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Lin ST, Bolas NM, Sargan DR, Restif O, Peter VG, Pokora R, Patrick H, Foote AK, Murray RC. Comparison of cone-beam and fan-beam computed tomography and low-field magnetic resonance imaging for detection of proximal phalanx dorsoproximal osteochondral defects. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:484-493. [PMID: 37488678 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dorsoproximal osteochondral defects commonly affect the proximal phalanx, but information about diagnosis on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is limited. OBJECTIVES To assess CT and MRI diagnoses of osteochondral defects, describe the lesions and compare sensitivity and specificity of the modalities using macroscopic pathology as gold standard. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Thirty-five equine cadaver limbs underwent standing cone-beam CT (CBCT), fan-beam CT (FBCT), low-field MRI and pathological examination. CT and MR images were examined for proximal phalanx dorsomedial and dorsolateral eminence osteochondral defects. Defect dimensions were measured. Imaging diagnoses and measurements were compared with macroscopic examination. RESULTS Fifty-six defects were seen over 70 potential locations. On CBCT and FBCT, osteochondral defects appeared as subchondral irregularity/saucer-shaped defects. On MRI, osteochondral defects were a combination of articular cartilage defect on dorsal images and subchondral flattening/irregularity on sagittal images. Subchondral thickening and osseous short tau inversion recovery hyperintensity were found concurrent with osteochondral defects. Compared with pathological examination, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis were 86% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 75%-93%) and 64% (95% CI 38%-85%) for FBCT; 64% (95% CI 51%-76%) and 71% (95% CI 46%-90%) for CBCT; and 52% (95% CI 39%-65%) and 71% (95% CI 46%-90%) for MRI. Sensitivity of all modalities increased with defect size. Macroscopic defect dimensions were strongly correlated with CBCT (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) and moderately correlated with FBCT and MRI (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Macroscopic measurements were significantly greater than all imaging modality dimensions (p < 0.001), potentially because macroscopy included articular cartilage pathology. MAIN LIMITATIONS Influence of motion artefact could not be assessed. CONCLUSIONS Osteochondral defects could be visualised using both CT and MRI with sensitivity increasing with defect size. Diagnostic performance was best using FBCT, followed by CBCT then MRI, but CBCT-measured defect size best correlated with macroscopic examination. MRI provided useful information on fluid signal associated with defects, which could represent active pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David R Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa G Peter
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | - Rachel Pokora
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
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Seidler A, Aßmann A, Torgerson PR, Sánchez-Andrade JS, Bischofberger A. Ex Vivo Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Three-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences in Depicting Normal Articular Cartilage in Equine Stifle Cadavers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:15. [PMID: 38200746 PMCID: PMC10778121 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare articular cartilage thickness observed in the different 2D and 3D sequences to the cartilage thickness of the equine stifle in cadavers to determine the accuracy of each sequence. The study was conducted as a blinded laboratory study using seven equine stifle specimens. The 2D (T2W TSE) and 3D (3D VIEW T2W HR, T2 3D mFFE, T1W VISTA SPAIR, 3D PDW SPAIR) 3-tesla MRI sequences of each stifle were obtained. Cartilage thickness was measured at 30 locations on MRI and on gross pathology. Thickness measurements were compared using a Bland-Altman plot and post hoc analysis tests. The 3D sequences were found to be generally more accurate than the 2D sequence (p < 0.001). The smallest difference to macroscopic measurements was observed in the 3D VIEW T2W HR and T1W VISTA SPAIR sequences with no statistical difference between each other. Knowing the accuracy of different sequences will improve the evaluation of equine cartilage and the early detection of cartilage pathologies. This would promote MRI as a noninvasive imaging modality for horses suffering from stifle lameness with no findings in conventional imaging methods. Furthermore, since 3D sequences seem to have better accuracy in depicting cartilage, they may replace 2D sequences, thereby shortening scanning times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Seidler
- Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Aßmann
- Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - José Suárez Sánchez-Andrade
- Equine Hospital, Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bischofberger
- Equine Hospital, Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Daniel CR, Taylor SE, McPhee S, Wolfram U, Schwarz T, Sommer S, Kershaw LE. Relationship between CT-Derived Bone Mineral Density and UTE-MR-Derived Porosity Index in Equine Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2780. [PMID: 37685045 PMCID: PMC10487176 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue-related subchondral bone injuries of the third metacarpal/metatarsal (McIII/MtIII) bones are common causes of wastage, and they are welfare concerns in racehorses. A better understanding of bone health and strength would improve animal welfare and be of benefit for the racing industry. The porosity index (PI) is an indirect measure of osseous pore size and number in bones, and it is therefore an interesting indicator of bone strength. MRI of compact bone using traditional methods, even with short echo times, fail to generate enough signal to assess bone architecture as water protons are tightly bound. Ultra-short echo time (UTE) sequences aim to increase the amount of signal detected in equine McIII/MtIII condyles. Cadaver specimens were imaged using a novel dual-echo UTE MRI technique, and PI was calculated and validated against quantitative CT-derived bone mineral density (BMD) measures. BMD and PI are inversely correlated in equine distal Mc/MtIII bone, with a weak mean r value of -0.29. There is a statistically significant difference in r values between the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Further work is needed to assess how correlation patterns behave in different areas of bone and to evaluate PI in horses with and without clinically relevant stress injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Riccarda Daniel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Samuel McPhee
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.M.)
| | - Uwe Wolfram
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.M.)
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stefan Sommer
- Siemens Healthcare, 8047 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Swiss Center for Musculoskeletal Imaging (SCMI), Balgrist Campus, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology (ACIT), Siemens Healthcare AG, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucy E. Kershaw
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK;
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Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Farag AMM, El-khodery S, Al Mohamad Z, Abass M. A Descriptive Study of the Carpal Joint of Healthy Donkeys Using Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050249. [PMID: 35622777 PMCID: PMC9146433 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to establish a detailed anatomic reference for the carpal joint of apparently healthy donkeys using ultrasonography (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten orthopedically sound adult donkeys were used for US examination of the carpal joint in each forelimb. Additionally, the carpi of ten donkey cadavers were subjected to CT and MRI examinations. The carpal joint was divided into four zones to simplify examination. US assessment of the carpal joint included transverse and longitudinal sonograms. CT was performed using three planes: axial, sagittal, and coronal. MRI was performed using axial and sagittal planes with two sequences: gradient-echo T1-weighted and proton density. The donkeys’ carpus US, CT, and MRI images were labeled and serially interpreted based on references and anatomical cross-sections. The anatomical characteristics of the carpal joint and the surrounding soft tissue structures were thoroughly described and precisely differentiated on US, CT, and MRI scans. It can be concluded that US, CT, and MRI are effective noninvasive diagnostic imaging tools for evaluating the carpal joint in donkeys. Moreover, these imaging modalities can aid in establishing a reference database for the carpal joint of donkeys, which differs from that of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.S.); (E.-S.E.-S.)
| | - El-Sayed El-Shafaey
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.S.); (E.-S.E.-S.)
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Salam Veterinary Group, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshimaa M. M. Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.M.M.F.); (S.E.-k.)
| | - Sabry El-khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.M.M.F.); (S.E.-k.)
| | - Zakriya Al Mohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Marwa Abass
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.S.); (E.-S.E.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-101-521-7659
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Garrett KS. When radiography and ultrasonography are not enough: the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for equine lameness cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1113-1123. [PMID: 35544423 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MRI and CT have enhanced our diagnostic abilities for equine lameness beyond what is available using radiography and ultrasonography. This has allowed veterinarians to better prognosticate and treat lameness conditions, improving patient outcomes. This article discusses the basic principles behind MRI and CT, their advantages and disadvantages, the different types of equipment available for clinical use in horses, the typical diagnostic workup prior to pursuing advanced imaging, and common regions where MRI and CT are used clinically. The companion Currents in One Health by Spriet, AJVR, July 2022, discusses even more advanced equine imaging in the form of positron emission tomography. Combined, these future directions of MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography may include improved ability to image standing horses or screen for injury prevention.
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Andersen C, Griffin JF, Jacobsen S, Østergaard S, Walters M, Mori Y, Lindegaard C. Validation of ultrasonography for measurement of cartilage thickness in the equine carpus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:478-489. [PMID: 35347811 PMCID: PMC9545370 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage thinning is an important hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA), and ultrasonography (US) is a clinically accessible tool potentially suitable for repeated evaluation. The aim of the present prospective methods comparison study was to validate US as a tool for measuring cartilage thickness in the carpus of the horse. Eight Standardbred trotters underwent US examination with 9 and 15 MHz linear transducers. Six anatomical locations in the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) and middle carpal joint (MCJ) were examined. The same joints were assessed by ultrahigh field (9.4 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology. Associations between measurements obtained by the different modalities were assessed by ANOVA, Deming regression, Pearson correlation and Bland–Altman plots. Histologically assessed total cartilage thickness (the noncalcified cartilage (NCC) plus the calcified cartilage zone (CCZ)) overestimated thickness compared to MRI (P < 0.01) and US (P < 0.01). US 15 MHz had substantial agreement with MRI and NCC histology, and repeatability was acceptable (coefficient of variation = 8.6–17.9%) when used for assessment of cartilage thickness in the RCJ. In contrast, 9 MHz US showed poorer agreement with MRI and NCC histology, as it overestimated the thickness of thin cartilage and underestimated the thickness of thicker cartilage in the RCJ and MCJ. Moreover, repeatability was suboptimal (coefficient of variation = 10.4–26.3%). A 15 MHz transducer US is recommended for detecting changes in RCJ cartilage thickness or monitoring development over time, and it has the potential for noninvasive assessment of cartilage health in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Andersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - John F Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Østergaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Marie Walters
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Casper Lindegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal dromedary camel tarsus. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:101. [PMID: 33653330 PMCID: PMC7923829 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most versatile and informative imaging modality for the diagnosis of locomotor injuries in many animal species; however, veterinary literature describing the MRI of the dromedary camel tarsus is lacking. Our purpose was to describe and compare the MRI images of twelve cadaveric tarsi, examined in a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, with their corresponding anatomical gross sections. Turbo spin-echo (TSE) T1-weighted (T1), T2-weighted (T2), proton density-weighted (PD), and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences were obtained in 3 planes. Tarsi were sectioned in sagittal, dorsal, and transverse planes. MRI images from different sequences and planes were described and compared with the anatomical sections. Results The soft and osseous tissues of the dromedary camel tarsus could be clearly defined on MRI images and corresponded extensively with the gross anatomic sections. The obtained MRI images enabled comprehensive assessment of the anatomic relationships among the osseous and soft tissues of the camel tarsus. Several structure were evaluated that cannot be imaged using radiography or ultrasonography, including the transverse inter-tarsal ligaments, the talocalcaneal ligament, the short dorsal ligament, branches of the short medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the tarsometatarsal ligaments. Specific anatomical features regarding the dromedary camel tarsus were identified, including the fused second and third tarsal bone, an additional bundle of the short medial collateral ligament connecting the talus and metatarsus and the medial and lateral limbs of the long plantar ligament. Conclusions MRI images provided a thorough evaluation of the normal dromedary camel tarsus. Information provided in the current study is expected to serve as a basis for interpretation in clinical situations.
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van Zadelhoff C, Schwarz T, Smith S, Engerand A, Taylor S. Identification of Naturally Occurring Cartilage Damage in the Equine Distal Interphalangeal Joint Using Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Arthrography. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:508. [PMID: 32064268 PMCID: PMC6999043 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To describe detectable and non-detectable naturally occurring cartilage damage of the equine distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint using plain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and gadolinium and saline MR arthrography. The second objective was to quantify the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in detection of cartilage damage. Methods: In a pilot study, the distal limbs of two horses with confirmed osteoarthritis of the DIP joint were imaged with low-field MR. Magnetic resonance images were assessed in consensus by three observers and compared to gross pathological findings. Subsequently, a prospective analytical cross-sectional study design was created to compare pre-contrast MR imaging and saline and gadolinium MR arthrography of isolated equine distal limbs to gross observation findings. Hallmarq® low-field MR (0.27T) scans were performed prior to DIP joint injection, saline/gadolinium post-injection scans were performed at 15 min intervals for 2 h. Joints were inspected and the articular cartilage graded subjectively for cartilage damage (0–3). The presence of detectable or non-detectable cartilage damage on MR images was identified, characterized and recorded in consensus by three observers. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in detection of cartilage damage related to gross pathology were calculated. Results: The two clinical cases from the pilot study with confirmed osteoarthritis had full thickness cartilage defects; however, only one of these was correctly identified using low-field MRI. In the prospective study, the majority of naturally occurring cartilage damage could not be identified on plain MR or MR arthrography including extensive partial thickness cartilage erosions. Saline and gadolinium MR arthrography did not improve the detection of cartilage damage. The accuracy of cartilage damage detection was 0.63 with a sensitivity of 0.14 and specificity of 0.92. Clinical Relevance: Both, plain low-field MRI and MR arthrography are not sensitive in detection of naturally occurring cartilage damage of the DIP joint. However, if an abnormal contour is seen in the articular cartilage, cartilage damage is likely to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia van Zadelhoff
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Sionagh Smith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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Kottmeier LK, Seehusen F, Helweg M, Rohn K, Stadler P, Hellige M. High-field (3 Tesla) MRI of the navicular apparatus of sound horses shows good agreement to histopathology. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:48-57. [PMID: 31825150 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging and the correlation to histopathological findings of the equine palmar foot of lame horses have been described previously, using 0.27 and 1.5 T systems. Compared to these, 3 T systems provide superior spatial resolution and imaging contrast. The aim of our prospective anatomic study was to characterize the imaging anatomy of the navicular region on 3 T MRI in comparison to histopathological findings. We hypothesized that 3 T MRI allows a good visualization of the entire navicular apparatus and reliable measurements of navicular cartilage and cortical bone thickness. Twenty front feet of sound horses were examined using a 3 T MRI system. For histopathological examination, sagittal tissue sections of the navicular bones and adjacent ligaments were prepared. Alterations in magnetic resonance signal were graded for each region and compared to corresponding histological slices. Overall, there was good visualization of the anatomical detail and a very good agreement between MRI and histology for compact bone and spongiosa, good agreement for the fibrocartilage and the distal sesamoidean impar ligament, but only moderate agreement for the hyaline cartilage and the collateral sesamoidean ligament. A comparative measurement of cartilage and cortical bone thickness on magnetic resonance images and histological sections was performed. In MRI, the hyaline cartilage of the articular surface appeared significantly thinner and the fibrocartilage of the flexor surface appeared significantly thicker compared to histology. Findings indicated that MRI at a field strength of 3 T allows reliable depiction of anatomic details of the navicular apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K Kottmeier
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Helweg
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Stadler
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Graham RJTY, Anderson JR, Phelan MM, Cillan-Garcia E, Bladon BM, Taylor SE. Metabolomic analysis of synovial fluid from Thoroughbred racehorses diagnosed with palmar osteochondral disease using magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:384-390. [PMID: 31657070 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmar osteochondral disease (POD) is a common cause of lameness in competition horses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive diagnostic modality currently available, however it may not be financially or logistically practical for routine screening of POD. There is increasing interest in the use of metabolomics for diagnosis prior to progression to irreversible damage. OBJECTIVES To determine metabolite levels in synovial fluid (SF) of horses with a clinical diagnosis of POD based on diagnostic analgesia and MRI, with the hypothesis that metabolomic profiles differ between diseased and healthy joints. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. METHODS Synovial fluid was collected from metacarpo/tarsophalangeal joints (MC/TPJ) of 29 horses (n = 51 joints), including 14 controls (n = 26) and 15 cases (n = 25), the latter with lameness localised to the MC/TPJ and MR changes consistent with POD (n = 23). Spectra were produced using 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and analysed. RESULTS Twenty-five metabolites were recognised associated with various biosynthetic and degradation pathways. The metabolite abundances within the controls demonstrated increased variability compared with the clinical group. The low level of variance between the spectra of the two groups was explained by five principal components. Cross-validation of the cohort demonstrated modest separation of predictive power (R2 = 0.67; Q2 = 0.34). Although statistical significance was not achieved, the most influential metabolites were glucose and lactate. MAIN LIMITATIONS The modest sample size and variation in signalment, background and presenting condition of the controls may have impacted the discriminative power of the constructed models. The lack of matched controls, differences in time of fluid collection and freezing times may have also reduced accuracy when representing metabolite profiles. CONCLUSIONS This study identified and quantified metabolites present in MC/TPJ SF of clinical cases with POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J T Y Graham
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - J R Anderson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M M Phelan
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,HLS Technology Directorate, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E Cillan-Garcia
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - B M Bladon
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
| | - S E Taylor
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Elemmawy YM, Senna NA, Abu-Seida AM, Youssef AF. Suspensory Branch Desmitis in a Horse: Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Gross Postmortem Findings. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:49-55. [PMID: 31443833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Injury of suspensory ligament (SL) branch is a frequently diagnosed problem in horses of different ages and disciplines. This case reports for the first time the ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a 10-year-old draught horse with traumatic chronic SL branch desmitis of 8 months duration. The horse had a grade 3 of 5 left hindlimb lameness with a moderately hot, painful, and diffuse swelling from the tarsus till the hoof. Ultrasonography, both SL branches appeared as enlarged hyperechogenic structures with poor demarcation of their margins and massive periligamentous echogenic materials consistent with fibrosis. Computed tomography showed no osseous lesions but did show enlarged, hypodense, and heterogeneous SL branches with an evidence of periligamentar and peritendenious adhesions and air entrapment areas intermingled within fibrous adhesion. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed no abnormal signal intensity received from the proximal part of SL and its body. There were high and intermediate signal intensities received from inflammatory fluid and periligamentar fibrous adhesions, respectively, around SL branches. Both CT and MRI findings were confirmed by gross postmortem examination. In conclusion, CT and MRI are valuable tools for diagnosis of extensive adhesions associated with chronic SL branch desmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya M Elemmawy
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nasser A Senna
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Abu-Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed F Youssef
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Qalyubia, Egypt
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Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Mosbah E, Zaghloul A. Ultrasonographic, Computed Tomographic, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Normal Donkeys (Equus asinus) Digit. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Evrard L, Audigié F, Bertoni L, Jacquet S, Denoix JM, Busoni V. Low field magnetic resonance imaging of the equine distal interphalangeal joint: Comparison between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211101. [PMID: 30689659 PMCID: PMC6349334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This descriptive study aimed to compare the magnetic resonance appearance of the distal interphalangeal joint articular cartilage between standing weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing conditions. Ten forefeet of live horses were scanned in a standing low-field magnetic resonance system (0.27 T). After euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the study, the non-weight-bearing isolated feet were scanned in a vertical positioning reproducing limb orientation in live horses. The same acquisition settings as during the weight-bearing examination were used. Thickness and cross-sectional area of the distal interphalangeal articular cartilage and joint space were measured on tridimensional T1-weighted gradient echo high resolution frontal and sagittal images at predetermined landmarks in both conditions and were compared using a linear mixed-effects model. Frontal images were randomized and submitted to 9 blinded readers with 3 different experience levels for identification of weight-bearing versus non-weight-bearing acquisitions based on cartilage appearance. Weight-bearing limbs had significantly thinner distal interphalangeal cartilage (p = 0.0001) than non-weight-bearing limbs. This change was greater in the distal phalanx cartilage than that of the middle phalanx. Blinded readers correctly identified 83% (range 65 to 95%) of the images as weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing acquisitions, with significantly different results observed among the different readers (p < 0.001) and groups (p < 0.001). These results indicate that distal interphalangeal articular cartilage and particularly cartilage of the distal phalanx thins when weight-bearing compared to the non-weight-bearing standing postmortem conditions and suggest that cartilage abnormalities may be more difficult to identify on weight-bearing standing magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Evrard
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabrice Audigié
- Centre d’Imagerie et de Recherche sur les Affections Locomotrices Equines (CIRALE), Unité 957 BPLC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Normandie Equine Vallée, Goustranville, France
| | - Lélia Bertoni
- Centre d’Imagerie et de Recherche sur les Affections Locomotrices Equines (CIRALE), Unité 957 BPLC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Normandie Equine Vallée, Goustranville, France
| | - Sandrine Jacquet
- Centre d’Imagerie et de Recherche sur les Affections Locomotrices Equines (CIRALE), Unité 957 BPLC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Normandie Equine Vallée, Goustranville, France
| | - Jean-Marie Denoix
- Centre d’Imagerie et de Recherche sur les Affections Locomotrices Equines (CIRALE), Unité 957 BPLC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Normandie Equine Vallée, Goustranville, France
| | - Valeria Busoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and Equids, Equine Division, Diagnostic Imaging Section, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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15
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Suarez Sanchez-Andrade J, Richter H, Kuhn K, Bischofberger AS, Kircher PR, Hoey S. Comparison between magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and arthrography to identify artificially induced cartilage defects of the equine carpal joints. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:312-325. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henning Richter
- Diagnostic Imaging Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Karolin Kuhn
- Diagnostic Imaging Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea S. Bischofberger
- Equine Hospital, Equine Department, Vetsuisse-Faculty; University of Zurich; CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick R. Kircher
- Diagnostic Imaging Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Séamus Hoey
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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16
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Porter EG, Winter MD, Sheppard BJ, Berry CR, Hernandez JA. CORRELATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARTHROGRAPHY, AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY WITH GROSS ARTICULAR CARTILAGE THICKNESS IN THE EQUINE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:515-25. [PMID: 27478155 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis of the metacarpophalangeal joint is common cause of lameness in equine athletes, and is hallmarked by articular cartilage damage. An accurate, noninvasive method for measuring cartilage thickness would be beneficial to screen for cartilage injury and allow for prompt initiation of interventional therapy. The objective of this methods comparison study was to compare computed tomographic arthrography (CTA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) measurements of articular cartilage thickness with gross measurements in the metacarpophalangeal joint of Thoroughbred horses. Fourteen cadaveric, equine thoracic limbs were included. Limbs were excluded from the study if pathology of the metacarpophalangeal articular cartilage was observed with any imaging modality. Articular cartilage thickness was measured in nine regions of the third metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx on sagittal plane MRI sequences. After intra-articular contrast administration, the measurements were repeated on sagittal plane MRA and sagittal CTA reformations. In an effort to increase cartilage conspicuity, the volume of intra-articular contrast was increased from 14.5 ml, to maximal distention for the second set of seven limbs. Mean and standard deviation values were calculated, and linear regression analysis was used to determine correlations between gross and imaging measurements of cartilage thickness. This study failed to identify one imaging test that consistently yielded measurements correlating with gross cartilage thickness. Even with the use of intra-articular contrast, cartilage surfaces were difficult to differentiate in regions where the cartilage surfaces of the proximal phalanx and third metacarpal bone were in close contact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Porter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 100126, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Matthew D Winter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 100126, Gainesville, FL
| | - Barbara J Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 100126, Gainesville, FL
| | - Clifford R Berry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 100126, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 100126, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 100126, Gainesville, FL
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17
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Smith AD, Morton AJ, Winter MD, Colahan PT, Ghivizzani S, Brown MP, Hernandez JA, Nickerson DM. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SCORING OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF POST-TRAUMATIC OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE EQUINE CARPUS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:502-14. [PMID: 27198611 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive imaging modality to detect the early changes of osteoarthritis. Currently, there is no quantifiable method to tract these pathological changes over time in the horse. The objective of this experimental study was to characterize the progression of MRI changes in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis using a semiquantitative scoring system for whole-organ evaluation of the middle carpal joint. On day 0, an osteochondral fragment was created in one middle carpal joint (OCI) and the contralateral joint (CON) was sham-operated in 10 horses. On day 14, study horses resumed exercise on a high-speed treadmill until the completion of the study (day 98). High-field MRI examinations were performed on days 0 (preosteochondral fragmentation), 14, and 98 and scored by three blinded observers using consensus agreement. Images were scored based on 15 independent articular features, and scores were compared between and within-groups. On days 14 and 98, OCI joints had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher whole-organ median scores (29.0 and 31.5, respectively), compared to CON joints (21.5 and 20.0, respectively). On day 14, OCI joints showed significant increases in high-signal bone lesion scores, and osteochondral fragment number and size. On day 98, high-signal bone lesion, low-signal bone lesion, osteophyte formation, cartilage signal abnormality, subchondral bone irregularity, joint effusion, and synovial thickening scores were significantly increased in OCI joints. Study results suggest that the MRI whole-organ scoring system reported here may be used to identify onset and progression of pathological changes following osteochondral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Smith
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Alison J Morton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608.
| | - Matthew D Winter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Patrick T Colahan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Steve Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Murray P Brown
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - David M Nickerson
- Department of Statistics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
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Tranquille CA, Murray RC, Parkin TDH. Can we use subchondral bone thickness on high‐field magnetic resonance images to identify Thoroughbred racehorses at risk of catastrophic lateral condylar fracture? Equine Vet J 2016; 49:167-171. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Tranquille
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - R. C. Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - T. D. H. Parkin
- School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Weiper's Centre Equine Hospital University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Boyde A, Davis GR, Mills D, Zikmund T, Cox TM, Adams VL, Niker A, Wilson PJ, Dillon JP, Ranganath LR, Jeffery N, Jarvis JC, Gallagher JA. On fragmenting, densely mineralised acellular protrusions into articular cartilage and their possible role in osteoarthritis. J Anat 2014; 225:436-46. [PMID: 25132002 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High density mineralised protrusions (HDMP) from the tidemark mineralising front into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC) were first described in Thoroughbred racehorse fetlock joints and later in Icelandic horse hock joints. We now report them in human material. Whole femoral heads removed at operation for joint replacement or from dissection room cadavers were imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dual echo steady state at 0.23 mm resolution, then 26-μm resolution high contrast X-ray microtomography, sectioned and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate, blocks cut and polished and re-imaged with 6-μm resolution X-ray microtomography. Tissue mineralisation density was imaged using backscattered electron SEM (BSE SEM) at 20 kV with uncoated samples. HAC histology was studied by BSE SEM after staining block faces with ammonium triiodide solution. HDMP arise via the extrusion of an unknown mineralisable matrix into clefts in HAC, a process of acellular dystrophic calcification. Their formation may be an extension of a crack self-healing mechanism found in bone and articular calcified cartilage. Mineral concentration exceeds that of articular calcified cartilage and is not uniform. It is probable that they have not been reported previously because they are removed by decalcification with standard protocols. Mineral phase morphology frequently shows the agglomeration of many fine particles into larger concretions. HDMP are surrounded by HAC, are brittle, and show fault lines within them. Dense fragments found within damaged HAC could make a significant contribution to joint destruction. At least larger HDMP can be detected with the best MRI imaging ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boyde
- Biophysics, Oral Growth and Development, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
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20
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Carstens A, Kirberger RM, Velleman M, Dahlberg LE, Fletcher L, Lammentausta E. FEASIBILITY FOR MAPPING CARTILAGE T1 RELAXATION TIMES IN THE DISTAL METACARPUS3/METATARSUS3 OF THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES USING DELAYED GADOLINIUM-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CARTILAGE (d
GEMRIC): NORMAL CADAVER STUDY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:365-372. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Carstens
- Section Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria South Africa
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Section Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria South Africa
| | - Mark Velleman
- Little Company of Mary Hospital; George Storrar Ave Pretoria South Africa
| | - Leif E. Dahlberg
- Joint and Soft Tissue Unit; Department of Clinical Sciences; Malmö; Lund University, Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö University Hospital; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Lizelle Fletcher
- Department of Statistics; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Eveliina Lammentausta
- Joint and Soft Tissue Unit; Department of Clinical Sciences; Malmö; Lund University, Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö University Hospital; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology; Oulu University Hospital; POB 50 FI-90029 OYS Oulu Finland
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21
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Carstens A, Kirberger RM, Dahlberg LE, Prozesky L, Fletcher L, Lammentausta E. VALIDATION OF DELAYED GADOLINIUM-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CARTILAGE AND T2 MAPPING FOR QUANTIFYING DISTAL METACARPUS/METATARSUS CARTILAGE THICKNESS IN THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 54:139-48. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Carstens
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | | | - Leon Prozesky
- Department of Pathology; University of Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Lizelle Fletcher
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, and the Department of Statistics; University of Pretoria; South Africa
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23
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Gaschen L, Burba DJ. Musculoskeletal Injury in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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McKnight AL, Posh J. Articular cartilage lesions seen with MRI at 0.25T in the distal equine limb. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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NAGY A, DYSON S. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of 50 lame horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:163-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Vallance SA, Bell RJW, Spriet M, Kass PH, Puchalski SM. Comparisons of computed tomography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography and standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with lameness localised to the foot. Part 2: Lesion identification. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:149-56. [PMID: 21696428 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY No previous study compares computed tomography (CT), contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging (LFMRI) to detect lesions in horses with lameness localised to the foot. This study will help clinicians understand the limitations of these techniques. OBJECTIVES To determine if CT, CECT and LFMRI would identify lesions within the distal limb and document discrepancies with lesion distribution and lesion classification. METHODS Lesions in specific structures identified on CT and MR images of feet (31 limbs) from the same horse were reviewed and compared. Distributions of lesions were compared using a Chi-squared test and techniques analysed using the paired marginal homogeneity test for concordance. RESULTS Lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) were most common and CT/CECT identified more lesions than LFMRI. Deep digital flexor tendon lesions seen on LFMRI only were frequently distal to the proximal extent of the distal sesamoid and DDFT lesions seen on CT/CECT only were frequently proximal to the distal sesamoid. Lesions identified on LFMRI only were core (23.3%) or splits (43.3%), whereas lesions identified only on CT were abrasions (29.8%), core (15.8%), enlargement (15.8%) or mineralisation (12.3%). Contrast-enhanced CT improved lesion identification at the DDFT insertion compared to CT and resulted in distal sesamoidean impar ligament and collateral sesamoidean ligament vascular enhancement in 75% of cases. Low-field MRI and CT/CECT failed to identify soft tissue mineralisation and bone oedema, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Multiple lesions are detected with CT, CECT and LFMRI but there is variability in lesion detection and classification. LFMRI centred only on the podotrochlear apparatus may fail to identify lesions of the pastern or soft tissue mineralisation. Computed tomography may fail to identify DDFT lesions distal to the proximal border of the distal sesamoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Vallance
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, USA
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27
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POWELL SE. Low-field standing magnetic resonance imaging findings of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint of racing Thoroughbreds with lameness localised to the region: A retrospective study of 131 horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:169-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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GASCHEN LORRIE, LEROUX ALEXANDRE, TRICHEL JESSICA, RIGGS LAURA, BRAGULLA HERMANH, RADEMACHER NATHALIE, RODRIGUEZ DANIEL. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN FOALS WITH INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:627-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- LORRIE GASCHEN
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Section of Diagnostic Imaging; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Skip Bertman Dr.; Baton Rouge; LA; 70803; USA
| | - ALEXANDRE LEROUX
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Section of Diagnostic Imaging; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Skip Bertman Dr.; Baton Rouge; LA; 70803; USA
| | - JESSICA TRICHEL
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Section of Diagnostic Imaging; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Skip Bertman Dr.; Baton Rouge; LA; 70803; USA
| | - LAURA RIGGS
- Equine Health Studies Program; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Skip Bertman Dr.; Baton Rouge; LA; 70803; USA
| | - HERMAN H. BRAGULLA
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Skip Bertman Dr.; Baton Rouge; LA; 70803; USA
| | - NATHALIE RADEMACHER
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Section of Diagnostic Imaging; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Skip Bertman Dr.; Baton Rouge; LA; 70803; USA
| | - DANIEL RODRIGUEZ
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Section of Diagnostic Imaging; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; Skip Bertman Dr.; Baton Rouge; LA; 70803; USA
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29
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NAGY ANNAMARIA, DYSON SUE. MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANATOMY OF THE CARPUS OF THE HORSE DESCRIBED FROM IMAGES ACQUIRED FROM LOW-FIELD AND HIGH-FIELD MAGNETS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:273-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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30
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Gonzalez LM, Schramme MC, Robertson ID, Thrall DE, Redding RW. MRI features of metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal region lameness in 40 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:404-14. [PMID: 20806872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lameness originating from the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal (MP) joint has a significant effect on the use and athletic competitiveness of a horse. The identification of the cause of lameness originating from the MP joint can be challenging, given the limitations of radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Our purpose was to describe the injury types and incidence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from 40 horses with lameness attributable to the MP joint region where it was not possible to reach a clinically plausible diagnosis using other imaging modalities. Horses were examined in a 1.5 T magnet (Siemens Medical Solutions) under general anesthesia. The frequency of occurrence of MR lesions was subchondral bone injury (19), straight or oblique distal sesamoidean desmitis (13), articular cartilage injury and osteoarthritis (eight), suspensory branch desmitis (seven), osteochondral fragmentation (seven), proximal sesamoid bone injury (seven), inter-sesamoidean desmitis (four), deep digital flexor tendonitis (four), collateral desmitis (three), superficial digital flexor tendonitis (two), enostosis-like lesions of the proximal phalanx or MCIII (two), desmitis of the palmar annular ligament (one), desmitis of the proximal digital annular ligament (one), and dystrophic calcification of the lateral digital extensor tendon (one). Twenty-five horses had multiple MR abnormalities. MRI provided information that was complementary to radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy and that allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of all structures in the MP joint region and a diagnosis in all 40 horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara M Gonzalez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Hillsborough Street 4700, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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31
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Clegg PD. Investigating the efficacy of articular medications in the horse: the science behind clinical practices. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:484-6. [PMID: 20716186 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P D Clegg
- Musculoskeletal and Locomotion Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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32
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Pastoureau PC, Hunziker EB, Pelletier JP. Cartilage, bone and synovial histomorphometry in animal models of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 3:S106-12. [PMID: 20864016 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review focuses on histomorphometry for assessing the pathological changes in various compartments of the joint including cartilage, bone and synovium in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Different methodological approaches are presented concerning sampling, embedding, sectioning, staining, mounting of stained sections and measurement of histomorphometric parameters using automated and semi-automated methods. Notes are provided describing some methods in greater detail. RESULTS Histomorphometry allows a significant gain of objectivity, accuracy and reproducibility in the quantification of the main histological parameters which best characterize OA in the affected joint (cartilage thickness (CT), chondrocyte size and density, cartilage fissure, proteoglycan (PG) content, subchondral bone plate thickness (SBPT), thickness of synovial living cell layer) in animal models. CONCLUSION Use of histomorphometry could contribute to a better quantification of histological differences between control and OA animals. Contributing also to the introduction of normative data, it is a major advantage for therapeutic assessments in experimental OA and particularly for the analytical comparison of the efficacy of disease modifying OA drugs (DMOAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Pastoureau
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Prospective et Valorisation Scientifiques, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France.
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SMITH MEREDITHA, DYSON SUEJ, MURRAY RACHELC. THE APPEARANCE OF THE EQUINE METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION ON HIGH-FIELD VS. STANDING LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Olive J, D'Anjou MA, Girard C, Laverty S, Theoret C. Fat-suppressed spoiled gradient-recalled imaging of equine metacarpophalangeal articular cartilage. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:107-15. [PMID: 20402392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to evaluate the capacity of 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to assess articular cartilage in racehorses with naturally occurring metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis. A sagittal, three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo (SPGR) with fat saturation (FS) sequence was acquired ex vivo on 20 joints. Following joint dissection, specific areas on the third metacarpal condyle were designated for subsequent sampling for histologic cartilage thickness measurement and modified Mankin scoring. Cartilage thickness was measured and cartilage signal intensity was also graded (0-3) on MR images at these selected metacarpal sites. Cartilage structure was graded (0-3) macroscopically and on MR images by two examiners in defined subregions of the proximal phalanx, third metacarpal, and proximal sesamoid bones. There was good precision (mean error 0.11 mm) and moderate correlation (r = 0.44; P < 0.0001) of cartilage thickness measurements between MR images (0.90 +/- 0.17mm) and histology (0.79 +/- 0.16 mm). There was moderate correlation between modified Mankin histologic score and signal intensity of cartilage (r = 0.36; P < 0.01) or MR cartilage structure assessment (r = 0.49, P > 0.001) on SPGR-FS. The sensitivity to detect full-thickness cartilage erosion on MR was only moderate (0.56), and these lesions were often underestimated, particularly when linear in nature. However, the specificity to detect such lesions on MR was high (0.92). While few limitations were identified, the use of a clinically applicable SPGR-FS sequence allows a reasonably accurate method to assess structural changes affecting the articular cartilage of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Olive
- Département de biomédecine yétérinaire, Faculte de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montreal, 3200 rue Sicotte, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Olive J, D'Anjou MA, Alexander K, Laverty S, Theoret C. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and radiography for assessment of noncartilaginous changes in equine metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:267-79. [PMID: 20469548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the ability of 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and computed radiography (CR) to evaluate noncartilaginous structures of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP), and the association of imaging changes with gross cartilage damage in the context of osteoarthritis. Four CR projections, helical single-slice CT, and MRI (Ti-weighted gradient recalled echo [GRE], T2*-weighted GRE with fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition [FIESTA], T2-weighted fast spin echo with fat saturation, and spoiled gradient recalled echo with fat saturation ISPGR-FS]) were performed on 20 racehorse cadaver forelimbs. Osteophytosis, synovial effusion, subchondral bone lysis and sclerosis, supracondylar lysis, joint fragments, bone marrow lesions, and collateral desmopathy were assessed with each modality. Interexaminer agreement was inferior to intraexaminer agreement and was generally moderate (i.e., 0.4 < kappa < 0.6). Subchondral bone sclerosis scores using CT or MRI were correlated significantly with the reference quantitative CT technique used to assess bone mineral density (P < 0.0001). Scores for subchondral lysis and osteophytosis were higher with MRI or CT vs. CR (P < 0.0001). Although differences between modalities were noted, osteophytosis, subchondral sclerosis, and lysis as well as synovial effusion were all associated with the degree of cartilage damage and should be further evaluated as potential criteria to be included in a whole-organ scoring system. This study highlights the capacity of MRI to evaluate noncartilaginous changes in the osteoarthritic equine MCP joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Olive
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de medecine veterinaire, Université de Montreal, 3200 rue Sicotte, P.O. Box 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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HOLOWINSKI MAUREEN, JUDY CARTER, SAVERAID TRAVIS, MARANDA LOUISE. RESOLUTION OF LESIONS ON STIR IMAGES IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED LAMENESS STATUS IN HORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:479-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Schramme M, Kerekes Z, Hunter S, Nagy K, Pease A. Improved identification of the palmar fibrocartilage of the navicular bone with saline magnetic resonance bursography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 50:606-14. [PMID: 19999343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrocartilage degeneration is the earliest pathologic finding in navicular disease but remains difficult to detect, even with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We hypothesized that injection of the navicular bursa with saline would improve accuracy of MR imaging evaluation of palmar fibrocartilage. Thoracic limbs were collected from 11 horses within 6 h of death. Imaging was performed with a 1.5 T magnet using sagittal 2D proton density and transverse 3D FLASH sequences with fat saturation. For the purpose of determining sensitivity and specificity of the MR images, fibrocartilage was classified as normal or abnormal, based on combination of the findings of gross and microscopic pathology. Thickness of fibrocartilage was measured on histologic sections and corresponding transverse FLASH MR images before and after injection of saline. A paired Student's t-test was used for comparison of measurements. Partial thickness fibrocartilage loss was present in 6 of 22 limbs. Sensitivity of precontrast MR images for detection of lesions was 100% while specificity was 6%. Saline MR arthrography resulted in both sensitivity and specificity of 100% based on consensus review. Mean histologic fibrocartilage thickness was 0.75 +/- 0.12 mm. Mean fibrocartilage thickness on precontrast transverse FLASH images was 0.93 +/- 0.065 and 0.73 +/- 0.09 mm on postsaline images. The histologic cartilage thickness was signficantly different from that in precontrast images (P<0.001) but not in images acquired after saline injection (P = 0.716). Based on our results, and using pulse sequences as described herein, navicular fibrocartilage can only be evaluated reliably for the presence of partial thickness lesions after intrabursal injection of saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schramme
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Hillsborough Street 4700, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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DIMOCK ABIGAILN, SPRIET MATHIEU. INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL SHIFT ARTIFACT ON MEASUREMENTS OF COMPACT BONE THICKNESS IN EQUINE DISTAL LIMB MR IMAGES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:415-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Tranquille CA, Blunden AS, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH, Goodship AE, Murray RC. Effect of exercise on thicknesses of mature hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone of equine tarsi. Am J Vet Res 2010; 70:1477-83. [PMID: 19951119 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.12.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE-To investigate effects of exercise on hyaline cartilage (HC), calcified cartilage (CC), and subchondral bone (SCB) thickness patterns of equine tarsi. SAMPLE POPULATION-30 tarsi from cadavers of horses with known exercise history. PROCEDURES-Tarsi were assigned to 3 groups according to known exercise history as follows: pasture exercise only (PE tarsi), low-intensity general-purpose riding exercise (LE tarsi), and high-intensity elite competition riding exercise (EE tarsi). Osteochondral tissue from distal tarsal joints underwent histologic preparation. Hyaline cartilage, CC, and SCB thickness were measured at standard sites at medial, midline, and lateral locations across joints with a histomorphometric technique. RESULTS-HC, CC, and SCB thickness were significantly greater at all sites in EE tarsi, compared with PE tarsi; this was also true when LE tarsi were compared with PE tarsi. At specific sites, HC, CC, and SCB were significantly thicker in EE tarsi, compared with LE tarsi. Along the articular surface of the proximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone, SCB was thickest in EE tarsi and thinnest in LE tarsi; increases were greatest at sites previously reported to undergo peak strains and osteochondral damage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Increased exercise was associated with increased HC, CC, and SCB thickness in mature horses. At sites that undergo high compressive strains, with a reported predisposition to osteoarthritic change, there was increased CC and SCB thickness. These results may provide insight into the interaction between adaptive response to exercise and pathological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne A Tranquille
- Centre for Equine Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, England.
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OLIVE JULIEN. DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL ARTICULAR CARTILAGE ASSESSMENT USING LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:259-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Branch MV, Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Goodship AE. Is there a characteristic distal tarsal subchondral bone plate thickness pattern in horses with no history of hindlimb lameness? Equine Vet J 2010; 37:450-5. [PMID: 16163948 DOI: 10.2746/042516405774479951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of distal tarsal pain, but disease development is poorly understood. Awareness of normal tarsal structure and function is important in order to understand the pathogenesis of OA. Thickening of the subchondral bone (SCB) plate has been related to the development of OA, but SCB plate patterns in the equine tarsus have not been documented. HYPOTHESES There is a repeatable pattern of SCB thickness across the distal tarsal joints, and specifically that thickness would be greatest dorsally and laterally. METHODS Twenty cadaver tarsi were collected from mature horses that had undertaken low-level exercise only with no history of hindlimb lameness. Magnetic resonance images were acquired using a high-resolution sagittal 3-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo sequence. Subchondral bone thickness was measured on sagittal images at dorsal and plantar locations on the proximal and distal aspects of the central (CT) and third (T3) tarsal bones and proximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone (Mt3). RESULTS On the proximal aspect of CT, medial and lateral SCB thickness were significantly greater than midline. On the distal aspect of CT and T3 and proximal Mt3, lateral SCB thickness was significantly greater than medial and midline sites. Dorsal SCB thickness was greatest on the proximal and distal aspects of CT and proximal Mt3. Subchondral bone accounted for a greater proportion of CT and T3 on the dorsal aspect than the plantar. CONCLUSIONS There is a repeatable pattern of SCB thickness in the distal tarsal bones of horses with no history of hindlimb lameness. This reflects the pattern of loading across the joints. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study provides evidence of a consistent osteochondral pattern in the equine tarsus for reference in identification of osteoarticular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Branch
- Centre for Equine Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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Branch MV, Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Goodship AE. Alteration of distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness pattern in horses with tarsal pain. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:101-5. [PMID: 17378437 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x166756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Understanding of the development of pathology and source of pain in distal tarsal osteoarthritis is poorly understood. Magnetic resonance imaging is often used in the analysis of human osteoarthritis (OA) because it is sensitive to early changes. HYPOTHESIS In association with distal tarsal joint (DTJ) pain, there will be an alteration in the characteristic subchondral bone (SCB) thickness pattern of horses with no history of pain when subjected to low-level exercise. METHODS Sixteen cadaver tarsal joints were collected from 9 mature horses with a history of tarsal pain and radiographic evidence of OA; 3 cadaver tarsi were collected from 2 mature horses with a history of tarsal pain and no radiographic abnormality. Magnetic resonance images were acquired using high-resolution sagittal 3D T1 weighted spoiled gradient echo sequence. Subchondral bone thickness was measured on sagittal images at dorsal and plantar locations on the proximal and distal aspects of the central (CT) and third (T3) tarsal bones and proximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone (MT3). RESULTS In tarsi with radiographic evidence of OA medial and lateral SCB thicknesses were greater than midline on the proximal and distal aspects of CT and T3. Lateral SCB thickness was greater than medial on the proximal aspect of MT3. There was an increase in SCB thickness at the majority of sites compared with normal horses. There were too few joints in the group without radiographic changes to analyse statistically. In painful tarsi SCB thickness was greater medially than laterally at all sites. In horses without tarsal pain all lateral sites had greater SCB thickness, except the proximal aspect of CT. CONCLUSIONS There is alteration of normal SCB thickness patterns in painful tarsi. Different thickness patterns could represent different types of pathological processes. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE Further work is required to elucidate the pathological processes leading to OA of the DTJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Branch
- Centre for Equine Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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Murray RC, Blunden TS, Branch MV, Tranquille CA, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH, Goodship AE. Evaluation of age-related changes in the structure of the equine tarsometatarsal osteochondral unit. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:30-6. [PMID: 19119946 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of age on thickness and morphologic characteristics of hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, total cartilage, and subchondral bone (SCB) in the equine tarsometatarsal joint. SAMPLE POPULATION 23 tarsal joints from cadavers of 23 ponies (11 days to 25 years old); ponies were limited to pasture exercise and euthanatized for reasons not related to this study. Procedures-Tarsi were allocated into several age groups (11 days old [n = 3], 6 to 9 months old [4], 2 to 3 years old [3], 6 to 8 years old [4], 11 to 17 years old [6], and 20 to 25 years old [3]). Histologic examination and histomorphometric measurement of hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, total cartilage, and SCB were performed at medial and lateral sites. RESULTS A significant decrease was detected in thickness of hyaline cartilage and total cartilage with increasing age, but there was a significant increase in thickness of calcified cartilage and SCB with increasing age. Differences in chondrocyte and collagen fiber arrangement, tidemark, and osteochondral junction morphology were evident among age groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings suggested that the various tissues of the osteochondral unit change in different ways with age. The response of each tissue may be related to relative response of the tissues to strains induced by pasture exercise but could have an influence on how the overall properties of the osteochondral unit change with age. The findings may also be suggestive of changes that develop prior to the onset of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, England
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Fox JA, Cole BJ, Romeo AA, Meininger AK, Williams JM, Glenn RE, Bicos J, Hayden JK, Dorow CB. Articular cartilage thickness of the humeral head: an anatomic study. Orthopedics 2008; 31:216. [PMID: 19292258 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20080301-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the thickness of normal humeral head articular cartilage by anatomic cross section using computer-aided image analysis software. Sixteen adult cadaveric humeral heads were analyzed. Our findings reveal that the thickness of humeral articular cartilage is substantially thinner than articular cartilage found in the knee. The cartilage is thickest in the central portion of the head and becomes progressively thinner towards the periphery. Surgical techniques used to treat pathology in the glenohumeral joint, specifically thermal energy or mechanical debridement, may have deleterious effects on the relatively thin humeral articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Fox
- Central States Orthopedic Specialists, The Central States Cartilage Restoration Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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Murray RC, Branch MV, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH, Goodship AE. How does exercise intensity and type affect equine distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:2194-200. [PMID: 17332271 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00709.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of osteochondral tissues is based on the strains experienced during exercise at each location within the joint. Different exercise intensities and types may induce particular site-specific strains, influencing osteochondral adaptation and potentially predisposing to injury. Our hypotheses were that patterns of equine distal tarsal subchondral bone (SCB) thickness relate to the type and intensity of exercise, and that high-intensity exercise leads to site-specific increases in thickness. SCB thickness was measured at defined dorsal and plantar locations on magnetic resonance images of cadaver tarsi collected from horses with a history of low [general purpose ( n = 20) and horse walker ( n = 6)] or high [elite competition ( n = 12), race training ( n = 15), and treadmill training ( n = 4)] exercise intensity. SCB thickness was compared between sites within each exercise group and between exercise groups. SCB thickness in elite competition and race training, but not treadmill training, was greater than low-intensity exercise. For general purpose horses, lateral SCB thickness was greater than medial throughout. Horse walker exercise led to relatively thicker lateral and medial SCB compared with the midline. Elite competition was associated with increased SCB thickness of the proximal small tarsal bones medially and the distal bones laterally. For race training and treadmill training, there were minimal differences between sites overall, although the lateral aspect was greater than medial, and medial greater than midline at a few sites for race training. In conclusion, different types of high-intensity exercise were associated with different patterns of SCB thickness across the joints from medial to lateral and proximal to distal, indicating that both exercise intensity and type of exercise affect the SCB response at any particular site within the equine distal tarsal joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Murray
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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Murray RC, Dyson S, Branch M, Schramme M. Validation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Use in Equine Limbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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