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Kottwitz J, Bechert U, Cruz-Espindola C, Christensen JM, Boothe D. SINGLE-DOSE, MULTIPLE-DOSE, AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING PHARMACOKINETICS OF FIROCOXIB IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:73-85. [PMID: 38453490 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Firocoxib is a COX-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with limited effects on COX-1, which means it likely has fewer side effects than typically associated with other NSAIDs. This study determined possible doses of firocoxib based on single- and multidose pharmacokinetic trials conducted in 10 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Initially, two single oral dose trials (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) of a commercially available tablet (n = 6) and paste (n = 4) formulation were used to determine a preferred dose. The 0.1 mg/kg dose was further evaluated via IV single dose (n = 3) and oral multidose trials (tablets n = 6; paste n = 4). Serum peak and trough firocoxib concentrations were also evaluated in Asian elephants (n = 4) that had been being treated for a minimum of 90 consecutive days. Key pharmacokinetic parameters for the 0.1 mg/kg single-dose trials included mean peak serum concentrations of 49 ± 3.3 ng/ml for tablets and 62 ± 14.8 ng/ml for paste, area under the curve (AUC) of 1,332 ± 878 h*mg/ml for tablets and 1,455 ± 634 h*mg/ml for paste, and half-life (T1/2) of 34.3 ± 30.3 h for tablets and 19.9 ± 12.8 h for paste. After 8 d of dosing at 0.1 mg/kg every 24 h, pharmacokinetic parameters stabilized to an AUC of 6,341 ± 3,003 h*mg/ml for tablets and 5,613 ± 2,262 for paste, and T1/2 of 84.4 ± 32.2 h for tablets and 62.9 ± 2.3 h for paste. Serum COX inhibition was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo in untreated elephant plasma, where firocoxib demonstrated preferential inhibition of COX-2. No adverse effects from firocoxib administration were identified in this study. Results suggest administering firocoxib to Asian elephants at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg orally, using either tablet or paste formulations, every 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Kottwitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA,
| | - Ursula Bechert
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Crisanta Cruz-Espindola
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Dawn Boothe
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Kottwitz J, Bechert U, Cruz-Espindola C, Christensen JM, Boothe D. SERUM DISPOSITION OF A SINGLE DOSE OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED FIROCOXIB IN AFRICAN ELEPHANTS ( LOXODONTA AFRICANA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:350-359. [PMID: 37428699 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The time course of serum firocoxib concentrations was described after administration of two single oral doses (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) of commercially available firocoxib tablet (n = 4) and paste (n = 2) formulations to six healthy adult female African (Loxodonta africana) elephants. Firocoxib was quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Firocoxib serum concentrations were below detectable levels after administration of 0.01 mg/kg of both formulations. A dose of 0.1 mg/kg (n = 4) of the tablet formulation had the following mean ± SD of pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the curve (AUC) 1,588 ± 362 h × ng/ml, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) 31 ± 6.6 ng/ml at 6.4 ± 1.8 h, and disappearance half-life (T1/2) 66 ± 59 h, Elephant compliance to oral administration of the paste formulation was challenging, with only two elephants accepting administration of the paste at 0.1 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined included AUC of 814 h × ng/ml, Cmax of 44 ng/ml at Tmax of 7.0 h, and T1/2 of 36.4 h. Based on mean AUC, the relative bioavailability of paste compared to tablet formulations was 50%. Limitations of this study were the small number of participants and elephant compliance with the paste formulation. This study supports an oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg every 24 h. Multidose and IV trials are indicated to confirm firocoxib dosing requirements for African elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Kottwitz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA,
| | - Ursula Bechert
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Crisanta Cruz-Espindola
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Dawn Boothe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223697. [PMID: 32059002 PMCID: PMC7021320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In veterinary medicine, the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) for the control of postsurgical pain in dogs and cats is common given the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of these drugs. This study compared the serum biochemical changes and postoperative analgesic effects of paracetamol, meloxicam, and carprofen in bitches submitted to an ovariohysterectomy using the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale (DIVAS) and Pain Scale of the University of Melbourne (UMPS) scoring systems. Methods Thirty bitches of different breeds underwent elective ovariohysterectomies and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a paracetamol group [15 mg kg-1 intravenous (IV)], a carprofen group (4 mg kg-1 IV), and a meloxicam group (0.2 mg kg-1 IV). All treatments were administered 30 minutes prior to surgery. Paracetamol was administered every 8 hours postoperatively for 48 hours total, while carprofen and meloxicam were intravenously administered every 24 hours. An evaluation of post-surgical pain was done with the DIVAS and the UMPS. The first post-surgical pain measurement was performed 1 hour after surgery and then 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. Results All groups exhibited a gradual reduction in pain throughout the postoperative period in both scales; however, neither scale significantly differed between the three treatment groups (P > 0.05) during the 48 postoperative hours. Conclusions Paracetamol was as effective as meloxicam and carprofen for post-surgical analgesia in bitches subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy. The present study demonstrates that paracetamol may be considered a tool for the effective treatment of acute perioperative pain in dogs. Furthermore, this drug led to no adverse reactions or changes in the parameters assessed in the present study, indicating its safety.
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Oyama N, Sano T, Yamamori M, Tamura J, Umar MA, Endo Y, Ishikawa Y, Itoh A, Miyoshi K, Yamashita K. Influence of sevoflurane anesthesia with mechanical ventilation and fluid-therapy on distribution of subcutaneously administered robenacoxib in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1450-1455. [PMID: 30078791 PMCID: PMC6160876 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for dogs. The present study aimed to evaluate influences of sevoflurane anesthesia on the distribution of robenacoxib in
dogs. Ten healthy beagle dogs (1 to 11 years old, 9.3 to 14.3 kg body weight, 6 males and 4 females) were subcutaneously administered robenacoxib (2 mg/kg) under conscious condition or
sevoflurane anesthesia inhaled a 1.3-fold predetermined individual minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane at a 28-day interval. The dogs under sevoflurane anesthesia were also
mechanically ventilated and received fluid-therapy. On each occasion, serum samples were collected from the dogs before and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min after the robenacoxib
administration. Serum robenacoxib concentration was measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Maximum serum concentration of robenacoxib (Cmax) was 2.2
µg/ml [range: 1.2–4.6] (median [range: minimum-maximum]) and time of Cmax (Tmax) was 90 min [range: 60–120] in the conscious dogs.
In the sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs, the Cmax significantly declined (1.3 µg/ml [range: 0.8–1.4], P=0.008) and Tmax
was delayed (120 min [range: 120–240], P=0.018) compared with those in the conscious dogs. The serum robenacoxib concentration at 240 min (C240) decreased to 0.5
µg/ml [range: 0.2–0.9] in the conscious dogs, while it remained higher in the sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs (1.0 µg/ml
[range: 0.3–1.4], P=0.011). In conclusion, the anesthetic procedure with sevoflurane, mechanically ventilated, and received fluid-therapy might affect the pharmacokinetics
of subcutaneously administered robenacoxib in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Oyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sano
- Department of Veterinary Nursing Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamamori
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Jun Tamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Umar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State 600243, Nigeria
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Yusyun Ishikawa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Akifumi Itoh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Miyoshi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamashita
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8591, Japan
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Kou N, Xue M, Yang L, Zang MX, Qu H, Wang MM, Miao Y, Yang B, Shi DZ. Panax quinquefolius saponins combined with dual antiplatelet drug therapy alleviate gastric mucosal injury and thrombogenesis through the COX/PG pathway in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194082. [PMID: 29584740 PMCID: PMC5870954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies have found that Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS) combined with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) of aspirin and clopidogrel enhances antithrombotic effects while reducing gastric mucosal injury induced by DAPT. We investigated the effects of the combined drug therapy (PQS+DAPT) through the COX/PG pathways. Methods Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was induced in Wistar rats by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, and the animals were randomly divided into Model, DAPT, and PQS+DAPT groups. Rats in the sham group did not undergo artery ligation. They were intragastrically treated for 14 days. Myocardial infarct size; myocardial pathology; platelet aggregation rate, CD62p activation, concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-PGF1α, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio were measured. The ultrastructure of the gastric mucosa was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The expression of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α in gastric mucosa was measured by radioimmunoassay, and levels of COX-1, COX-2, and VEGF in gastric mucosa were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results The addition of Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS+DAPT) to standard DAPT therapy significantly decreased the myocardial infarct area, degree of myocardial lesions, TXB2 and PAI levels, and the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio, while increasing 6-keto-PGF1α and t-PA levels and reducing the degree of gastric mucosal injury. Expression of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1α, COX-2, and VEGF in the gastric mucosa was upregulated in the PQS+DAPT group compared with the standard DAPT group. Conclusion PQS increases the degree of DAPT inhibition of myocardial necrosis and antiplatelet effects in AMI rats, as well as reducing damage to the gastric mucosa caused by DAPT. The mechanism may be related to inhibition of TXB2 and PAI activity and elevation of 6-keto-PGF1α and t-PA levels in blood, and may be associated with upregulated expression of COX-2, PGE2, PGI2, and VEGF in gastric tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kou
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, Clinical College, Graduate school, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Zang
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, Clinical College, Graduate school, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Zhuo Shi
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, Clinical College, Graduate school, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Ludwig HC, Birdwhistell KE, Brainard BM, Franklin SP. Use of a Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Does Not Inhibit Platelet Activation or Growth Factor Release From Platelet-Rich Plasma. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:3351-3357. [PMID: 28952781 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517730578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unestablished whether use of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors impairs platelet activation and anabolic growth factor release from platelets in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a COX-2 inhibitor on platelet activation and anabolic growth factor release from canine PRP when using a clinically applicable PRP activator and to determine whether a 3-day washout would be sufficient to abrogate any COX-2 inhibitor-related impairment on platelet function. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Ten healthy dogs underwent blood collection and PRP preparation. Dogs were then administered a COX-2 inhibitor for 7 days, after which PRP preparation was repeated. The COX-2 inhibitor was continued for 4 more days and PRP preparation performed a third time, 3 days after discontinuation of the COX-2 inhibitor. Immediately after PRP preparation, the PRP was divided into 4 aliquots: 2 unactivated and 2 activated using human γ-thrombin (HGT). One activated and 1 unactivated sample were assessed using flow cytometry for platelet expression of CD62P and platelet-bound fibrinogen using the canine activated platelet-1 (CAP1) antibody. The 2 remaining samples were centrifuged and the supernatant assayed for transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentrations. Differences in platelet activation and TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and TXB2 concentrations over the 3 study weeks were evaluated using a 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA, and comparisons between activated and unactivated samples within a study week were assessed with paired t tests. RESULTS There were no statistically significant ( P > .05) effects of the COX-2 inhibitor on percentage of platelets positive for CD62P or CAP1 or on concentrations of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, or TXB2. All unactivated samples had low levels of activation or growth factor concentrations and significantly ( P < .05) greater activation and growth factor concentrations in HGT-activated samples. CONCLUSION This COX-2 inhibitor did not impair platelet activation, growth factor release, or TXB2 production in this canine PRP when using HGT as an activator. Studies are warranted to determine whether COX-2 inhibitors affect platelet activation and growth factor release from human PRPs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that there is no need to withhold a COX-2 inhibitor before PRP preparation, particularly if thrombin is going to be used to activate the PRP. This is clinically relevant information because many patients who are candidates for PRP therapy for treatment of musculoskeletal injury are also using COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary C Ludwig
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kate E Birdwhistell
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel P Franklin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Burkett BN, Thomason JM, Hurdle HM, Wills RW, Fontenot RL. Effects of Firocoxib, Flunixin Meglumine, and Phenylbutazone on Platelet Function and Thromboxane Synthesis in Healthy Horses. Vet Surg 2016; 45:1087-1094. [PMID: 27731498 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on platelet function and thromboxane synthesis immediately after drug administration and following 5 days of NSAID administration in healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomized cross-over study. ANIMALS Healthy adult horses (n=9; 6 geldings and 3 mares). METHODS Horses received either flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV every 12 hours), phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg IV every 12 hours), or firocoxib (loading dose of 0.27 mg/kg IV on day 1, then 0.09 mg/kg IV every 24 hours for 4 days) for a total of 5 days. Blood samples were collected prior to drug administration (day 0), 1 hour after initial NSAID administration (day 1), and then 1 hour post-NSAID administration on day 5. Platelet function was assessed using turbidimetric aggregometry and a platelet function analyzer. Serum thromboxane B2 concentrations were determined by commercial ELISA kit. A minimum 14 day washout period occurred between trials. RESULTS At 1 hour and 5 days postadministration of firocoxib, flunixin meglumine, or phenylbutazone, there was no significant effect on platelet aggregation or function using turbidimetric aggregometry or a platelet function analyzer. There was, however, a significant decrease in thromboxane synthesis at 1 hour and 5 days postadministration of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone that was not seen with firocoxib. CONCLUSION Preoperative administration of flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, or firocoxib should not inhibit platelet function based on our model. The clinical implications of decreased thromboxane B2 synthesis following flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone administration are undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna N Burkett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - John M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Holly M Hurdle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Robin L Fontenot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
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Pattullo KM, Kidney BA, Taylor SM, Jackson ML. Reticulocytosis in nonanemic dogs: increasing prevalence and potential etiologies. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:26-36. [PMID: 25488123 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing prevalence of reticulocytosis in the absence of anemia (RAA) in dogs has been suspected in recent years. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine whether prevalence of RAA in our canine population has been increasing over the last years, and to identify potential predisposing factors. METHODS The annual prevalence of RAA in adult dogs was determined between 2000 and 2012. Clinical histories and CBC data were analyzed for all dogs, as well as owner response to a questionnaire including information on nutrition and supplements was conducted for dogs with RAA identified between 2011 and 2012. In addition, serum iron concentration (Fe), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and percent transferrin saturation (%TS) were determined in 14 dogs with RAA and compared with 8 healthy control dogs. RESULTS Reticulocytosis in the absence of anemia was identified in 1035 dogs, with the prevalence increasing since 2006. Dogs with RAA evaluated after 2006 (n = 853) had significantly lower MCV and were more likely to have microcytosis than those prior to 2006 (n = 182). Increased incidence of osteoarthritis was observed in dogs evaluated after 2006, including the dogs studied between 2011 and 2012 (n = 31), and administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, omega-3 fatty acids, and glucosamine was more common in the latter. Significantly lower mean Fe and %TS, and higher TIBC were found in dogs with RAA compared to unaffected dogs. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of RAA has increased in recent years in our canine population. More ubiquitous use of anti-inflammatory medications and nutraceuticals, associated with increased diagnosis of osteoarthritis should be considered as contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Pattullo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Lees P, Pelligand L, Elliott J, Toutain PL, Michels G, Stegemann M. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology and therapeutics of mavacoxib in the dog: a review. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:1-14. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Lees
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Herts UK
| | - L. Pelligand
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Herts UK
| | - J. Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Herts UK
| | - P.-L. Toutain
- École National Vétérinaire de Toulouse; INRA; UMR 1331 Toxalim 23 Chemin des Capelles-BP 87614; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - G. Michels
- Zoetis; Global Development & Operations; Veterinary Medicine Research & Development; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - M. Stegemann
- Zoetis; Global Development & Operations; Veterinary Medicine Research & Development; Zaventem Belgium
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Yu C, Qi D, Lian W, Li QZ, Li HJ, Fan HY. Effects of danshensu on platelet aggregation and thrombosis: in vivo arteriovenous shunt and venous thrombosis models in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110124. [PMID: 25375124 PMCID: PMC4222847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Danshensu, a type of dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid, is one of the most abundant active phenolic acids in the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhizae (Lamiaceae)--widely used traditional Chinese medicine. The effects of danshensu on platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in rats were examined using various methods. It was found that danshensu significantly reduced thrombus weight in 2 experimental thrombosis models; dose-dependent inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation occurred in normal and blood stasis-induced rats; Danshensu also significantly mitigated blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit levels. Moreover, danshensu significantly inhibited venous thrombosis-induced expression of cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) rather than cyclooxygenases-1(COX-1) in the venous walls, down regulated thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and up regulated 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), normalizing the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio. In addition, danshensu did not induce gastric lesions and even had protective effects on aspirin-induced ulcer formation at doses as high as 60 mg/kg. These findings suggest that the antithrombotic and antiplatelet aggregation effects of danshensu are attributed to its highly selective inhibition of COX-2 and ability to normalize the thromboxane A2(TXA2)/prostacyclin(PGI2) balance. These findings suggest that danshensu have great prospects in antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Qi
- Department of Nephrology, Yantai Yu-Huang-Ding/Qingdao University Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Lian
- Yantai Yan-Tai-Shan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qing-Zhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Monteiro-Steagall BP, Steagall PVM, Lascelles BDX. Systematic review of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced adverse effects in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1011-9. [PMID: 23782347 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to identify, assess, and critically evaluate the quality of evidence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced adverse effects in dogs. Original prospective studies published in peer-reviewed journals in English (1990-2012) that reported data on the safety of NSAIDs administration in dogs were searched. For each study, design type (I, II, III, or IV) and assessment of quality (+, Ø, -) were rated. For each drug, quantity and consistency rating (***, **, *) and strength of evidence (high, moderate, low, or extremely low) were identified and evaluated. The strength of evidence was defined in terms of how applicable and relevant the conclusions were to the target population. Sixty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five (55%) research studies and 29 (45%) clinical trials were identified. A high strength of evidence existed for carprofen, firocoxib, and meloxicam; moderate for deracoxib, ketoprofen, and robenacoxib; and low for etodolac. Quality and consistency rating were as follows: carprofen (***/***), deracoxib (**/***), etodolac (*/unable to rate), firocoxib (***/**), ketoprofen (**/***), meloxicam (***/***), and robenacoxib (**/**), respectively. Adverse effects were detected in 35 studies (55%) and commonly included vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Three studies (5%) reported a power analysis related to adverse effects of ≥80%. In randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded studies (n = 25, 39%), the incidence of adverse effects was not statistically different between treated and control dogs. Finally, most studies were not appropriately designed to determine the safety of NSAIDs, and involved a healthy nongeriatric population of research dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Monteiro-Steagall
- Veterinary Anesthesia Consultancy Services, Rua Cel. Mello de Oliveira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Surdyk KK, Sloan DL, Brown SA. Renal effects of carprofen and etodolac in euvolemic and volume-depleted dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1485-90. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Nieto JE, Aleman M, Anderson JD, Fiack C, Snyder JR. Effects of phenylbutazone on gene expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in the oral, glandular gastric, and bladder mucosae of healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:98-104. [PMID: 22204294 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess gene expressions of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in oral, glandular gastric, and urinary bladder mucosae and determine the effect of oral administration of phenylbutazone on those gene expressions in horses. ANIMALS 12 healthy horses. PROCEDURES Horses were allocated to receive phenylbutazone or placebo (6 horses/group); 1 placebo-treated horse with a cystic calculus was subsequently removed from the study, and those data were not analyzed. In each horse, the stomach and urinary bladder were evaluated for ulceration via endoscopy before and after experimental treatment. Oral, glandular gastric, and urinary bladder mucosa biopsy specimens were collected by use of a skin punch biopsy instrument (oral) or transendoscopically (stomach and bladder) before and after administration of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg, p.o., q 12 h) in corn syrup or placebo (corn syrup alone) for 7 days. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 gene expressions were determined (via quantitative PCR techniques) in specimens collected before and after the 7-day treatment period and compared within and between groups. Prior to commencement of treatment, biopsy specimens from 7 horses were used to compare gene expressions among tissues. RESULTS The cyclooxygenase-1 gene was expressed in all tissues collected. The cyclooxygenase-2 gene was expressed in the glandular gastric and bladder mucosae but not in the oral mucosa. Cyclooxygenase gene expressions were unaffected by phenylbutazone administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cyclooxygenase-2 was constitutively expressed in glandular gastric and bladder mucosae but not in the oral mucosa of healthy horses. Oral administration of phenylbutazone at the maximum recommended dosage daily for 7 days did not affect cyclooxygenase-1 or -2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Nieto
- Comparative Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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KuKanich B, Bidgood T, Knesl O. Clinical pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:69-90. [PMID: 22151877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss the clinical pharmacology of currently licensed veterinary NSAIDs and to review gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects as well as drug-drug interactions that have been reported with these drugs. To review the use of NSAIDs in the peri-operative setting and their use in patients with osteoarthritis. To further review the reported effects of NSAIDs on canine articular cartilage and liver as well as the clinical relevance of a washout period. DATABASES USED PubMed, CAB abstracts and Google Scholar using dog, dogs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and NSAID(s) as keywords. CONCLUSIONS A good understanding of the mechanisms by which NSAIDs elicit their analgesic effect is essential in order to minimize adverse effects and drug-drug interactions. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is present in at least two active isoforms in the body and is the primary pharmacologic target of NSAIDs. Inhibition of COX is associated with the analgesic effects of NSAIDs. COX is present in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys, along with other areas of the body, and is also the likely reason for many adverse effects including gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects. The newer veterinary approved NSAIDs have a lower frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects in dogs compared to drugs such as aspirin, ketoprofen and flunixin, which may be due to differential effects on the COX isoforms. There are currently no published reports demonstrating that the newer NSAIDs are associated with fewer renal or hepatic adverse effects in dogs. NSAIDs remain the cornerstone of oral therapy for osteoarthritis unless contraindicated by intolerance, concurrent therapies or underlying medical conditions. NSAIDs are also effective and frequently used for the management of post-operative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butch KuKanich
- Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Bienhoff SE, Smith ES, Roycroft LM, Roberts ES, Baker LD. Efficacy and safety of deracoxib for the control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with dental surgery in dogs. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2011:593015. [PMID: 23738113 PMCID: PMC3658545 DOI: 10.5402/2011/593015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of deracoxib administered at 1-2 mg/kg/day for 3 days was assessed for the control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with dental surgery in dogs. Client-owned dogs scheduled for dental extractions were premedicated with butorphanol and randomly assigned to receive either deracoxib (n = 31) or placebo (n = 31) preoperatively and again once daily for 2 additional days. Dogs were evaluated prior to and after surgery using a modified Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (mGCPS). Dogs could be rescued at any time if they scored ≥4 on the mGCPS or in cases of obvious discomfort. Rescued dogs were considered treatment failures for determining treatment response and were removed from the study. Of the 62 dogs enrolled, 57 were usable for the efficacy analyses and all were assessed for safety. Four of 27 deracoxib-treated dogs (14.8%) were rescued compared to 20 of 30 placebo dogs (66.7%) (P = 0.0006). Deracoxib-treated dogs also had numerically lower mGCPS scores. Eight of 31 deracoxib dogs (26%) had adverse events reported compared to 6 of 31 placebo dogs (19%). Results indicate perioperative administration of deracoxib to dogs at 1-2 mg/kg/day for 3 days significantly improves analgesia after dental surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Bienhoff
- Department of New Product Development, Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., Greensboro, NC 27408, USA
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Bienhoff SE, Smith ES, Roycroft LM, Roberts ES. Efficacy and safety of deracoxib for control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs. Vet Surg 2012; 41:336-44. [PMID: 22225463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness and safety of deracoxib (Deramaxx®) administered at a dose of 1-2 mg/kg/day for 3 days for control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical study. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 34). METHODS Dogs undergoing soft tissue surgeries were randomly assigned to receive either deracoxib (n = 18) or placebo (n = 16) as a preoperative treatment and again once daily for 2 additional days after surgery unless removed from the study. Dogs were evaluated before surgery and again postsurgically at predetermined times using the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS). All dogs were allowed to receive another pain medication (except nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] or corticosteroids) as postsurgical pain intervention if the dog scored ≥6 on the GCPS or was in obvious discomfort. Dogs receiving pain intervention were considered treatment failures and were removed from the study. RESULTS Two of 16 dogs treated with deracoxib were rescued compared with 9 of 16 dogs receiving placebo (P = .0091). In addition, deracoxib treated dogs had numerically lower GCPS scores. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest perioperative administration of deracoxib to dogs at 1-2 mg/kg/day for 3 days significantly improves analgesia in the postoperative surgical period after soft tissue surgery. Placebo dogs not rescued after painful procedures highlight the need for refinement of current pain assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Bienhoff
- Department of New Product Development, Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., Greensboro, NC 27408, USA.
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Salga MS, Ali HM, Abdulla MA, Abdelwahab SI. Gastroprotective activity and mechanism of novel dichlorido-zinc(II)-4-(2-(5-methoxybenzylideneamino)ethyl)piperazin-1-iumphenolate complex on ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 195:144-53. [PMID: 22178775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Zinc complexes were reported to have anti-ulcer activity and used as drug for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. A novel compound dichlorido-zinc(II)-4-(2-(5-methoxybenzylidene amino)ethyl)piperazin-1-iumphenolate (ZnHMS) was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for its gastroprotective activity against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. Gross and microscopic lesions, histochemical staining of glycogen storage, biochemical and immunological parameters were taken into consideration. Oral administration of ZnHMS (30 and 60 mg/kg; 14 days) dose-dependently inhibited gastric lesions. It significantly increased the mucus content and total acidity compared to the control group (P<0.01). Serum levels of aspartate (AST), alanine (ALT) transaminases, pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the rats exposed to ethanol induced ulceration have been altered. ZnHMS considerably enhances (P<0.05) the protection of gastric epithelia by modulating the acute alterations of AST, ALT, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and stomach glycogen. Interestingly, ZnHMS did interfere with the natural release of nitric oxide. In addition, acute toxicity study revealed no abnormal sign to the rats treated with ZnHMS (2000 mg/kg). These findings suggest that the gastroprotective activity of ZnHMS might contribute in adjusting the inflammatory cytokine-mediated oxidative damage to the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleh Salga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Hicks MA, Hosgood GL, Morgan TW, Briere CA, McConnico RS. In vitro effect of carprofen and meloxicam on the conductance and permeability to mannitol and the histologic appearance of the gastric mucosa of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:570-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.4.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sparkes AH, Heiene R, Lascelles BDX, Malik R, Real L, Robertson S, Scherk M, Taylor P. ISFM and AAFP Consensus Guidelines: Long-Term use of NSAIDs in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:521-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NSAIDs and cats Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important class of drug in feline medicine, having analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. While most published data on their use in this species relate to short-term (often perioperative) therapy, there is increasing evidence of the value of these drugs in treating chronic pain in cats (for example, that associated with degenerative joint disease), and some NSAIDs have now become licensed for long-term use in cats in some geographies. Most of our knowledge of therapeutic mechanisms or adverse drug reactions associated with NSAIDs is extrapolated from work in other species, and there is a paucity of published data relating to cats. Guidelines These guidelines have been drawn together by an expert panel, which have reviewed the current literature on long-term NSAID use in cats and other species, and developed guidance on their use based on this information. The aim is to provide practical information for veterinarians to encourage appropriate NSAID therapy whenever cats will benefit from the use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reidun Heiene
- Associate Professor, Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Associate Professor of Surgery, Director, Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Director, Integrated Pain Management Service, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Sheilah Robertson
- Section of Anesthesia and Pain Management, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Wooten JG, Lascelles BDX, Cook VL, Law JM, Blikslager AT. Evaluation of the relationship between lesions in the gastroduodenal region and cyclooxygenase expression in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:630-5. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.6.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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King JN, Rudaz C, Borer L, Jung M, Seewald W, Lees P. In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of canine cyclooxygenase isoforms by robenacoxib: a comparative study. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:497-506. [PMID: 20004922 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro whole blood canine assays were used to quantify the inhibitory actions of the novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib on the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, in comparison with other drugs of the NSAID class. COX-1 activity was determined by measuring serum thromboxane (Tx)B(2) synthesis in blood samples allowed to clot at 37 degrees C for 1h. COX-2 activity was determined by measuring prostaglandin (PG)E(2) synthesis in blood samples incubated at 37 degrees C for 24h in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. The rank order of selectivity for inhibition of COX-2 versus COX-1 (IC(50) COX-1:IC(50) COX-2) for veterinary drugs was highest with robenacoxib (128.8) compared to deracoxib (48.5), nimesulide (29.2), S+ carprofen (17.6), meloxicam (7.3), etodolac (6.6), R- carprofen (5.8) and ketoprofen (0.88). Selectivity expressed as the clinically relevant ratio IC(20) COX-1:IC(80) COX-2 was highest for robenacoxib (19.8) compared to deracoxib (2.3), S+ carprofen (2.5), R- carprofen (2.1), nimesulide (1.8), etodolac (0.76), meloxicam (0.46) and ketoprofen (0.21). An in vivo pharmacokinetic ex vivo pharmacodynamic study in the dog established dosage and concentration-effect relationships for single oral doses of robenacoxib over the dosage range 0.5-8.0mg/kg. Values of C(max) and AUC were linearly related to dosage over the tested range. Robenacoxib did not inhibit serum TxB(2) synthesis (COX-1) ex vivo at dosages of 0.5-4.0mg/kg and produced only transient inhibition (at the 1h and 2h sampling times) at the 8mg/kg dosage. All dosages of robenacoxib (0.5-8mg/kg) produced marked, significant and dose related inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis (COX-2) ex vivo. The data demonstrate that in the dog robenacoxib is a highly selective inhibitor of the COX-2 isoform of COX, and significantly inhibits COX-2 and spares COX-1 in vivo when administered orally over the dosage range 0.5-4.0mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N King
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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Wooten JG, Blikslager AT, Marks SL, Law JM, Graeber EC, Lascelles BDX. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with varied cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity on cyclooxygenase protein and prostanoid concentrations in pyloric and duodenal mucosa of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1243-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lascelles BDX, King S, Roe S, Marcellin-Little DJ, Jones S. Expression and activity of COX-1 and 2 and 5-LOX in joint tissues from dogs with naturally occurring coxofemoral joint osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:1204-8. [PMID: 19274754 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiology of pain in naturally occurring models of osteoarthritis (OA) may improve the understanding of human OA pain. Both COX and LOX have been associated with joint pain. This study evaluated COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX expression and activity in a naturally occurring canine model of secondary OA. Hip joint capsule with synovial tissue (HJC) and femoral head subchondral bone (FH) was collected from normal dogs and dogs undergoing total hip replacement for coxofemoral joint OA. Tissues were analyzed for COX-1, COX-2, and LOX protein, and PGE(2) and LTB(4). Significantly more COX-2 protein was present in OA HJC than normal joints (p = 0.0009). There was no significant difference in COX-1 or LOX protein, although LOX protein was increased (p = 0.069). PGE(2) concentration in normal and OA HJC was similar (p = 1.0). LTB(4) concentration in OA HJC was significantly greater than normal HJC (p = 0.028). Significantly more COX-1 (p = 0.0098), COX-2 (p = 0.0028), and LOX (p = 0.0095) protein was present in OA FH tissue compared to normal FH tissue. There were no differences in PGE(2) or LTB(4) concentration in normal and OA FH tissue (p = 0.77 and p = 0.11). Together, these data suggest both COX-2 and 5-LOX are appropriate targets for the management of pain associated with naturally occurring OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duncan X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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ROBERTS ES, VAN LARE KA, MARABLE BR, SALMINEN WF. Safety and tolerability of 3-week and 6-month dosing of Deramaxx®(Deracoxib) chewable tablets in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:329-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Papich MG. An Update on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:1243-66, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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