used at lower tiers and follow well-defined methods for assessing risk. If a lower tier assessment indicates that the pesticide may pose an ecological risk, higher tier studies using more environmentally realistic conditions or assumptions can be performed to refine the risk assessment and inform risk management options. However, there is limited guidance in the United States on options to refine an assessment and how the data will be incorporated into the risk assessment and risk management processes. To overcome challenges to incorporation of higher tier data into ecological risk assessments and risk management of pesticides, a workshop was held in Raleigh, North Carolina. Attendees included representatives from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Department of Agriculture, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, universities, commodity groups, consultants, nonprofit organizations, and the crop protection industry. Key recommendations emphasized the need for 1) more effective, timely, open communication among registrants, risk assessors, and risk managers earlier in the registration process to identify specific protection goals, address areas of potential concern where higher tier studies or assessments may be required, and if a higher tier study is necessary that there is agreement on study design; 2) minimizing the complexity of study designs while retaining high value to the risk assessment and risk management process; 3) greater transparency regarding critical factors utilized in risk management decisions with clearly defined protection goals that are operational; and 4) retrospective analyses of success-failure learnings on the acceptability of higher tier studies to help inform registrants on how to improve the application of such studies to risk assessments and the risk management process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:714-725. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Levine
- Monsanto Company, Global Regulatory SciencesChesterfieldMissouriUSA
- Current address: Bayer Crop Science, Regulatory SciencesChesterfieldMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - George P Cobb
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental ScienceWacoTexasUSA
| | - Danesha Seth Carley
- North Carolina State University, Department of Horticultural ScienceRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Bayer US, Crop Science, Environmental Chemistry, Research Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molyneux RJ, Beck JJ, Colegate SM, Edgar JA, Gaffield W, Gilbert J, Hofmann T, McConnell LL, Schieberle P. Guidelines for unequivocal structural identification of compounds with biological activity of significance in food chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Isolation of endogenous constituents of foods is generally performed in order to elucidate the biological activity of individual compounds and their role with respect to factors such as organoleptic qualities, health and nutritional benefits, plant protection against herbivores, pathogens and competition, and presence of toxic constituents. However, unless such compounds are unequivocally defined with respect to structure and purity, any biological activity data will be compromised. Procedures are therefore proposed for comprehensive elucidation of food-based organic structures using modern spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. Also included are guidelines for the experimental details and types of data that should be reported in order for subsequent investigators to repeat and validate the work. Because food chemistry usually involves interdisciplinary collaboration, the purpose is to inform chemists and scientists from different fields, such as biological sciences, of common standards for the type and quality of data to be presented in elucidating and reporting structures of biologically active food constituents. The guidelines are designed to be understandable to chemists and non-chemists alike. This will enable unambiguous identification of compounds and ensure that the biological activity is based on a secure structural chemistry foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J. Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy , University of Hawaii at Hilo , Hilo, HI 96720 , USA
| | - John J. Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, ARS/USDA , Gainesville, FL 32608 , USA
| | | | - John A. Edgar
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food , PO Box 52 , North Ryde, NSW 1670 , Australia
| | - William Gaffield
- Western Regional Research Center, ARS/USDA , Albany, CA 94710 , USA
| | | | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | | | - Peter Schieberle
- Faculty of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yao Q, Torrents A, Li H, Buser MD, McConnell LL, Downey PM, Hapeman CJ. Using a Vegetative Environmental Buffer to Reduce the Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Poultry-House Atmospheric Emissions. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:8231-8236. [PMID: 29957951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone is formed when volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react with hydroxyl radicals and nitrogen oxides in the presence of ultraviolet light. Research has typically focused on the release and control of VOCs from hydrocarbon processing; however, agricultural activities, such as poultry production, can also be VOC sources and potentially contribute to ozone pollution. Therefore, this study examines the emission of C2-C6 VOCs from poultry houses and the use of a vegetative environmental buffer (VEB) as a potential mitigation strategy. Sampling campaigns were conducted at two farms, one with and one without a VEB. Of the nine compounds measured, methanol, ethanol, and acetone were the primary VOCs emitted and had the largest ozone-formation potential (OFP). A significantly larger decrease in the OFP for methanol as a function of distance from the poultry house was observed at the farm with the VEB as compared with at the farm without the VEB. These results suggest that besides being a visual barrier and particulate screen, VEBs can provide some control of VOCs emitted from poultry production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland , 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland , 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences , University of Delaware , 046 Townsend Hall , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Michael D Buser
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department , Oklahoma State University , 223 Ag Hall , Stillwater , Oklahoma 74078 , United States
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland , 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Peter M Downey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niño de Guzmán GT, Hapeman CJ, Millner PD, McConnell LL, Jackson D, Kindig D, Torrents A. Using a high-organic matter biowall to treat a trichloroethylene plume at the Beaver Dam Road landfill. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8735-8746. [PMID: 29327189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a highly effective industrial degreasing agent and known carcinogen. It was frequently buried improperly in landfills and has subsequently become one of the most common groundwater and soil contaminants in the USA. A common strategy to remediate TCE-contaminated sites and to prevent movement of the TCE plumes into waterways is to construct biowalls which consist of biomaterials and amendments to enhance biodegradation. This approach was chosen to contain a TCE plume emanating from a closed landfill in Maryland. However, predicting the effectiveness of biowalls is often site specific. Therefore, we conducted an extensive series of batch reactor studies at 12 °C as opposed to the typical room temperature to examine biowall fill-material combinations including the effects of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and glycerol amendments. No detectable TCE was observed after several months in the laboratory study when using the unamended 4:3 mulch-to-compost combination. In the constructed biowall, this mixture reduced the upstream TCE concentration by approximately 90% and generated ethylene downstream, an indication of successful reductive dechlorination. However, the more toxic degradation product vinyl chloride (VC) was also detected downstream at levels approximately ten times greater than the maximum contaminant level. This indicates that incomplete degradation also occurred. In the laboratory, ZVI reduced VC formation. A hazard quotient was calculated for the landfill site with and without the biowall. The addition of the biowall decreased the hazard quotient by 88%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Patricia D Millner
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dana Jackson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Romero-Flores A, McConnell LL, Hapeman CJ, Ramirez M, Torrents A. Evaluation of an electronic nose for odorant and process monitoring of alkaline-stabilized biosolids production. Chemosphere 2017; 186:151-159. [PMID: 28772182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic noses have been widely used in the food industry to monitor process performance and quality control, but use in wastewater and biosolids treatment has not been fully explored. Therefore, we examined the feasibility of an electronic nose to discriminate between treatment conditions of alkaline stabilized biosolids and compared its performance with quantitative analysis of key odorants. Seven lime treatments (0-30% w/w) were prepared and the resultant off-gas was monitored by GC-MS and by an electronic nose equipped with ten metal oxide sensors. A pattern recognition model was created using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of the electronic nose data. In general, LDA performed better than PCA. LDA showed clear discrimination when single tests were evaluated, but when the full data set was included, discrimination between treatments was reduced. Frequency of accurate recognition was tested by three algorithms with Euclidan and Mahalanobis performing at 81% accuracy and discriminant function analysis at 70%. Concentrations of target compounds by GC-MS were in agreement with those reported in literature and helped to elucidate the behavior of the pattern recognition via comparison of individual sensor responses to different biosolids treatment conditions. Results indicated that the electronic nose can discriminate between lime percentages, thus providing the opportunity to create classes of under-dosed and over-dosed relative to regulatory requirements. Full scale application will require careful evaluation to maintain accuracy under variable process and environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Romero-Flores
- University of Maryland, College Park, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- University of Maryland, College Park, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- University of Maryland, College Park, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College Park, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schmidt WF, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Rice CP, Broadhurst CL, Nguyen JK, Qin J, Chao K, Kim MS, Shelton DR. Using torsional forces to explain the gradient temperature Raman spectra of endosulfan isomers and its irreversible isomerization. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Andrade NA, McConnell LL, Anderson MO, Torrents A, Ramirez M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: Residence time in soils receiving biosolids application. Environ Pollut 2017; 222:412-422. [PMID: 28104345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may enter the environment because of accumulation in biosolids followed by application to agricultural lands. No published dissipation studies are available for PBDEs in agricultural soils after biosolids application. Therefore, we conducted a 3-year study to examine the fate of PBDEs in a small-scale 0.24-ha continuously cropped field after a single biosolids application at 72.3 wet tons/ha and determined dissipation half-lives for BDE-47+BDE-99 and BDE-209. In addition, we conducted a large-scale survey of soils from 26 mostly pasture fields at 10 farms with detailed information on timing and rate of biosolids applications. In the small-scale experiment, maximum soil PBDE concentrations of 43.7 ± 42.7 μg kg-1 d.w. for BDE-209 and 6.05 ± 7.15 μg kg-1 d.w. for BDE-47+BDE-99 were reached 1 year after application. We hypothesized that PBDEs were slowly released from the biosolids matrix into the soil over the first year. After 3 years, median BDE-47+BDE-99 concentrations were approximately equal to preapplication levels, whereas median BDE-209 concentrations remained ∼129% above preapplication levels. The estimated residence time from the small-scale experiment was 342 d for BDE-47+BDE-99 and 861 d for BDE-209. In the large-scale study, a subset of fields that received a single biosolids application was used to generate another estimate of residence time: 704 d for BDE-47+BDE-99 and 1440 d for BDE-209. These longer residence time estimates were used in three different first-order decay dissipation scenarios (continuous, limited, and no dissipation) to predict PBDE concentration in fields with single and multiple biosolids applications. Results indicate that dissipation occurs primarily in the first 2 years after application, but residues remaining in the soil after this period are likely to be much more tightly bound and less available for degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Andrade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1153 Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1153 Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Marya O Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1153 Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1153 Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W. Washington, District of Columbia 20032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Centofanti T, McConnell LL, Chaney RL, Beyer WN, Andrade NA, Hapeman CJ, Torrents A, Nguyen A, Anderson MO, Novak JM, Jackson D. Organic amendments for risk mitigation of organochlorine pesticide residues in old orchard soils. Environ Pollut 2016; 210:182-191. [PMID: 26716732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Performance of compost and biochar amendments for in situ risk mitigation of aged DDT, DDE and dieldrin residues in an old orchard soil was examined. The change in bioavailability of pesticide residues to Lumbricus terrestris L. relative to the unamended control soil was assessed using 4-L soil microcosms with and without plant cover in a 48-day experiment. The use of aged dairy manure compost and biosolids compost was found to be effective, especially in the planted treatments, at lowering the bioavailability factor (BAF) by 18-39%; however, BAF results for DDT in the unplanted soil treatments were unaffected or increased. The pine chip biochar utilized in this experiment was ineffective at lower the BAF of pesticides in the soil. The US EPA Soil Screening Level approach was used with our measured values. Addition of 10% of the aged dairy manure compost reduced the average hazard quotient values to below 1.0 for DDT + DDE and dieldrin. Results indicate this sustainable approach is appropriate to minimize risks to wildlife in areas of marginal organochlorine pesticide contamination. Application of this remediation approach has potential for use internationally in areas where historical pesticide contamination of soils remains a threat to wildlife populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Centofanti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Laura L McConnell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Rufus L Chaney
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - W Nelson Beyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 308, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Natasha A Andrade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anh Nguyen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Marya O Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Novak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC, USA
| | - Dana Jackson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu T, Dyer DG, McConnell LL, Bondarenko S, Allen R, Heinemann O. Clothianidin in agricultural soils and uptake into corn pollen and canola nectar after multiyear seed treatment applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:311-21. [PMID: 26467536 PMCID: PMC4736462 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available on the fate of clothianidin under realistic agricultural production conditions. The present study is the first large-scale assessment of clothianidin residues in soil and bee-relevant matrices from corn and canola fields after multiple years of seed-treatment use. The average soil concentration from 50 Midwest US corn fields with 2 yr to 11 yr of planting clothianidin-treated seeds was 7.0 ng/g, similar to predicted concentrations from a single planting of Poncho 250-treated corn seeds (6.3 ng/g). The water-extractable (i.e., plant-bioavailable) clothianidin residues in soil were only 10% of total residues. Clothianidin concentrations in soil reached a plateau concentration (amount applied equals amount dissipated) in fields with 4 or more application years. Concentrations in corn pollen from these fields were low (mean: 1.8 ng/g) with no correlation to total years of use or soil concentrations. For canola, soil concentrations from 27 Canadian fields with 2 yr to 4 yr of seed treatment use (mean = 5.7 ng/g) were not correlated with use history, and plant bioavailability was 6% of clothianidin soil residues. Average canola nectar concentrations were 0.6 ng/g and not correlated to use history or soil concentrations. Under typical cropping practices, therefore, clothianidin residues are not accumulating significantly in soil, plant bioavailability of residues in soil is limited, and exposure to pollinators will not increase over time in fields receiving multiple applications of clothianidin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Xu
- Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dan G Dyer
- Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and subsequent changes in climate, including temperature and precipitation extremes, are very likely to alter pest pressures in both managed and unmanaged plant communities. Such changes in pest pressures can be positive (migration from a region) or negative (new introductions), but are likely to be accompanied by significant economic and environmental consequences. Recent studies indicate the range of invasive weeds such as kudzu and insects such as mountain pine beetle have already expanded to more northern regions as temperatures have risen. To reduce these consequences, a better understanding of the link between CO2/climate and pest biology is needed in the context of existing and new strategies for pest management. This paper provides an overview of the probable biological links and the vulnerabilities of existing pest management (especially chemical control) and provides a preliminary synthesis of research needs that could potentially improve the ability to monitor, mitigate, and manage pest impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis H Ziska
- Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McConnell LL, Racke KD, Hapeman CJ, Seiber JN. 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry: Crop, Environment, and Public Health Protection, Technologies for a Changing World. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:4-5. [PMID: 26709728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This introductory paper provides an overview of Perspectives papers written by plenary speakers from the 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry held in San Francisco, CA, USA, in August 2014. This group of papers emphasizes some of the emerging issues and challenges at the forefront of agricultural research: sustainability; agriculture's response to climate change and population growth; pollinator health and risk assessment; and global food production and food security. In addition, as part of the Congress, a workshop on "Developing Global Leaders for Research, Regulation, and Stewardship of Crop Protection Chemistry in the 21st Century" identified specific recommendations to attract the best scientists to agricultural science, to provide opportunities to study and conduct research on crop protection chemistry topics, and to improve science communication skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L McConnell
- Environmental Safety, Bayer CropScience , 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Global Research and Development, Dow AgroSciences , 9330 Zionsville Road, Buildingg 308-2A, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 United States
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , , 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 27519, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis , 4143 Meyer Hall, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kenneth D Racke
- Environmental Safety, Bayer CropScience , 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Global Research and Development, Dow AgroSciences , 9330 Zionsville Road, Buildingg 308-2A, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 United States
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , , 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 27519, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis , 4143 Meyer Hall, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- Environmental Safety, Bayer CropScience , 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Global Research and Development, Dow AgroSciences , 9330 Zionsville Road, Buildingg 308-2A, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 United States
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , , 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 27519, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis , 4143 Meyer Hall, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James N Seiber
- Environmental Safety, Bayer CropScience , 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Global Research and Development, Dow AgroSciences , 9330 Zionsville Road, Buildingg 308-2A, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 United States
- Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , , 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 27519, United States
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis , 4143 Meyer Hall, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Andrade NA, Lozano N, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Rice CP, Ramirez M. Long-term trends of PBDEs, triclosan, and triclocarban in biosolids from a wastewater treatment plant in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US. J Hazard Mater 2015; 282:68-74. [PMID: 25282513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the US, land application of biosolids has been utilized in government-regulated programs to recycle valuable nutrients and organic carbon that would otherwise be incinerated or buried in landfills. While many benefits have been reported, there are concerns that these practices represent a source of organic micropollutants to the environment. In this study, biosolids samples from a wastewater treatment plant in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US were collected approximately every 2 months over a 7-year period and analyzed for brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209), triclosan, and triclocarban. During the collection period of 2005-2011, concentrations of the brominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47+BDE-99 decreased by 42%, triclocarban decreased by 47%, but BDE-209 and triclosan remained fairly constant. Observed reductions in contaminant concentrations could not be explained by different seasons or by volumetric changes of wastewaters arriving at the treatment plant and instead may be the result of the recent phaseout of BDE-47 and BDE-99 as well as potential reductions in the use of triclocarban.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Andrade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Nuria Lozano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Environmental Management and Byproduct Utilization Laboratory, BARC, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Clifford P Rice
- Environmental Management and Byproduct Utilization Laboratory, BARC, ARS/USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- DC Water, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmidt WF, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Mookherji S, Rice CP, Nguyen JK, Qin J, Lee H, Chao K, Kim MS. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopic evidence of and molecular mechanism for irreversible isomerization of β-endosulfan to α-endosulfan. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:2023-2030. [PMID: 24491184 DOI: 10.1021/jf404404w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan (6,7,8, 9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide) is a broad-spectrum, organochlorine insecticide used on numerous crops since the 1950s. It is has been identified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and adverse effects to human health and aquatic ecosystems; it will be phased out in the United States in 2016. Endosulfan consists of two diastereomers, α and β; α-endosulfan exists as two asymmetrical, twist-chair enantiomers which interchange, while β-endosulfan has a symmetrical-chair conformation. β-Endosulfan has been shown to isomerize to α-endosulfan. Here we document the previously proposed isomerization mechanism using temperature-dependent Raman (TDR) spectroscopy. The bending frequencies in the fingerprint region were assigned to specific bonds. Changes in the signal intensity as a function of temperature were used to identify detailed ring movements and thus conversion of β to α. These movements cannot occur simultaneously nor symmetrically, precluding conversion of α-endosulfan to β-endosulfan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Schmidt
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2325, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
McCarty GW, Hapeman CJ, Rice CP, Hively WD, McConnell LL, Sadeghi AM, Lang MW, Whitall DR, Bialek K, Downey P. Metolachlor metabolite (MESA) reveals agricultural nitrate-N fate and transport in Choptank River watershed. Sci Total Environ 2014; 473-474:473-482. [PMID: 24388901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 50% of streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have been rated as poor or very poor based on the index of biological integrity. The Choptank River estuary, a Bay tributary on the eastern shore, is one such waterway, where corn and soybean production in upland areas of the watershed contribute significant loads of nutrients and sediment to streams. We adopted a novel approach utilizing the relationship between the concentration of nitrate-N and the stable, water-soluble herbicide degradation product MESA {2-[2-ethyl-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)-6-methylanilino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid} to distinguish between dilution and denitrification effects on the stream concentration of nitrate-N in agricultural subwatersheds. The ratio of mean nitrate-N concentration/(mean MESA concentration * 1000) for 15 subwatersheds was examined as a function of percent cropland on hydric soil. This inverse relationship (R(2)=0.65, p<0.001) takes into consideration not only dilution and denitrification of nitrate-N, but also the stream sampling bias of the croplands caused by extensive drainage ditch networks. MESA was also used to track nitrate-N concentrations within the estuary of the Choptank River. The relationship between nitrate-N and MESA concentrations in samples collected over three years was linear (0.95 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.99) for all eight sampling dates except one where R(2)=0.90. This very strong correlation indicates that nitrate-N was conserved in much of the Choptank River estuary, that dilution alone is responsible for the changes in nitrate-N and MESA concentrations, and more importantly nitrate-N loads are not reduced in the estuary prior to entering the Chesapeake Bay. Thus, a critical need exists to minimize nutrient export from agricultural production fields and to identify specific conservation practices to address the hydrologic conditions within each subwatershed. In well drained areas, removal of residual N within the cropland is most critical, and practices such as cover crops which sequester the residual N should be strongly encouraged. In poorly drained areas where denitrification can occur, wetland restoration and controlled drained structures that minimize ditch flow should be used to maximize denitrification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W McCarty
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Clifford P Rice
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - W Dean Hively
- United States Geological Survey (USGS), Eastern Geographic Research Center, stationed at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ali M Sadeghi
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Megan W Lang
- USDA Forest Service (USFS), Northern Research Station, stationed at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - David R Whitall
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Krystyna Bialek
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Peter Downey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andrade NA, Centofanti T, McConnell LL, Hapeman CJ, Torrents A, Nguyen A, Beyer WN, Chaney RL, Novak JM, Anderson MO, Cantrell KB. Utilizing thin-film solid-phase extraction to assess the effect of organic carbon amendments on the bioavailability of DDT and dieldrin to earthworms. Environ Pollut 2014; 185:307-313. [PMID: 24316068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Improved approaches are needed to assess bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in contaminated soils. Performance of thin-film solid-phase extraction (TF-SPE) using vials coated with ethylene vinyl acetate was compared to earthworm bioassay (Lumbricus terrestris). A DDT and dieldrin contaminated soil was amended with four organic carbon materials to assess the change in bioavailability. Addition of organic carbon significantly lowered bioavailability for all compounds except for 4,4'-DDT. Equilibrium concentrations of compounds in the polymer were correlated with uptake by earthworms after 48d exposure (R(2) = 0.97; p < 0.001), indicating TF-SPE provided an accurate uptake simulation. Bioavailability of residues in soil was compared with a spiked soil aged for 90d in laboratory. Dieldrin and DDX were respectively 18% and 11% less bioavailable in contaminated soil relative to spiked soil despite >40yr of aging. Results show that TF-SPE can be useful in examining potential risks associated with contaminated soils and to test effectiveness of remediation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Andrade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tiziana Centofanti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anh Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - W Nelson Beyer
- United States Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 308, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Rufus L Chaney
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Novak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC, USA
| | - Marya O Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Keri B Cantrell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Potter TL, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Harman-Fetcho JA, Schmidt WF, Rice CP, Schaffer B. Endosulfan wet deposition in Southern Florida (USA). Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:505-13. [PMID: 24055666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is an important transport route for semi-volatile pesticides like endosulfan. Deposition, which depends on physical-chemical properties, use patterns, and climatic conditions, can occur at local, regional, and global scales. Adverse human and ecological impact may result. We measured endosulfan wet deposition in precipitation over a 4-year period within an area of high agricultural use in Southern Florida (USA) and in nearby Biscayne and Everglades National Parks. Endosulfan's two isomers and degradate, endosulfan sulfate, were detected at high frequency with the order of detection and concentration being β-endosulfan>α-endosulfan>endosulfan sulfate. Within the agricultural area, detection frequency (55 to 98%) mean concentrations (5 to 87 ng L(-1)) and total daily deposition (200 ng m(-2) day(-1)) exceeded values at other sites by 5 to 30-fold. Strong seasonal trends were also observed with values at all monitored sites significantly higher during peak endosulfan use periods when vegetable crops were produced. Relatively high deposition in the crop production area and observations that concentrations exceeded aquatic life toxicity thresholds at all sites indicated that endosulfan volatilization and wet deposition are of ecotoxicological concern to the region. This study emphasizes the need to include localized volatilization and deposition of endosulfan and other semi-volatile pesticides in risk assessments in Southern Florida and other areas with similar climatic and crop production profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Potter
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Watershed Laboratory, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lozano N, Andrade NA, Deng D, Torrents A, Rice CP, McConnell LL, Ramirez M, Millner PD. Fate of microconstituents in biosolids composted in an aerated silage bag. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2014; 49:720-730. [PMID: 24521417 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.865461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although most composting studies report pathogen concentrations, little is known about the fate of Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) during composting. In this study, a positively aerated polyethylene bag composting system was filled with a mixture of woodchips and limed biosolids from a large Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) to study the removal efficiency of two different groups of EDCs. Two antibacterial compounds, Triclocarban (TCC) and Triclosan (TCS), and a TCS byproduct, Methyltriclosan (MeTCS), as well as seven congeners of flame retardants known as PBDEs (Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers) were studied during two phases of composting: 1) a thermophilic phase, in which positive mechanical aeration, pushing air into and through the materials matrix, was conducted for 2 months; and 2) a curing and stabilization phase in which no mechanical aeration was provided and the bag was opened to ambient passive aeration to simulate storage conditions for seven months. Our results showed that while TCC concentrations remained constant, TCS degradation took place during both phases. The degradation of TCS was corroborated by the formation of MeTCS in both phases. The TCS concentrations decreased from 18409 ± 1,877 to 11955 ± 288 ng g(-1) dry wt. during the thermophilic phase and declined from 11,955 ± 288 to 7,244 ± 909. ng g(-1) dry wt. by the end of the curing phase. Thus, slightly greater TCS transformation occurred during the second than during the first (35.1 vs. 39.4%). MeTCS concentrations increased from 189.3 ± 8.6 to 364.6 ± 72.5 ng g(-1) dry wt. during the first phase and reached 589.0 ± 94.9 ng g(-1) dry wt. at the end of the second phase. PBDEs concentrations were below quantification limits for all but two of the congeners analyzed (BDE-47 and BDE-99). PBDE concentrations were measured at the end of the first phase only and were comparable to initial concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Lozano
- a Department of Water and Environmental Science and Technology , University of Cantabria , Santander , Cantabria , Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Felix JD, Elliott EM, Gish TJ, McConnell LL, Shaw SL. Characterizing the isotopic composition of atmospheric ammonia emission sources using passive samplers and a combined oxidation-bacterial denitrifier approach. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:2239-46. [PMID: 24019189 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ammonia (NH3) emissions are a substantial source of nitrogen pollution to sensitive terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems and dependable quantification of NH3 sources is of growing importance due to recently observed increases in ammonium (NH4(+)) deposition rates. While determination of the nitrogen isotopic composition of NH3 (δ(15)N-NH3) can aid in the quantification of NH3 emission sources, existing methods have precluded a comprehensive assessment of δ(15)N-NH3 values from major emission sources. METHODS We report an approach for the δ(15)N-NH4(+) analysis of low concentration NH4(+) samples that couples the bromate oxidation of NH4(+) to NO2(-) and the microbial denitrifier method for δ(15)N-NO2(-) analysis. This approach reduces the required sample mass by 50-fold relative to standard elemental analysis (EA) procedures, is capable of high throughput, and eliminates toxic chemicals used in a prior method for the analysis of low concentration samples. Using this approach, we report a comprehensive inventory of δ(15)N-NH3 values from major emission sources (including livestock operations, marine sources, vehicles, fertilized cornfields) collected using passive sampling devices. RESULTS The δ(15)N-NH4(+) analysis approach developed has a standard deviation of ±0.7‰ and was used to analyze passively collected NH3 emissions with a wide range of ambient NH3 concentrations (0.2 to 165.6 µg/m(3)). The δ(15)N-NH3 values reveal that the NH3 emitted from volatilized livestock waste and fertilizer has relatively low δ(15)N values (-56 to -23‰), allowing it to be differentiated from NH3 emitted from fossil fuel sources that are characterized by relatively high δ(15)N values (-15 to +2‰). CONCLUSIONS The isotopic source signatures presented in this emission inventory can be used as an additional tool in identifying NH3 emission sources and tracing their transport across localized landscapes and regions. The insight into the transport of NH3 emissions provided by isotopic investigation is an important step in devising strategies to reduce future NH3 emissions, a mounting concern for air quality scientists, epidemiologists, and policy-makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J David Felix
- Department of Geology & Planetary Science, 4107 O'Hara Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trabue S, Scoggin K, McConnell LL, Li H, Turner A, Burns R, Xin H, Gates RS, Hasson A, Ogunjemiyo S, Maghirang R, Hatfield J. Performance of commercial nonmethane hydrocarbon analyzers in monitoring oxygenated volatile organic compounds emitted from animal feeding operations. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2013; 63:1163-1172. [PMID: 24282968 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.804464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) from animal feeding operations (AFOs) is challenging due to the broad spectrum of compounds and the polar nature of the most abundant compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of commercial NMHC analyzers for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly emitted from AFOs. Three different NMHC analyzers were tested for response to laboratory generated VOCs, and two were tested in the field at a commercial poultry facility. The NMHC analyzers tested included gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID), photoacoustic infrared (PA-IR) and photoionization detector (PID). The GC/FID NHHC analyzer was linear in response to nonpolar compounds, but detector response to polar oxygenated compounds were lower than expected due to poor peak shape on the column. The PA-IR NMHC instrument responded well to the calibration standard (propane), methanol, and acetone, but it performed poorly with larger alcohols and ketones and acetonitrile. The PA-IR response varied between compounds in similar compound classes. The PID responded poorly to many of the most abundant VOCs at AFOs, and it underreported alcohols by > 70%. In the field monitoring study, total NMHC concentrations were calculated from sum total of VOC determined using EPA Methods TO-15 and TO-17 with GC-MS compared to results from NMHC analyzers. NMHC GC/FID values were greater than the values calculated from the individual compound measurements. This indicated the presence of small hydrocarbons not measured with TO-15 or TO-17 such as propane. The PA-IR response was variable, but it was always lower than the GC/FID response. Results suggest that improved approaches are needed to accurately determine the VOC profile and NMHC emission rates from AFOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Trabue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bonifacio HF, Maghirang RG, Trabue SL, McConnell LL, Prueger JH, Razote EB. Particulate emissions from a beef cattle feedlot using the flux-gradient technique. J Environ Qual 2013; 42:1341-1352. [PMID: 24216412 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.04.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Data on air emissions from open-lot beef cattle () feedlots are limited. This research was conducted to determine fluxes of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM) from a commercial beef cattle feedlot in Kansas using the flux-gradient technique, a widely used micrometeorological method for air emissions from open sources. Vertical PM concentration profiles and micrometeorological parameters were measured at the feedlot using tapered element oscillating microbalance PM samplers and eddy covariance instrumentations (i.e., sonic anemometer and infrared hygrometer), respectively, from May 2010 through September 2011, representing feedlot conditions with air temperatures ranging from -24 to 39°C. Calculated hourly PM fluxes varied diurnally and seasonally, ranging up to 272 mg m h, with an overall median of 36 mg m h. For warm conditions (air temperature of 21 ± 10°C), the highest hourly PM fluxes (range 116-146 mg m h) were observed during the early evening period, from 2000 to 2100 h. For cold conditions (air temperature of -2 ± 8°C), the highest PM fluxes (range 14-27 mg m h) were observed in the afternoon, from 1100 to 1500 h. Changes in the hourly trend of PM fluxes coincided with changes in friction velocity, air temperature, sensible heat flux, and surface roughness. The PM emission was also affected by the pen surface water content, where a water content of at least 20% (wet basis) would be sufficient to effectively reduce PM emissions from pens by as much as 60%.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bradford DF, Stanley KA, Tallent NG, Sparling DW, Nash MS, Knapp RA, McConnell LL, Massey Simonich SL. Temporal and spatial variation of atmospherically deposited organic contaminants at high elevation in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32:517-525. [PMID: 23233353 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants used at low elevation, such as pesticides on crops, can be transported tens of kilometers and deposited in adjacent mountains in many parts of the world. Atmospherically deposited organic contaminants in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA, have exceeded some thresholds of concern, but the spatial and temporal distributions of contaminants in the mountains are not well known. The authors sampled shallow-water sediment and tadpoles (Pseudacris sierra) for pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls in four high-elevation sites in Yosemite National Park in the central Sierra Nevada twice during the summers of 2006, 2007, and 2008. Both historic- and current-use pesticides showed a striking pattern of lower concentrations in both sediment and tadpoles in Yosemite than was observed previously in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks in the southern Sierra Nevada. By contrast, PAH concentrations in sediment were generally greater in Yosemite than in Sequoia-Kings Canyon. The authors suggest that pesticide concentrations tend to be greater in Sequoia-Kings Canyon because of a longer air flow path over agricultural lands for this park along with greater pesticide use near this park. Concentrations for DDT-related compounds in some sediment samples exceeded guidelines or critical thresholds in both parks. A general pattern of difference between Yosemite and Sequoia-Kings Canyon was not evident for total tadpole cholinesterase activity, an indicator of harmful exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Variability of chemical concentrations among sites, between sampling periods within each year, and among years, contributed significantly to total variation, although the relative contributions differed between sediment and tadpoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Bradford
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guo L, Maghirang RG, Razote EB, Trabue SL, McConnell LL. Concentrations of particulate matter emitted from large cattle feedlots in Kansas. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2011; 61:1026-1035. [PMID: 22070035 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2011.599282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) emitted from cattle feedlots are thought to affect air quality in rural communities, yet little is known about factors controlling their emissions. The concentrations of PM (i.e., PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates or TSP) upwind and downwind at two large cattle feedlots (KS1, KS2) in Kansas were measured with gravimetric samplers from May 2006 to October 2009 (at KS1) and from September 2007 to April 2008 (at KS2). The mean downwind and net (i.e., downwind - upwind) mass concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP varied seasonally, indicating the need for multiple-day, seasonal sampling. The downwind and net concentrations were closely related to the moisture content of the pen surface. The PM2.5/PM10 and PM2.5/TSP ratios at the downwind sampling location were also related to the moisture content of the pen surface, humidity, and temperature. Measurement of the particle size distribution downwind of the feedlot with a cascade impactor showed geometric mean diameter ranging from 7 to 18 microm, indicating that particles that were emitted from the feedlots were generally large in size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hively WD, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Fisher TR, Rice CP, McCarty GW, Sadeghi AM, Whitall DR, Downey PM, Niño de Guzmán GT, Bialek-Kalinski K, Lang MW, Gustafson AB, Sutton AJ, Sefton KA, Harman Fetcho JA. Relating nutrient and herbicide fate with landscape features and characteristics of 15 subwatersheds in the Choptank River watershed. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:3866-3878. [PMID: 21733565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Excess nutrients and agrochemicals from non-point sources contribute to water quality impairment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed and their loading rates are related to land use, agricultural practices, hydrology, and pollutant fate and transport processes. In this study, monthly baseflow stream samples from 15 agricultural subwatersheds of the Choptank River in Maryland USA (2005 to 2007) were characterized for nutrients, herbicides, and herbicide transformation products. High-resolution digital maps of land use and forested wetlands were derived from remote sensing imagery. Examination of landscape metrics and water quality data, partitioned according to hydrogeomorphic class, provided insight into the fate, delivery, and transport mechanisms associated with agricultural pollutants. Mean Nitrate-N concentrations (4.9 mg/L) were correlated positively with percent agriculture (R(2)=0.56) and negatively with percent forest (R(2)=0.60). Concentrations were greater (p=0.0001) in the well-drained upland (WDU) hydrogeomorphic region than in poorly drained upland (PDU), reflecting increased denitrification and reduced agricultural land use intensity in the PDU landscape due to the prevalence of hydric soils. Atrazine and metolachlor concentrations (mean 0.29 μg/L and 0.19 μg/L) were also greater (p=0.0001) in WDU subwatersheds than in PDU subwatersheds. Springtime herbicide concentrations exhibited a strong, positive correlation (R(2)=0.90) with percent forest in the WDU subwatersheds but not in the PDU subwatersheds. In addition, forested riparian stream buffers in the WDU were more prevalent than in the PDU where forested patches are typically not located near streams, suggesting an alternative delivery mechanism whereby volatilized herbicides are captured by the riparian forest canopy and subsequently washed off during rainfall. Orthophosphate, CIAT (6-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), CEAT (6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), and MESA (2-[(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl) (2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid) were also analyzed. These findings will assist efforts in targeting implementation of conservation practices to the most environmentally-critical areas within watersheds to achieve water quality improvements in a cost-effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Dean Hively
- United States Geological Survey, Eastern Geographic Research Center, Reston, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yates SR, McConnell LL, Hapeman CJ, Papiernik SK, Gao S, Trabue SL. Managing agricultural emissions to the atmosphere: state of the science, fate and mitigation, and identifying research gaps. J Environ Qual 2011; 40:1347-1358. [PMID: 21869496 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of agriculture on regional air quality creates significant challenges to sustainability of food supplies and to the quality of national resources. Agricultural emissions to the atmosphere can lead to many nuisances, such as smog, haze, or offensive odors. They can also create more serious effects on human or environmental health, such as those posed by pesticides and other toxic industrial pollutants. It is recognized that deterioration of the atmosphere is undesirable, but the short- and long-term impacts of specific agricultural activities on air quality are not well known or understood. These concerns led to the organization of the 2009 American Chemical Society Symposium titled . An outcome of this symposium is this special collection of 14 research papers focusing on various issues associated with production agriculture and its effect on air quality. Topics included emissions from animal feeding operations, odors, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, mitigation, modeling, and risk assessment. These papers provide new research insights, identify gaps in current knowledge, and recommend important future research directions. As the scientific community gains a better understanding of the relationships between anthropogenic activities and their effects on environmental systems, technological advances should enable a reduction in adverse consequences on the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Yates
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bradford DF, Knapp RA, Sparling DW, Nash MS, Stanley KA, Tallent-Halsell NG, McConnell LL, Simonich SM. Pesticide distributions and population declines of California, USA, alpine frogs, Rana muscosa and Rana sierrae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011; 30:682-691. [PMID: 21298712 DOI: 10.1002/etc.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospherically deposited pesticides from the intensively cultivated Central Valley of California, USA, have been implicated as a cause for population declines of several amphibian species, with the strongest evidence for the frogs Rana muscosa and Rana sierrae at high elevation in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Previous studies on these species have relied on correlations between frog population status and either a metric for amount of upwind pesticide use or limited measurements of pesticide concentrations in the field. The present study tested the hypothesis that pesticide concentrations are negatively correlated with frog population status (i.e., fraction of suitable water bodies occupied within 2 km of a site) by measuring pesticide concentrations in multiple media twice at 28 sites at high elevation in the southern Sierra Nevada. Media represented were air, sediment, and Pseudacris sierra tadpoles. Total cholinesterase (ChE), which has been used as an indicator for organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure, was also measured in P. sierra tadpoles. Results do not support the pesticide-site occupancy hypothesis. Among 46 pesticide compounds analyzed, nine were detected with ≥ 30% frequency, representing both historically and currently used pesticides. In stepwise regressions with a chemical metric and linear distance from the Central Valley as predictor variables, no negative association was found between frog population status and the concentration of any pesticide or tadpole ChE activity level. By contrast, frog population status showed a strong positive relationship with linear distance from the Valley, a pattern that is consistent with a general west-to-east spread across central California of the amphibian disease chytridiomycosis observed by other researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Bradford
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goel A, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Kuang Z, Hapeman CJ, Meritt DW, Alexander ST, Scudlark JR, Scarborough R. Environmental factors affecting the levels of legacy pesticides in the airshed of Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010; 29:1893-1906. [PMID: 20821646 DOI: 10.1002/etc.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine insecticides and their degradation products contribute to toxicity in Chesapeake Bay, USA, sediments and affect the reproductive health of avian species in the region; however, little is known of atmospheric sources or temporal trends in concentrations of these chemicals. Weekly air (n = 265) and daily rain samples (n = 494) were collected over 2000 to 2003 from three locations in the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Pesticides were consistently present in the gas phase with infrequent detection in the particle phase. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and cis- and trans-chlordane were detected most frequently (95-100%), and cis- and trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, and 1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene (4,4'-DDE) were also detected frequently. The highest mean air concentrations were for dieldrin (60-84 pg/m(3)), gamma-HCH (37-83 pg/m(3)), and 4,4'-DDE (16-80 pg/m(3)). Multiple regression analyses of air concentrations with temperature and wind conditions using modified Clausius-Clapeyron equations explained only 30 to 60% of the variability in concentration for most chemicals. Comparison of the air concentrations and enthalpy of air-surface exchange values at the three sites indicate sources of chlordanes and alpha-HCH sources are primarily from long-range transport. However, examination of chlordane isomer ratios indicates some local and regional contributions, and gamma-HCH, 4,4'-DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane also have local or regional sources, possibly from contaminated soils. Median rain sample volumes of 1 to 3 L led to infrequent detections in rain; however, average measured concentrations were 2 to 10 times higher than in the Great Lakes. Dissipation half-lives in air were well below 10 years for all chemicals and below published values for the Great Lakes except dieldrin, which did not decline during the sample period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Goel
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bradford DF, Stanley K, McConnell LL, Tallent-Halsell NG, Nash MS, Simonich SM. Spatial patterns of atmospherically deposited organic contaminants at high elevation in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains, California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010; 29:1056-1066. [PMID: 20821540 PMCID: PMC3104601 DOI: 10.1002/etc.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atmospherically deposited contaminants in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, USA have been implicated as adversely affecting amphibians and fish, yet little is known about the distributions of contaminants within the mountains, particularly at high elevation. The hypothesis that contaminant concentrations in a high-elevation portion of the Sierra Nevada decrease with distance from the adjacent San Joaquin Valley was tested. Air, sediment, and tadpoles were sampled twice at 28 water bodies in 14 dispersed areas in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (2,785-3,375 m elevation; 43-82 km from Valley edge). Up to 15 chemicals were detected frequently in sediment and tadpoles, including current- and historic-use pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Only beta-endosulfan was found frequently in air. Concentrations of all chemicals detected were very low, averaging in the parts-per-billion range or less in sediment and tadpoles, and on the order of 10 pg/m3 for beta-endosulfan in air. Principal components analysis indicated that chemical compositions were generally similar among sites, suggesting that chemical transport patterns were likewise similar among sites. In contrast, transport processes did not appear to strongly influence concentration differences among sites, because variation in concentrations among nearby sites was high relative to sites far from each other. Moreover, a general relationship for concentrations as a function of distance from the valley was not evident across chemical, medium, and time. Nevertheless, concentrations for some chemical/medium/time combinations showed significant negative relationships with metrics for distance from the Valley. However, the magnitude of these distance effects among high-elevation sites was small relative to differences found in other studies between the valley edge and the nearest high-elevation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Bradford
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 944 East Harmon Avenue, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Whitall D, Hively WD, Leight AK, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Fisher T, Rice CP, Codling E, McCarty GW, Sadeghi AM, Gustafson A, Bialek K. Pollutant fate and spatio-temporal variability in the choptank river estuary: factors influencing water quality. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:2096-2108. [PMID: 20171715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States, is a national priority. Documentation of progress of this restoration effort is needed. A study was conducted to examine water quality in the Choptank River estuary, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay that since 1998 has been classified as impaired waters under the Federal Clean Water Act. Multiple water quality parameters (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a) and analyte concentrations (nutrients, herbicide and herbicide degradation products, arsenic, and copper) were measured at seven sampling stations in the Choptank River estuary. Samples were collected under base flow conditions in the basin on thirteen dates between March 2005 and April 2008. As commonly observed, results indicate that agriculture is a primary source of nitrate in the estuary and that both agriculture and wastewater treatment plants are important sources of phosphorus. Concentrations of copper in the lower estuary consistently exceeded both chronic and acute water quality criteria, possibly due to use of copper in antifouling boat paint. Concentrations of copper in the upstream watersheds were low, indicating that agriculture is not a significant source of copper loading to the estuary. Concentrations of herbicides (atrazine, simazine, and metolachlor) peaked during early-summer, indicating a rapid surface-transport delivery pathway from agricultural areas, while their degradation products (CIAT, CEAT, MESA, and MOA) appeared to be delivered via groundwater transport. Some in-river processing of CEAT occurred, whereas MESA was conservative. Observed concentrations of herbicide residues did not approach established levels of concern for aquatic organisms. Results of this study highlight the importance of continued implementation of best management practices to improve water quality in the estuary. This work provides a baseline against which to compare future changes in water quality and may be used to design future monitoring programs needed to assess restoration strategy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Whitall
- NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, N/SCI 1, SSMC4, 9110, 1305 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Andrade NA, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Ramirez M. Persistence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soils after biosolids applications. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:3077-3084. [PMID: 20151647 DOI: 10.1021/jf9034496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examines polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) levels, trends in biosolids from a wastewater treatment plant, and evaluates potential factors governing PBDE concentrations and the fate in agricultural soils fertilized by biosolids. The mean concentration of the most abundant PBDE congeners in biosolids ( summation operatorBDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209) generated by one wastewater treatment plant was 1250 +/- 134 microg/kg d.w. with no significant change in concentration over 32 months (n = 15). In surface soil samples from the Mid-Atlantic region, average PBDE concentrations in soil from fields receiving no biosolids (5.01 +/- 3.01 microg/kg d.w.) were 3 times lower than fields receiving one application (15.2 +/- 10.2 microg/kg d.w.) and 10 times lower than fields that had received multiple applications (53.0 +/- 41.7 microg/kg d.w.). The cumulative biosolids application rate and soil organic carbon were correlated with concentrations and persistence of PBDEs in soil. A model to predict PBDE concentrations in soil after single or multiple biosolids applications provides estimates which fall within a factor of 2 of observed values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Andrade
- University of Maryland, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1153 Martin Hall University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-3021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sekyiamah K, Kim H, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Ramirez M. Identification of seasonal variations in volatile sulfur compound formation and release from the secondary treatment system at a large wastewater treatment plant. Water Environ Res 2008; 80:2261-2267. [PMID: 19146104 DOI: 10.2175/106143008x304677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify, quantify, and determine source locations of significant volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) associated with the activated sludge treatment process at a large wastewater treatment plant. Flux chamber and wastewater headspace sampling techniques were used to capture odorous gases followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Olfactometric analysis corroborated the results from the chemical analysis. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) concentrations in wastewater were strongly correlated with sludge blanket depth [DMDS: r = 0.86 (p < 0.001, df = 24) and DMS: r = 0.72 (p < 0.001, df = 24)]. A strong statistical correlation also was established between concentrations of these two odorants in the gas samples and the recognition odor concentration [DMS: r = 0.85 (p < 0.001, df = 13) and DMDS: r = 0.81 (p < 0.001, df = 13)]. Results indicate that settled sludge in the anoxic environment of the secondary sedimentation basin is the most important contributor to the formation of VSCs in the activated sludge treatment system.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim H, Kim Y, Sharma VK, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Rice CP, Millner P, Ramirez M. Evaluation of Ferrate(VI) as a Conditioner for Dewatering Wastewater Biosolids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2008-0985.ch019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, The University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea
- Corresponding author: , fax: +82-2-2244-2245
| | - Yuhun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, The University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901
| | - Laura L. McConnell
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Clifford P. Rice
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Patricia Millner
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Mark Ramirez
- District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20032
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
McConnell LL, Rice CP, Hapeman CJ, Drakeford L, Harman-Fetcho JA, Bialek K, Fulton MH, Leight AK, Allen G. Agricultural pesticides and selected degradation products in five tidal regions and the main stem of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2007; 26:2567-2578. [PMID: 18020682 DOI: 10.1897/06-655.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients, sediment, and toxics from water sources and the surrounding airshed are major problems contributing to poor water quality in many regions of the Chesapeake Bay, an important estuary located in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. During the early spring of 2000, surface water samples were collected for pesticide analysis from 18 stations spanning the Chesapeake Bay. In a separate effort from July to September of 2004, 61 stations within several tidal regions were characterized with respect to 21 pesticides and 11 of their degradation products. Three regions were located on the agricultural Delmarva Peninsula: The Chester, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke Rivers. Two regions were located on the more urban western shore: The Rhode and South Rivers and the Lower Mobjack Bay, including the Back and Poquoson Rivers. In both studies, herbicides and their degradation products were the most frequently detected chemicals. In 2000, atrazine and metolachlor were found at all 18 stations. In 2004, the highest parent herbicide concentrations were found in the upstream region of Chester River. The highest concentration for any analyte in these studies was for the ethane sulfonic acid of metolachlor (MESA) at 2,900 ng/L in the Nanticoke River. The degradation product MESA also had the greatest concentration of any analyte in the Pocomoke River (2,100 ng/L) and in the Chester River (1,200 ng/L). In the agricultural tributaries, herbicide degradation product concentrations were more strongly correlated with salinity than the parent herbicides. In the two nonagricultural watersheds on the western shore, no gradient in herbicide concentrations was observed, indicating the pesticide source to these areas was water from the Bay main stem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L McConnell
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Management and Byproduct Utilization Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rice PJ, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Sadeghi AM, Teasdale JR, Coffman CB, McCarty GW, Abdul-Baki AA, Starr JL. Evaluation of vegetable production management practices to reduce the ecological risk of pesticides. Environ Toxicol Chem 2007; 26:2455-2464. [PMID: 17941735 DOI: 10.1897/06-656r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability of agricultural management practices to reduce the ecological risks of pesticides was evaluated. Risk quotients, a mathematical description of the relationship between exposure and toxicity, and hazard ratings, a rank of the potential risk of pesticides to aquatic environments, were calculated for conventional and alternative cultivation practices for tomatoes: Poly-Bare, raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch with bare-soil furrows; Poly-Rye, raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch with cereal rye (Secale cereale) grown in the furrows; and Vetch, raised beds and furrows planted with hairy vetch seed (Vicia villosa). Evaluations were conducted using measured pesticide concentrations in runoff at the edge-of-field and estimated environmental concentrations in an adjacent creek and a theoretical pond receiving the runoff. Runoff from Poly-Bare presented the greatest risk to ecosystem health and to sensitive organisms, whereas the use of Vetch minimized these risks. Previous studies have shown that harvest yields were maintained and that runoff volume, soil loss, and off-site transport of pesticides measured in runoff were reduced using the alternative management practices (Poly-Rye and Vetch). Together, these results indicate that the alternative management practices (Poly-Rye and Vetch) have a less adverse impact on the environment than the conventional management practice (Poly-Bare) while providing growers with an acceptable economic return. In addition, the present study demonstrates the need to consider the management practice when assessing the potential risks and hazards for certain pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Rice
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rice CP, Baldwin Vi RL, Abbott LC, Hapeman CJ, Capuco AV, Le A, Bialek-Kalinski K, Bannerman DD, Hare WR, Paape MJ, McCarty GW, Kauf AC, Sadeghi AM, Starr JL, McConnell LL, Van Tassell CP. Predicting perchlorate exposure in milk from concentrations in dairy feed. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:8806-13. [PMID: 17892259 DOI: 10.1021/jf070953h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate has been detected in U.S. milk samples from many different states. Applying data from a recently reported 9-week experiment in which 16 Holstein dairy cows were administered perchlorate allowed us to derive an equation for the dose-response relationship between perchlorate concentrations in feed/drinking water and its appearance in milk. Examination of background concentrations of perchlorate in the total mixed ration (TMR) fed in addition to the variable dose supplied to treated cows as a ruminal infusate revealed that cows receive significant and variable exposure to perchlorate from the TMR. Weekly examination of the TMR disclosed that a change in ingredients midway through the experiment caused a significant (78%) change in TMR perchlorate concentration. Analyses of the ingredients comprising the TMR revealed that 41.9% of the perchlorate came from corn silage, 22.9% came from alfalfa hay and 11.7% was supplied by sudan grass. Finally, USDA Food and Nutrition Survey data on fluid milk consumption were used to predict potential human exposure from milk that contained concentrations of perchlorate observed in our previous dosing study. The study suggests that reducing perchlorate concentration in dairy feed may reduce perchlorate concentrations in milk as well as the potential to reduce human exposure to perchlorate in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford P Rice
- Environmental Management and Byproduct Utilization Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20715, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Goel A, McConnell LL, Torrents A. Determination of vapor pressure-temperature relationships of current-use pesticides and transformation products. J Environ Sci Health B 2007; 42:343-9. [PMID: 17474012 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701309494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (P(L)(0)) of current-use organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides (chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos methyl, diazinon, fipronil) and selected transformation products (chlorpyrifos oxon, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) were determined at multiple temperatures using the gas chromatography retention time technique. Results were utilized to determine vapor pressure-temperature relationships and to calculate enthalpies of vaporization (DeltaH(vap)). While results for chlorothalonil and diazinon were comparable with published values, the measured value for fipronil (1.82 x 10(-6) Pa) is almost an order of magnitude higher than the reported literature value (3.7 x 10(-7) Pa). The availability of vapor pressure temperature relationships for these chemicals will aid in pesticide risk assessment development and improve the effectiveness of mitigation and remediation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Goel
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rice PJ, Harman-Fetcho JA, Sadeghi AM, McConnell LL, Coffman CB, Teasdale JR, Abdul-Baki A, Starr JL, McCarty GW, Herbert RR, Hapeman CJ. Reducing insecticide and fungicide loads in runoff from plastic mulch with vegetative-covered furrows. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:1377-84. [PMID: 17243696 DOI: 10.1021/jf062107x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A common management practice for the production of fresh-market vegetables utilizes polyethylene (plastic) mulch because it increases soil temperature, decreases weed pressure, maintains soil moisture, and minimizes soil contact with the product. However, rain events afford much more erosion and runoff because 50-75% of the field is covered with an impervious surface. A plot study was conducted to compare and to quantify the off-site movement of soil, insecticides, and fungicides associated with runoff from plots planted with Sunbeam tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) using the conventional polyethylene mulch management practice vs an alternative management practice-polyethylene mulch-covered beds with cereal rye (Secale cereale) planted in the furrows between the beds. The use of cereal rye-covered furrows with the conventional polyethylene system decreased runoff volume by more than 40%, soil erosion by more than 80%, and pesticide loads by 48-74%. Results indicate that vegetative furrows are critical to minimizing the negative aspects of this management practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Rice
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Goel A, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Scudlark JR, Simonich S. Spray irrigation of treated municipal wastewater as a potential source of atmospheric PBDEs. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:2142-8. [PMID: 16646445 DOI: 10.1021/es051931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Spray irrigation facilities utilizing treated municipal wastewater are a potential source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to the atmosphere. PBDEs are used as flame retardants in many household items and have been found in wastewaters and biosolids. Evidence of PBDE release from spray irrigation facilities was discovered during a multiyear project to measure semivolatile organic chemical concentrations in air. Four BDE congeners (47, 99, 100, and 154) were monitored at three remote/ rural locations in Maryland and Delaware from 2001 to 2003. Average concentrations at two of the sites (BDE-47, 10-17 pg/m3; BDE-99, 5.3-7.7 pg/m3) reflect background levels. Average concentrations at the third location were 5-10 times higher (BDE-47, 175 pg/m3; BDE-99, 26 pg/m3) and were significantly correlated (p < 0.0001) with temperature indicating local source(s). Several spray irrigation facilities are located south and west of the third site, the prevailing wind direction during the spring and summer when most samples were collected. The fine mist released from the irrigation equipment may enhance release to the atmosphere via air-water gas exchange from water droplets. Temporal trends indicate that aerial concentrations of PBDEs in this area are increasing at an exponential rate; the atmospheric doubling times for the different congeners range from 1.1 to 1.7 yrs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Capuco AV, Rice CP, Baldwin RL, Bannerman DD, Paape MJ, Hare WR, Kauf ACW, McCarty GW, Hapeman CJ, Sadeghi AM, Starr JL, McConnell LL, Van Tassell CP. Fate of dietary perchlorate in lactating dairy cows: Relevance to animal health and levels in the milk supply. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16152-7. [PMID: 16260728 PMCID: PMC1275600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508337102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate is a goitrogenic anion that competitively inhibits the sodium iodide transporter and has been detected in forages and in commercial milk throughout the U.S. The fate of perchlorate and its effect on animal health were studied in lactating cows, ruminally infused with perchlorate for 5 weeks. Milk perchlorate levels were highly correlated with perchlorate intake, but milk iodine was unaffected, and there were no demonstrable health effects. We provide evidence that up to 80% of dietary perchlorate was metabolized, most likely in the rumen, which would provide cattle with a degree of refractoriness to perchlorate. Data presented are important for assessing the environmental impact on perchlorate concentrations in milk and potential for relevance to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Capuco
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Environmental Quality Laboratory, and Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Goel A, McConnell LL, Torrents A. Wet deposition of current use pesticides at a rural location on the Delmarva Peninsula: impact of rainfall patterns and agricultural activity. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:7915-24. [PMID: 16190650 DOI: 10.1021/jf0507700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Event-based precipitation samples were collected during the main agricultural season (April-September) over 4 years (2000-2003) at one site in the Choptank River Watershed on the Delmarva Peninsula. The samples were analyzed for 19 agricultural pesticides to determine the contribution of wet deposition as a source of these compounds to the Chesapeake Bay and the factors affecting the temporal trends in deposition. Chlorothalonil was detected most frequently (92% samples) followed by metolachlor (66%) and endosulfans (49%). Although chlorothalonil is the single biggest contributor to pesticide flux (33-46%), pesticide wet deposition is dominated by herbicides (46-61%), with the greatest fluxes occurring during the time of herbicide application on corn and soybeans. The analysis suggests that the extent of wet deposition of herbicides depends on the timing of precipitation relative to herbicide application. The insecticide and fungicide flux was greater in years with above-average rainfall (2001 and 2003), suggesting that for these pesticides deposition flux is dependent on the total amount of rainfall in the agricultural season. The data indicate that the use of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide which is on the Toxics of Concern list for the Bay, is on the increase. Total pesticide flux ranged from 90 microg/m2 (2001) to 180 microg/m2 (2000). Wet deposition can account for up to 10-20% of the annual loadings of pesticides to the Bay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Harman-Fetcho JA, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Potter TL, Rice CP, Sadeghi AM, Smith RD, Bialek K, Sefton KA, Schaffer BA, Curry R. Pesticide occurrence in selected South Florida canals and Biscayne Bay during high agricultural activity. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:6040-8. [PMID: 16028993 DOI: 10.1021/jf047803g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate and soil conditions in South Florida along with an extensive canal system facilitate movement of agricultural pesticides into surface waters. In a two-year study (2002-2004) of the currently used pesticides in South Florida, atrazine, endosulfan, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil were the most frequently detected in the canals and in Biscayne Bay, with average concentrations of 16, 11, 9.0, 2.6, and 6.0 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of atrazine and chlorpyrifos were highest near corn production. Chlorothalonil and endosulfan concentrations were highest near vegetable production, with no clear trend for metolachlor, which is used on multiple crops. Concentration data were used to calculate an aquatic life hazard potential for the planting period (November) versus the harvest period (March). This analysis indicated that a higher hazard potential occurs during harvest, primarily from the use of endosulfan. These data will also serve to document canal conditions prior to implementation of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Harman-Fetcho
- Environmental Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Prueger JH, Gish TJ, McConnell LL, Mckee LG, Hatfield JL, Kustas WP. Solar radiation, relative humidity, and soil water effects on metolachlor volatilization. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39:5219-26. [PMID: 16082950 DOI: 10.1021/es048341q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide volatilization is a significant loss pathway that may have unintended consequences in nontarget environments. Field-scale pesticide volatilization involves the interaction of a number of complex variables. There is a need to acquire pesticide volatilization fluxes from a location where several of these variables can be held constant. Accordingly, soil properties, tillage practices, surface residue management, and pesticide formulations were held constant while fundamental information regarding metolachlor volatilization (a pre-emergent pesticide) was monitored over a five-year period as influenced by meteorological variables and soil water content. Metolachlor vapor concentrations were measured continuously for 120 h after each application using polyurethane foam plugs in a logarithmic profile above the soil surface. A flux gradient technique was used to compute volatilization fluxes from metolachlor concentration profiles and turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapor (as determined from eddy covariance measurements). Differences in meteorological conditions and surface soil water contents resulted in variability of the volatilization losses over the years studied. The peak volatilization losses for each year occurred during the first 24 h after application with a maximum flux rate in 2001 (1500 ng m(-2) s(-1)) associated with wet surface soil conditions combined with warm temperatures. The cumulative volatilization losses for the 120-hour period following metolachlor application varied over the years from 5 to 25% of the applied active ingredient, with approximately 87% of the losses occurring during the first 72 h. In all of the years studied, volatilization occurred diurnally and accounted for between 43 and 86% during the day and 14 and 57% during the night of the total measured loss. The results suggest that metolachlor volatilization is influenced by multiple factors involving meteorological, surface soil, and chemical factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Prueger
- USDA-ARS National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gabriel SA, Vilalai S, Arispe S, Kim H, McConnell LL, Torrents A, Peot C, Ramirez M. Prediction of dimethyl disulfide levels from biosolids using statistical modeling. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2005; 40:2009-25. [PMID: 16287638 DOI: 10.1080/10934520500230930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two statistical models were used to predict the concentration of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) released from biosolids produced by an advanced wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located in Washington, DC, USA. The plant concentrates sludge from primary sedimentation basins in gravity thickeners (GT) and sludge from secondary sedimentation basins in dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners. The thickened sludge is pumped into blending tanks and then fed into centrifuges for dewatering. The dewatered sludge is then conditioned with lime before trucking out from the plant. DMDS, along with other volatile sulfur and nitrogen-containing chemicals, is known to contribute to biosolids odors. These models identified oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) values of a GT and DAF, the amount of sludge dewatered by centrifuges, and the blend ratio between GT thickened sludge and DAF thickened sludge in blending tanks as control variables. The accuracy of the developed regression models was evaluated by checking the adjusted R2 of the regression as well as the signs of coefficients associated with each variable. In general, both models explained observed DMDS levels in sludge headspace samples. The adjusted R2 value of the regression models 1 and 2 were 0.79 and 0.77, respectively. Coefficients for each regression model also had the correct sign. Using the developed models, plant operators can adjust the controllable variables to proactively decrease this odorant. Therefore, these models are a useful tool in biosolids management at WWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Gabriel
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fellers GM, McConnell LL, Pratt D, Datta S. Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2004; 23:2170-2177. [PMID: 15378994 DOI: 10.1897/03-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 1997, pesticide concentrations were measured in mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) from two areas in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. One area (Sixty Lakes Basin, Kings Canyon National Park) had large, apparently healthy populations of frogs. A second area (Tablelands, Sequoia National Park) once had large populations, but the species had been extirpated from this area by the early 1980s. The Tablelands is exposed directly to prevailing winds from agricultural regions to the west. When an experimental reintroduction of R. muscosa in 1994 to 1995 was deemed unsuccessful in 1997, the last 20 (reintroduced) frogs that could be found were collected from the Tablelands, and pesticide concentrations in both frog tissue and the water were measured at both the Tablelands and at reference sites at Sixty Lakes. In frog tissues, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentration was one to two orders of magnitude higher than the other organochlorines (46+/-20 ng/g wet wt at Tablelands and 17+/-8 Sixty Lakes). Both gamma-chlordane and trans-nonachlor were found in significantly greater concentrations in Tablelands frog tissues compared with Sixty Lakes. Organophosphate insecticides, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were observed primarily in surface water with higher concentrations at the Tablelands sites. No contaminants were significantly higher in our Sixty Lakes samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Fellers
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Point Reyes National Seashore, Point Reyes, California 94956, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
McConnell LL, Harman-Fetcho JA, Hagy JD. Measured concentrations of herbicides and model predictions of atrazine fate in the Patuxent River estuary. J Environ Qual 2004; 33:594-604. [PMID: 15074811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fate of herbicides in estuaries is poorly understood. Estuarine physical transport processes and the episodic nature of herbicide release into surface waters complicate interpretation of water concentration measurements and allocation of sources. Water concentrations of herbicides and two triazine degradation products (CIAT [6-amino-2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-s-triazine] and CEAT [6-amino-2-chloro-4-ethylamino-s-triazine]) were measured in surface water from four sites on 40 d from 4 Apr. through 29 July 19% in the Patuxent River estuary, part of the Chesapeake Bay system. Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) was most persistent and present in the highest concentrations (maximum = 1.29 microg/L). Metolachlor [2-chloro-6'-ethyl-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-o-acetoluidide], CIAT, CEAT, and simazine (1-chloro-3,5-bisethylamino-2,4,6-triazine) were frequently detected with maximum concentration values of 0.61, 1.1, 0.76, and 0.49 microg/L, respectively. A physical transport model was used to interpret atrazine concentrations in the context of estuarine water transport, giving estimates of in situ degradation rates and total transport. The estimated half-life of atrazine in the turbid, shallow upper estuary was t(1/2) = 20 d, but was much longer (t(1/2) = 100 d) in the deeper lower estuary. Although most (93%) atrazine entered the estuary upstream via the river, simulations suggested additional inputs directly to the lower estuary. The total atrazine load to the estuary from 5 April to 15 July was 71 kg with 48% loss by degradation and 31% exported to the Chesapeake Bay. Atrazine persistence in the estuary is directly related to river flows into the estuary. Low flows will increase atrazine residence time in the upper estuary and increase degradation losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L McConnell
- USDA-ARS, Environmental Quality Laboratory, Building 007, Room 225, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rice PJ, Harman-Fetcho JA, Teasdale JR, Sadeghi AM, McConnell LL, Coffman CB, Herbert RR, Heighton LP, Hapeman CJ. Use of vegetative furrows to mitigate copper loads and soil loss in runoff from polyethylene (plastic) mulch vegetable production systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2004; 23:719-725. [PMID: 15285366 DOI: 10.1897/03-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The transport of runoff with high copper concentrations and sediment loads into adjacent surface waters can have adverse effects on nontarget organisms as a result of increased turbidity and degraded water quality. Runoff from vegetable production utilizing polyethylene mulch can contain up to 35% of applied copper, a widely used fungicide/bactericide that has adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Copper is primarily transported in runoff with suspended particulates; therefore, implementation of management practices that minimize soil erosion will reduce copper loads. Replacing bare-soil furrows with furrows planted in rye (Secale cereale) significantly improved the sustainability of vegetable production with polyethylene mulch and reduced the potential environmental impact of this management practice. Vegetative furrows decreased runoff volume by >40% and soil erosion by >80%. Copper loads with runoff were reduced by 72% in 2001, primarily as a result of reduced soil erosion since more than 88% of the total copper loads were transported in runoff with suspended soil particulates. Tomato yields in both years were similar between the polyethylene mulch plots containing either bare-soil or vegetative furrows. Replacing bare-soil furrows with vegetative furrows greatly reduces the effects of sediments and agrochemicals on sensitive ecosystems while maintaining crop yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Rice
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Soil Water and Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Room 439, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Key PB, Fulton MH, Harman-Fetcho JA, McConnell LL. Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2003; 45:371-377. [PMID: 14679985 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-003-0173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater drainage canals in South Florida are utilized to manage water in agricultural, urban, and water conservation areas and, as a result, collect urban and agricultural storm runoff that is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Pesticides in this runoff may be toxic to the biota inhabiting these waters. This study evaluated the effects of contaminants in South Florida canals draining into Biscayne Bay on the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes intermedius), a representative invertebrate species. Results of surface water analysis for pesticides indicated that eight pesticides out of 52 analyzed were detected. The herbicide metolachlor was found at all nine sites in the five canals sampled at concentrations up to 119 ng/L. Atrazine was detected at seven sites at concentrations up to 29 ng/L. Three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon) were detected at three sites in two canals (Military and North). Grass shrimp from these three sites showed significantly reduced levels of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme as compared to control shrimp. These two canals are similar in the land use areas drained--urban and suburban and agriculture. The results suggest that monitoring organisms for AChE levels can be a means of detecting exposure to organophosphorus pesticide contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Key
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|