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Effects of remifentanil on the noxiously stimulated somatosensory evoked potentials recorded at the spinal cord in dogs and cats. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:13-16. [PMID: 36898954 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in dogs and cats to compare the effect of remifentanil on the action potentials evoked by peripheral noxious stimulation in the spinal cord. Five healthy dogs and five healthy cats underwent general anaesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Each animals received all dosage of a constant-rate infusion of remifentanil at 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 μg/kg/min. The hair of the dorsal foot of a hind limb was clipped and an intraepidermal stimulation electrode that could selectively stimulate the nociceptive Aδ and C fibres was attached. An electrical stimulus was generated by a portable peripheral nerve testing device. The evoked potentials were recorded by two needle electrodes inserted subcutaneously in the dorsal midline between the lumbar vertebra: L3-L4 and L4-L5. Bimodal waveforms were obtained by electrical stimulation in control dogs and cats. The inhibitory effect of remifentanil was evaluated by comparing the changes in the N1P2 and P2N2 amplitudes. The N1P2 amplitude was depressed by remifentanil in a dose-dependent manner in dogs, but it showed no remifentanil-induced changes in cats. While the P2N2 amplitude was also depressed in a dose-dependent manner in dogs, it showed milder remifentanil-induced effects in cats. The N1P2 and P2N2 amplitudes observed herein are assumed to represent the evoked potentials derived from the Aδ and C fibres, respectively. Thus, the inhibitory effect of remifentanil on nociceptive transmission at the spinal cord was much weaker in cats, especially for transmissions possibly derived from Aδ fibres.
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Clark TP. The history and pharmacology of buprenorphine: New advances in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S1-S30. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clark TP, Linton DD, Freise KJ, Lin TL. Multicentered masked placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical study of an extended duration transdermal buprenorphine solution for post-operative pain in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S52-S66. [PMID: 35790011 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A prospective, double masked, placebo-controlled, multicentered phase 3 clinical study was conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transdermal buprenorphine solution (TBS) for the control of post-operative pain in cats. A total of 228 cats from 12 US investigational sites met the enrollment criteria of which 107 placebo- and 112 TBS-treated cats were included into the per protocol efficacy analysis. The dose of TBS was 8 mg (0.4 ml) to cats 1.2 to 3 kilograms and 20 mg (1 ml) to cats >3 to 7.5 kilograms applied topically to the dorsal unclipped cervical skin 1-2 h prior to the undergoing elective surgical reproductive sterilization in conjunction with forelimb onychectomy. Interactive pain assessments and physiological variables were quantified through 96 h following recovery from anesthesia, and rescue analgesia was administered any time that pain control was scored inadequate. Cats requiring rescue analgesia or experiencing an adverse event suspected to be treatment related were considered treatment failures. Sixty-five and 23 cats were considered treatment failures in the placebo and TBS groups, respectively, with most occurring on the day of surgery. The treatment success rates were 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.28-0.53]) and 0.81 (95% CI: [0.70-0.89]) in the placebo and TBS groups, respectively, and the difference was significant (p < .05). Adverse events occurred at a similar frequency and were not clinically meaningful in either treatment group. The post-operative body temperatures over the duration of the study were on average 0.35 (95% CI: [0.20-0.50]) °C higher than baseline in TBS-treated cats and were not clinically meaningful, an observation typical of opioids in cats. These results serve as substantial evidence that TBS is safe and effective for the control of orthopedic and soft tissue post-operative pain in cats when a single topical dose is applied 1-2 h prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah D Linton
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Deborah D. Linton, DL Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin J Freise
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Kevin J. Freise, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting-Li Lin
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Ting-Li Lin, Briostat, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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DeRossi R, Hermeto LC, Jardim PHA, de Andrade Bicudo N, de Assis KT. Postoperative pain control in cats: clinical trials with pre-emptive lidocaine epidural co-administered with morphine or methadone. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:882-888. [PMID: 26310819 PMCID: PMC11132221 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15602738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural lidocaine in combination with either methadone or morphine for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Methods Under general anesthesia, 24 cats that underwent ovariohysterectomy were randomly allocated into three treatment groups of eight each. Treatment 1 included 2% lidocaine (4.0 mg/kg); treatment 2 included lidocaine and methadone (4.0 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively); and treatment 3 included lidocaine and morphine (4.0 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively). All drugs were injected in a total volume of 0.25 ml/kg via the lumbosacral route in all cats. During the anesthetic and surgical periods, the physiologic variables (respiratory and heart rate, arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature) were measured at intervals of time zero, 10 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins, 60 mins and 120 mins. After cats had recovered from anesthesia, a multidimensional composite pain scale was used to assess postoperative analgesia 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h after epidural. Results The time to first rescue analgesic was significantly ( P <0.05) prolonged in cats that received both lidocaine and methadone or lidocaine and morphine treatments compared with those that received lidocaine treatment alone. All cats that received lidocaine treatment alone required rescue analgesic within 2 h of epidural injections. All treatments produced significant cardiovascular and respiratory changes but they were within an acceptable range for healthy animals during the surgical period. Conclusions and relevance The two combinations administered via epidural allowed ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia in cats, and both induced prolonged postoperative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael DeRossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine – Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Correa Hermeto
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Surgery, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Natalia de Andrade Bicudo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Klebs Tavares de Assis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives were to review systematically the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality; and to examine behavioural metrics (considering both the sensory and affective domains) used to assess pain. METHODS A search of PubMed and ScienceDirect, alongside articles known to the authors, from 2000 onwards, for papers in English was performed. This was followed by a manual search of the references within the primary data sources. Only peer-reviewed publications that provided information on the assessment tool used to evaluate the behavioural expression of pain in cats, in conscious animals (not anaesthetised cats), were included. RESULTS No previous systematic reviews were identified. One hundred papers were included in the final assessment. Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures, and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain. Ten broad types of instrument to assess pain were identified, and generally the quality of evidence to support the use of the various instruments was poor. Only one specific instrument (UNESP-Botucatu scale) had published evidence of validity, reliability and sensitivity at the level of a randomised control trial, but with a positive rather than placebo control, and limited to its use in the ovariohysterectomy situation. The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain, with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Further studies are required to provide a higher quality of evidence for methods used to assess pain in cats. Furthermore, a consistent definition for acute and chronic pain is needed. Tools need to be validated that can detect pain in a range of conditions and by different evaluators (veterinary surgeons and owners), which consider both the sensory and emotional aspects of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S Mills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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Bortolami E, Love EJ. Practical use of opioids in cats: a state-of-the-art, evidence-based review. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:283-311. [PMID: 25832586 PMCID: PMC11104155 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15572970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent recognition of the need to improve pain management in cats has led to the investigation of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of opioid analgesic drugs in this species. The results of these studies may be difficult to interpret because the effect of these drugs varies with dose, route of administration and the method used to assess them. As equipotency of different opioids is not known, it is hard to compare their effects. Animals do not verbalise the pain they feel and, in cats, it may be more difficult to recognise signs of pain in comparison with other species such as dogs. AIM This article reviews the use of opioid analgesics in cats. It must be remembered that not all drugs are licensed for use in cats, and that marketing authorisations vary between different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bortolami
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Emma J Love
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Steagall PVM, Monteiro-Steagall BP, Taylor PM. A review of the studies using buprenorphine in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:762-70. [PMID: 24655078 PMCID: PMC4895465 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management is a crucial component of feline medicine and surgery. This review critically evaluates studies using buprenorphine in cats and highlights the clinical application of the opioid in this species. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling of IV buprenorphine has been best described by a combined effect compartmental/receptor association-dissociation model with negative hysteresis. Therefore, plasma concentrations of the drug are not correlated with analgesia, and clinicians should not expect to observe pain relief immediately after drug administration. In addition, a ceiling effect has not been demonstrated after administration of clinical doses of buprenorphine in cats; dosages of up to 0.04 mg/kg have been reported. The route of administration influences the onset, duration, and magnitude of antinociception and analgesia when using this drug in cats. At clinical dosages, the SC route of administration does not appear to provide adequate antinociception and analgesia whereas the buccal route has produced inconsistent results. Intravenous or IM administration at a dosage of 0.02-0.04 mg/kg is the preferred for treatment of pain in the acute setting. A literature search found 14 clinical trials evaluating buprenorphine sedation, analgesia, or both in cats. There were 22 original research studies reporting the antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine by means of thermal threshold, mechanical threshold, or both, minimal alveolar concentration, or PK-PD. Individual variability in response to buprenorphine administration has been reported, indicating that buprenorphine may not provide sufficient analgesia in some cats. Pain assessment is important when evaluating the efficacy of buprenorphine and determining whether additional analgesic treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V M Steagall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Shaughnessy MR, Hofmeister EH. A systematic review of sevoflurane and isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in domestic cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pypendop BH, Brosnan RJ, Majewski-Tiedeken CR, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:13-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. H. Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - R. J. Brosnan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - C. R. Majewski-Tiedeken
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - S. D. Stanley
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory; Davis CA USA
| | - J. E. Ilkiw
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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Escobar A, Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered intravenously in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:285-9. [PMID: 22280391 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered as a short-duration IV infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult domestic female cats. PROCEDURES Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride was injected IV (10 μg/kg over 5 minutes [rate, 2 μg/kg/min]) in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Blood samples were obtained immediately prior to and at 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, and 480 minutes following the start of the IV infusion. Collected blood samples were transferred to tubes containing EDTA, immediately placed on ice, and then centrifuged at 3,901 × g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The plasma was harvested and stored at -20°C until analyzed. Plasma dexmedetomidine concentrations were determined by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dexmedetomidine plasma concentration-time data were fitted to compartmental models. RESULTS A 2-compartment model with input in and elimination from the central compartment best described the disposition of dexmedetomidine administered via short-duration IV infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Weighted mean ± SEM apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment and apparent volume of distribution at steady-state were 402 ± 47 mL/kg and 1,701 ± 200 mL/kg, respectively; clearance and terminal half-life (harmonic mean ± jackknife pseudo-SD) were 6.3 ± 2.8 mL/min/kg and 198 ± 75 minutes, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration curve and maximal plasma concentration were 1,061 ± 292 min•ng/mL and 17.6 ± 1.8 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Disposition of dexmedetomidine administered via short-duration IV infusion in isoflurane-anesthetized cats was characterized by a moderate clearance and a long terminal half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Escobar
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 95616, USA
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Reid P, Pypendop BH, Ilkiw JE. The Effects of Intravenous Gabapentin Administration on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in Cats. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:633-7. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181e51245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Taylor PM, Kirby JJ, Robinson C, Watkins EA, Clarke DD, Ford MA, Church KE. A prospective multi-centre clinical trial to compare buprenorphine and butorphanol for postoperative analgesia in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:247-55. [PMID: 19836984 PMCID: PMC11135598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty-three cats undergoing surgery in seven veterinary practices in Great Britain were studied. They were randomly allocated to receive either 10-20 microg/kg buprenorphine or 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol with acepromazine before anaesthesia with propofol, Saffan or thiopentone and isoflurane or halothane. Routine monitoring was undertaken. Pain and sedation were assessed blind using a four point (0-3) simple descriptive scale (SDS) at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24h. Pain and sedation data were compared using non-parametric statistical tests and continuous data using t tests or analysis of variance (ANOVA). Anaesthesia and surgery were uneventful, and cardiorespiratory data were within normal limits. After surgery, overall, more cats had pain score 0 after buprenorphine and more had pain score 3 after butorphanol (P=0.0465). At individual time points, more cats had lower pain scores after buprenorphine at 2 (P=0.040) and 24 (P=0.036)h. At 24h 83% after buprenorphine and 63% after butorphanol had pain score 0 (P<0.04). Buprenorphine provided better and longer lasting postoperative analgesia than butorphanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly M Taylor
- Taylor Monroe, Gravel Head Farm, Downham Common, Little Downham, Nr Ely, Cambs CB6 2TY, UK.
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Freire CD, Torres MLA, Fantoni DT, Cavalcanti RL, Noel-Morgan J. Bupivacaine 0.25% and methylene blue spread with epidural anesthesia in dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:63-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Steagall PVM, Millette V, Mantovani FB, Gilbert P, Luna SPL, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine or medetomidine, or the combination, in conscious cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:477-84. [PMID: 19754915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine (EB), epidural medetomidine (EM) or epidural buprenorphine-medetomidine (EBM). Eight cats were studied. Thermal thresholds (TT) were measured by increasing the temperature of a probe placed on the thorax. Mechanical thresholds (MT) were measured through inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder to the cat's forelimb. After baseline measurements, EB (0.02 mg/kg), EM (0.01 mg/kg) or half of the doses of each drug (EBM) were administered. Data were analysed using anova (P < 0.05) and 95% confidence interval (CI). TT increased from 30 min to 1 h after EB and at 45 min after EM. MT increased from 45 min to 2 h after EB, from 15 min to 1 h after EM and at 30, 45 min and at 2 h after EBM. MT were significantly lower after EB than EM at 30 min. TT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 4 h after EM and from 15 min to 8 h after EBM. MT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 5 h, and at 8, 12 and 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 6 h after EM and from 15 min to 6 h and at 12 and 24 h after EBM. All treatments had similar onset. Overall, EB presented longer period of action than EBM and EM. The same magnitude of analgesia was achieved, but with fewer side effects when EBM was compared with EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V M Steagall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1100, USA.
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Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Ilkiw JE. Effects of tramadol hydrochloride on the thermal threshold in cats. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1465-70. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.12.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Castro DS, Silva MF, Shih AC, Motta PP, Pires MV, Scherer PO. Comparison between the analgesic effects of morphine and tramadol delivered epidurally in cats receiving a standardized noxious stimulation. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:948-53. [PMID: 19540784 PMCID: PMC11318764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the analgesic effects of epidural tramadol versus morphine in six healthy cats. Under general anesthesia, each cat received an epidural injection of saline 0.22 ml/kg (control treatment, CT), tramadol 1mg/kg (tramadol treatment, TT), or morphine 0.1mg/kg (morphine treatment, MT). After cats had recovered from anesthesia a simple descriptive scale (SDS), visual analog scale (VAS) and physiological parameters (respiratory and heart rate) were used to assess analgesia level to a noxious stimulus (base of the tail skin fold clamping) at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12h post-epidural. Group TT had a higher SDS and VAS score when compared to MT at 8, 10 and 12h post-epidural. CT had higher SDS and VAS score at all time points when compared to TT and MT. In conclusion both morphine and tramadol provided analgesia in this model for the first 6h; with epidural morphine resulting in longer lasting analgesia when compared to tramadol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Castro
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 km7, Instituto de Veterinária – DMCV, Seropédica, RJ 23851–970, Brazil
| | - Marta F.A. Silva
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 km7, Instituto de Veterinária – DMCV, Seropédica, RJ 23851–970, Brazil
| | - Andre C. Shih
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl 32610, USA
| | | | - Marcos V.M. Pires
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Castelo Branco, Penha, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo O. Scherer
- Department of Animal Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Ambros B, Steagall PVM, Mantovani F, Gilbert P, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive effects of epidural administration of hydromorphone in conscious cats. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1187-92. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fischer BL, Ludders JW, Asakawa M, Fortier LA, Fubini SL, Nixon AJ, Radcliffe RM, Erb HN. A comparison of epidural buprenorphine plus detomidine with morphine plus detomidine in horses undergoing bilateral stifle arthroscopy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009; 36:67-76. [PMID: 19121161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the analgesic efficacy of buprenorphine plus detomidine with that of morphine plus detomidine when administered epidurally in horses undergoing bilateral stifle arthroscopy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. ANIMALS Twelve healthy adult horses participating in an orthopedic research study. Group M (n = 6) received morphine (0.2 mg kg(-1)) and detomidine (0.15 mg kg(-1)) epidurally; group B (n = 6) received buprenorphine (0.005 mg kg(-1)) and detomidine (0.15 mg kg(-1)) epidurally. METHODS Horses received one of two epidural treatments following induction of general anesthesia for bilateral stifle arthroscopy. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), end-tidal CO(2) (Pe'CO(2)), and end-tidal isoflurane concentrations (E'Iso%) were recorded every 15 minutes following epidural administration. Post-operative assessment was performed at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after standing; variables recorded included HR, respiratory rate (f(R)), abdominal borborygmi, defecation, and the presence of undesirable side effects. At the same times post-operatively, each horse was videotaped at a walk and subsequently assigned a lameness score (0-4) by three ACVS diplomates blinded to treatment and who followed previously published guidelines. Nonparametric data were analyzed using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Inter- and intra-rater agreement were determined using weighted kappa coefficients. Statistical significance was set at p <or= 0.05. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between groups with respect to intra-operative HR, MAP, E'Iso%, or post-operative HR, gastrointestinal function and cumulative median lameness scores. Post-operative f(R) in group B [24 (12-30), median (range)] breaths per minute was significantly higher than in group M [18 (15-20)] breaths per minute, p = 0.04. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses undergoing bilateral stifle arthroscopy, these doses of buprenorphine plus detomidine injected epidurally produced analgesia similar in intensity and duration to that of morphine plus detomidine injected epidurally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit L Fischer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Cohen TA, Westropp JL, Kass PH, Pypendop BH. Evaluation of urodynamic procedures in female cats anesthetized with low and high doses of isoflurane and propofol. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:290-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Valverde A. Epidural Analgesia and Anesthesia in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:1205-30, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pypendop BH, Siao KT, Pascoe PJ, Ilkiw JE. Effects of epidurally administered morphine or buprenorphine on the thermal threshold in cats. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:983-7. [PMID: 18672960 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.8.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antinociceptive effects of epidural administration of morphine or buprenorphine in cats by use of a thermal threshold model. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES Baseline thermal threshold was determined in duplicate. Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Morphine (100 microg/kg diluted with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), buprenorphine (12.5 microg/kg diluted with saline solution to a total volume of 0.3 mL/kg), or saline solution (0.3 mL/kg) was administered into the epidural space according to a Latin square design. Thermal threshold was determined at various times up to 24 hours after epidural injection. RESULTS Epidural administration of saline solution did not affect thermal threshold. Thermal threshold was significantly higher after epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine, compared with the effect of saline solution, from 1 to 16 hours and 1 to 10 hours, respectively. Maximum (cutout) temperature was reached without the cat reacting in 0, 74, and 11 occasions in the saline solution, morphine, and buprenorphine groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine induced thermal antinociception in cats. At the doses used in this study, the effect of morphine lasted longer and was more intense than that of buprenorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno H Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ko JCH, Abbo LA, Weil AB, Johnson BM, Inoue T, Payton ME. Effect of orally administered tramadol alone or with an intravenously administered opioid on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:1834-40. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.12.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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