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The Pharmacokinetics of Diclofenac and its Interaction with Sulfadoxine-Trimethoprim in Sheep. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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2
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Paterson EA, Turner PV. Challenges with Assessing and Treating Pain in Research Primates: A Focused Survey and Literature Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172304. [PMID: 36078024 PMCID: PMC9455027 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research primates may undergo surgical procedures making effective pain management essential to ensure good animal welfare and unbiased scientific data. Adequate pain mitigation is dependent on whether veterinarians, technicians, researchers, and caregivers can recognize and assess pain, as well as the availability of efficacious therapeutics. A survey was conducted to evaluate primate veterinary approaches to pain assessment and alleviation, as well as expressed challenges for adequately managing primate pain. The survey (n = 93 respondents) collected information regarding institutional policies and procedures for pain recognition, methods used for pain relief, and perceived levels of confidence in primate pain assessment. Results indicated that 71% (n = 60) of respondents worked at institutions that were without formal experimental pain assessment policies. Pain assessment methods were consistent across respondents with the majority evaluating pain based on changes in general activity levels (100%, n = 86) and food consumption (97%, n = 84). Self-reported confidence in recognizing and managing pain ranged from slightly confident to highly confident, and there was a commonly expressed concern about the lack of objective pain assessment tools and science-based evidence regarding therapeutic recommendations of analgesics for research primates. These opinions correspond with significant gaps in the primate pain management literature, including limited specific pharmacokinetic data and efficacy testing for commonly used analgesics in research primate species as well as limited research on objective and specific measures of pain in research primates. These results demonstrate that there are inconsistencies in institutional policies and procedures surrounding pain management in research primates and a lack of objective pain assessment methods. Demonstrating the gaps and challenges in primate pain management can inform guideline development and suggest areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie A Paterson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 0C4, Canada
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 0C4, Canada
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
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3
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Ural MN, Uney K. Pharmacokinetic Behavior and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration of Danofloxacin Following Single or Co-Administration with Meloxicam in Healthy Lambs and Lambs with Respiratory Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101190. [PMID: 34680771 PMCID: PMC8532679 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danofloxacin (DAN; 6 mg/kg) following subcutaneous administration alone or co-administration with meloxicam (MLX; 1 mg/kg) in healthy lambs and lambs with respiratory infections. The study was carried out using a total of four groups: HD (healthy; n = 6) and ID (infected; n = 7) groups who were administered DAN only, and HDM (healthy; n = 6) and IDM (infected; n = 7) groups who were administered DAN and MLX simultaneously. The plasma concentrations of DAN were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography–UV and analyzed by the non-compartmental method. DAN exhibited a similar elimination half-life in all groups, including both the healthy and infected lambs. The total clearance in the HDM, ID and IDM groups and volume of distribution in the HDM and IDM groups were significantly reduced. MLX in the IDM group significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) of DAN compared to the HD group. The Mannheimia haemolytica, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus spp. strains were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of the infected lambs. When co-administration with meloxicam, DAN at a 6 mg/kg dose can provide optimum values of ƒAUC0–24/MIC (>56 h) and ƒCmax/MIC (>8) for susceptible M. haemolytica isolates with an MIC90 value of 0.25 µg/mL and susceptible E. coli isolates with an MIC value of ≤0.125 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Nihat Ural
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey;
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Bati Mah. Yunus Cad. 2/1, Pendik, 34890 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-332-223-2733
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4
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Durna Corum D, Corum O, Yildiz R, Eser Faki H, Ider M, Cetin G, Uney K. Influences of tolfenamic acid and flunixin meglumine on the disposition kinetics of levofloxacin in sheep. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:65-70. [PMID: 32384070 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin (4 mg/kg), administered both alone and in combination with tolfenamic acid (2 mg/kg) and flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg), was established after intravenous administration in sheep. Plasma levofloxacin concentrations were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography and analysed according to the two-compartment open model. Following the administration of levofloxacin alone, the mean distribution half-life, elimination half-life, total clearance, volume of distribution at steady state and area under the plasma concentration-time curve were 0.20 h, 1.82 h, 0.39 L/h/kg, 0.96 L/kg and 10.40 h × µg/mL, respectively. Tolfenamic acid and flunixin meglumine caused a slow elimination and increased plasma concentrations of levofloxacin in combination administration. Levofloxacin, with an alteration in the dosage regimen, can be used effectively with tolfenamic acid and flunixin meglumine for the therapy of infections and inflammatory conditions in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Durna Corum
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, 3700, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, 3700, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Yildiz
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Merve Ider
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gul Cetin
- 5Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Erzincan Binali Yildirim, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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5
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Altan F, Corum O, Yildiz R, Eser Faki H, Ider M, Ok M, Uney K. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin following simultaneous administration with flunixin meglumine or diclofenac in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:108-114. [PMID: 32043623 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin (5 mg/kg) was determined following a single intravenous administration of moxifloxacin alone and co-administration with diclofenac (2.5 mg/kg) or flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) in sheep. Six healthy Akkaraman sheep (2 ± 0.3 years and 53.5 ± 5 kg of body weight) were used. A longitudinal design with a 15-day washout period was used in three periods. In the first period, moxifloxacin was administered by an intravenous (IV) injection. In the second and third periods, moxifloxacin was co-administered with IV administration of diclofenac and flunixin meglumine, respectively. The plasma concentration of moxifloxacin was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Following IV administration of moxifloxacin alone, the mean elimination half-life (t1/2β ), total body clearance (ClT ), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss ) and area under the curve (AUC) of moxifloxacin were 2.27 hr, 0.56 L h-1 kg-1 , 1.66 L/kg and 8.91 hr*µg/ml, respectively. While diclofenac and flunixin meglumine significantly increased the t1/2β and AUC of moxifloxacin, they significantly reduced the ClT and Vdss . These results suggest that anti-inflammatory drugs could increase the therapeutic efficacy of moxifloxacin by altering its pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feray Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Merve Ider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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6
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Morris T, Paine SW, Zahra P, Li E, Colgan S, Karamatic S. Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered flunixin in greyhound dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:505-510. [PMID: 31090076 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medication control in greyhound racing requires information from administration studies that measure drug levels in the urine as well as plasma, with time points that extend into the terminal phase of excretion. To characterize the plasma and the urinary pharmacokinetics of flunixin and enable regulatory advice for greyhound racing in respect of both medication and residue control limits, flunixin meglumine was administered intravenously on one occasion to six different greyhounds at the label dose of 1 mg/kg and the levels of flunixin were measured in plasma for up to 96 hr and in urine for up to 120 hr. Using the standard methodology for medication control, the irrelevant plasma concentration was determined as 1 ng/ml and the irrelevant urine concentration was determined as 30 ng/ml. This information can be used by regulators to determine a screening limit, detection time and a residue limit. The greyhounds with the highest average urine pH had far greater flunixin exposure compared with the greyhounds that had the lowest. This is entirely consistent with the extent of ionization predicted by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. This variability in the urine pharmacokinetics reduces with time, and at 72 hr postadministration, in the terminal phase, the variability in urine and plasma flunixin concentrations are similar and should not affect medication control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Greyhound Board of Great Britain, London, UK
| | - Stuart W Paine
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Li
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Leiberich M, Krebber R, Hewetson M, Marais J, Naidoo V. A study of the pharmacokinetics and thromboxane inhibitory activity of a single intramuscular dose of carprofen as a means to establish its potential use as an analgesic drug in white rhinoceros. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:605-613. [PMID: 29691872 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The alleviation of pain and prevention of suffering are key aspects of animal welfare. Unfortunately, analgesic drugs are not available for all species. White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), representing one of such species, which survive poaching attempts inflicted with severe facial injuries and gunshot wounds, nonetheless require analgesic support. To improve treatment conditions, this study explored the use of carprofen for the treatment of pain and inflammation in white rhinoceros. The pharmacokinetics of 1 mg/kg intramuscular carprofen was evaluated in six healthy white rhinoceros. The half-life of λz and mean residence time was 105.71 ± 15.67 and 155.01 ± 22.46 hr, respectively. The area under the curve and the maximum carprofen concentration were 904.61 ± 110.78 μg ml-1 hr-1 and 5.77 ± 0.63 μg/ml, respectively. Plasma TXB2 inhibition demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties and indicated that carprofen may be effective for a minimum of 48 hr in most animals. With its long half-life further indicating that a single dose could be effective for several days, we suggest that carprofen may be a useful drug for the treatment of white rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leiberich
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R Krebber
- Bayer AG - Crop Science Division, Research & Development - Regulatory Science - Human Safety - Residue Analysis, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - M Hewetson
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J Marais
- Saving the Survivors, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - V Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Gbylik-Sikorska M, Posyniak A, Śniegocki T, Sell B, Gajda A, Tomczyk G, Żmudzki J. Effect of doxycycline concentrations in chicken tissues as a consequence of permanent exposure to enrofloxacin traces in drinking water. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The main problem in poultry farming is the difficulty in producing food of animal origin without using antibacterial agents. Because most antibacterial compounds are dispensed in water, some water supply systems can be contaminated by antibiotics which are then administered to the animals unintentionally. This can lead to unexpected increases in antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the constant exposure of chicken broilers to enrofloxacin affects the withdrawal time of a therapeutic doxycycline that is intentionally administered to the chickens.
Material and Methods: The concentrations of doxycycline, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were determined by LC-MS/MS in muscles and liver of the chickens.
Results: Doxycycline residue concentrations in the chicken tissues from the group that received trace amounts of enrofloxacin were nearly 50% greater than those of the group that received only doxycycline.
Conclusion: These results indicated that constant exposure to enrofloxacin in trace amounts significantly influences the residual doxycycline concentration in chicken tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Śniegocki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Bartosz Sell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tomczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan Żmudzki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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9
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Gbylik-Sikorska M, Posyniak A, Sniegocki T, Sell B, Gajda A, Sawicka A, Olszewska-Tomczyk M, Bladek T, Tomczyk G, Zmudzki J. Influence of enrofloxacin traces in drinking water to doxycycline tissue pharmacokinetics in healthy and infected by Mycoplasma gallisepticum broiler chickens. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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YANG F, LI GH, MENG XB, WANG LQ, HUANG XH, SHAN Q, ZENG DP, DING HZ, ZENG ZL. Pharmacokinetic interactions of flunixin meglumine and doxycycline in broiler chickens. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:85-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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COX S, DUDENBOSTEL L, SOMMARDAHL C, YARBROUGH J, SALEH M, DOHERTY T. Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib and its interaction with enrofloxacin in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:615-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Baroni EE, Rubio S, Rodríguez C, De Lucas JJ, Fernández H, Andrés MS. Pharmacokinetic interactions of marbofloxacin with anti-inflammatory drugs in buffalo calves. Vet Rec 2011; 169:182. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. E. Baroni
- Cátedra de Farmacología y Toxicología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; 3080 Esperanza Santa Fe Argentina
| | - S. Rubio
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - C. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - J. J. De Lucas
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - H. Fernández
- Cátedra de Farmacología y Toxicología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; 3080 Esperanza Santa Fe Argentina
| | - M. S. Andrés
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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HWANG YH, YUN HI. Effects of Acute Hepatic and Renal Failure on Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin Meglumine in Rats. Exp Anim 2011; 60:187-91. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hwan HWANG
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University
| | - Hyo-In YUN
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University
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15
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Elmas M, Yazar E, Uney K, Er Karabacak A, Traş B. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine and interactions between both drugs after intravenous co-administration in healthy and endotoxaemic rabbits. Vet J 2008; 177:418-24. [PMID: 17644374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and possible interactions of enrofloxacin (ENR) and flunixin meglumine (FM) in healthy rabbits and in rabbits where endotoxaemia had been induced by administering Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six male adult New Zealand White rabbits were used for the study. In Phase I, FM (2.2 mg/kg) and ENR (5 mg/kg) were given simultaneously as a bolus intravenous (IV) injection to each healthy rabbit. After a washout period, Phase II consisted of purified LPS administered as an IV bolus injection, then FM and ENR. LPS produced statistically significant increases in some serum biochemical concentrations. After the drugs were co-administered, the kinetic parameters of FM were not significantly different in healthy compared to endotoxaemic rabbits. It is concluded that ENR and FM could be co-administered to rabbits to treat endotoxaemia as no negative interaction was observed between the pharmacokinetics of both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Elmas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031 Konya, Turkey.
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16
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HUNTER RP, MAHMOOD I, MARTINEZ MN. Prediction of xenobiotic clearance in avian species using mammalian or avian data: how accurate is the prediction? J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:281-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Ogino T, Arai T. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Flunixin Meglumine and Enrofloxacin in ICR Mice. Exp Anim 2007; 56:79-84. [PMID: 17460352 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.56.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the pharmacokinetic interactions of enrofloxacin and flunixin in male ICR mice that were subcutaneously (SC) administered with both or either one of the drugs. The experiments were performed on the following three groups: flunixin alone (2 mg/kg, SC), combination of flunixin (2 mg/kg, SC) and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg, SC), and enrofloxacin alone (10 mg/kg, SC). Blood samples were collected at 5, 15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the drug administration, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of flunixin and enrofloxacin were evaluated from the plasma drug concentrations. Significant changes were detected in the pharmacokinetics of flunixin following its coadministration with enrofloxacin. Coadministration of flunixin and enrofloxacin resulted in a 41% increase of the area under the curve (AUC) and a 53% extension of the terminal half-life of flunixin; moreover, flunixin attained the maximum plasma drug concentration 2.75 times faster than when administered alone. The terminal rate constant and the maximum plasma drug concentration showed significant decreases of 34% and 33%, respectively, following the coadministration of enrofloxacin and flunixin as compared to those following the administration of flunixin alone. In contrast, no significant difference in the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin was detected following its coadministration with flunixin, as compared to those following the administration of enrofloxacin alone. Following the administration of enrofloxacin alone or its coadministration with flunixin, the plasma level of ciprofloxacin, the metabolite of enrofloxacin, was very low or undetectable. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of flunixin in ICR mice are altered by the coadministration of flunixin and enrofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Ogino
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Tokura, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Buur JL, Baynes RE, Smith G, Riviere JE. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in swine after intravenous dosing. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:437-40. [PMID: 16958790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Buur
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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