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Koho N, Rajamäki MM, Viitanen SJ. Serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic biomarker in dogs with bacterial respiratory diseases. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53:273-279. [PMID: 38730224 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) is a useful biomarker in humans in the identification of bacterial respiratory infections. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of serum PCT measurements as a diagnostic biomarker in canine bacterial lower respiratory tract diseases. METHODS PCT concentrations were measured in serum samples with an ELISA method previously validated for dogs. All dogs underwent thorough clinical examinations, and the diagnosis of respiratory disease was based on clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, as well as cytology and bacterial culture of respiratory samples. PCT concentrations between different cohorts of dogs were compared with an ANOVA-model. RESULTS Sixty-two privately owned dogs with respiratory diseases, 25 with bacterial pneumonia (BP), 17 with bacterial bronchitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB), and 20 with chronic bronchitis (CB) as well as 44 healthy controls were included in the study. Serum PCT concentrations in dogs with bacterial respiratory diseases (BP mean 51.8 ng/L ± standard deviation [SD] 40.6 ng/L and BB mean 61.4 ng/L ± SD 35.3 ng/L) were not significantly different when compared with dogs with a non-bacterial respiratory disease (CB mean 89.7 ± SD 73.5 ng/L) or healthy dogs (mean 51.0 ng/L ± SD 37.5 ng/L, p > .05 in all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that despite being a valuable diagnostic, prognostic, and follow-up marker in humans with pneumonia, serum PCT concentrations are not elevated in dogs with bacterial respiratory diseases and, therefore, cannot be used as a diagnostic biomarker in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S J Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Viitanen SJ, Gehani SM, Tilamaa AM, Rajamäki MM, Veldhuizen RAW. Biophysical properties of alveolar surfactant in drever dogs with hunting associated pulmonary edema. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:24. [PMID: 38822358 PMCID: PMC11143697 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A syndrome of acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with hunting is prevalent in the drever breed, but etiology of this syndrome is currently unknown. Alveolar surfactant has a critical role in preventing alveolar collapse and edema formation. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether the predisposition to hunting associated pulmonary edema in drever dogs is associated with impaired biophysical properties of alveolar surfactant. Seven privately owned drever dogs with recurrent hunting associated pulmonary edema and seven healthy control dogs of other breeds were included in the study. All affected dogs underwent thorough clinical examinations including echocardiography, laryngeal evaluation, bronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as head, neck and thoracic computed tomography imaging to rule out other cardiorespiratory diseases potentially causing the clinical signs. Alveolar surfactant was isolated from frozen, cell-free supernatants of BAL fluid and biophysical analysis of the samples was completed using a constrained sessile drop surfactometer. Statistical comparisons over consecutive compression expansion cycles were performed using repeated measures ANOVA and comparisons of single values between groups were analyzed using T-test. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups in any of the biophysical outcomes of surfactant analysis. The critical function of surfactant, reducing the surface tension to low values upon compression, was similar between healthy dogs and affected drevers. CONCLUSIONS The etiology of hunting associated pulmonary edema in drever dogs is not due to an underlying surfactant dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Johanna Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sabrine Moya Gehani
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario and Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anni Maria Tilamaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Marjaana Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruud Anthonius Wilhelmus Veldhuizen
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario and Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, Canada
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Biénès T, Lyssens A, Machiels H, Hercot ME, Fastres A, Alexandru-Cosmin T, Deville M, Charlier C, Billen F, Clercx C. Intranasal and Serum Gentamicin Concentration: Comparison of Three Topical Administration Protocols in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:490. [PMID: 37624277 PMCID: PMC10457901 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials' topical administration efficacy has not been assessed in dogs with upper respiratory tract disease. The aim was to compare the concentration of gentamicin in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and in serum after three topical protocols. This was a prospective crossover study of ten healthy dogs. Gentamicin was nebulized for a duration of 1 week, twice a day, for 10 min in the first protocol (10-min protocol) and for 3 min in the second protocol (3-min protocol), while the third protocol consisted of the administration of 0.25 mL of gentamicin in each nostril (drop protocol). Median concentrations of gentamicin in NALF were 9.39 µg/mL (8.12-19.97 interquartile range), 4.96 µg/mL (4.60-6.43) and 137.00 µg/mL (110.5-162.00) in the 10-min protocol, 3-min protocol and drop protocol, respectively. The result for the drop protocol was significantly higher than those of both nebulization protocols in NALF (p = 0.039). In serum, the gentamicin concentration was 0.98 µg/mL (0.65-1.53) and 0.25 µg/mL (0.25-0.44) in the 10-min and 3-min protocols, respectively. Gentamicin was not detected in the serum of seven out of ten dogs in the drop protocol, and gentamicin was significantly higher in the 10-min protocol compared to the drop protocol (p = 0.001). This study found that the 10-min, 3-min and drop protocols achieved superior concentrations in NALF compared to the minimum inhibitory concentration for gentamicin-sensitive bacteria, while remaining below the toxic values in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Biénès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Aurélie Lyssens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Hélène Machiels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Marie Eve Hercot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Aline Fastres
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Tutunaru Alexandru-Cosmin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Marine Deville
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic, Industrial and Environmental Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Hospital of Liege, 4130 Liege, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic, Industrial and Environmental Toxicology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Hospital of Liege, 4130 Liege, Belgium; (M.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Frédéric Billen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B67 Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (A.L.); (H.M.); (M.E.H.); (T.A.-C.); (F.B.)
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Kouki S, Viitanen SJ, Koho N, Laurila HP, Lilja‐Maula L, Holopainen S, Neuvonen M, Niemi M, Fastrès A, Clercx C, Rajamäki MM. Extraesophageal reflux and reflux aspiration in dogs with respiratory diseases and in healthy dogs. Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 37:268-276. [PMID: 36655626 PMCID: PMC9889628 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary bile acids are used to diagnose extraesophageal reflux (EER) and to evaluate the risk of reflux aspiration that is associated with respiratory diseases in dogs. OBJECTIVES To study total bile acid (TBA) concentrations in saliva and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) to investigate EER and reflux aspiration in dogs with respiratory diseases and in healthy dogs. ANIMALS Thirty-one West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 12 dogs with inflammatory airway disease (IAD), 6 dogs with recurrent pneumonia (RP), 26 brachycephalic dogs (BD), 27 healthy WHWTs (HW), 52 healthy dogs (HD). All privately-owned dogs. METHODS Saliva and BALF were collected from dogs in each group. RESULTS Salivary TBA concentrations were higher in IPF (median 0.1692 μM, interquartile range [IQR] 0.1115-0.2925 μM, Cohen's d 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-4.0, P < .001) and BD (0.0256 μM, IQR 0.0086-0.0417 μM, d 0.5, CI -0.1 to 1.1, P = .003) compared to HD (0 μM, IQR not quantifiable [n.q.]-0.0131 μM). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid TBA concentrations were higher in IPF (0.0117 μM, IQR 0.0048-0.0361 μM, d 0.5, CI 0-1.1, P < .001) compared to HD (0 μM, IQR n.q.-0.0074 μM). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Extraesophageal reflux and reflux aspiration occur in healthy dogs and those with respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirkku Kouki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sanna J. Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ninna Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Henna P. Laurila
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Liisa Lilja‐Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Saila Holopainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Aline Fastrès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Minna M. Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Sierra-Rodriguez T, Groover ES, Lascola KM, Mora-Pereira M, Lee YH, Duran SH, Ravis WR, Spangler E, Hathcock T, Wooldridge AA. Clinical Feasibility and Airway Deposition of Nebulized Voriconazole in Healthy Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103246. [PMID: 33077094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Voriconazole (VRC) is a potential treatment for pneumomycosis in horses. The objectives of this study were to determine if the delivery of Vfend using a Flexineb nebulizer produced clinically significant [VRC] in lower airways. The hypothesis was that [VRC] after delivery by nebulization would be greater in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid than plasma. A secondary objective was to determine [VRC] in upper airways through the collection of nasopharyngeal wash (NPW) samples. Voriconazole solution [Vfend-6.25 mg/mL, 100 (n = 2), 200 (n = 3), 500 (n = 1) mg] was nebulized once in 6 healthy geldings. Clinical responses, duration of nebulization, and [VRC] at various time points (up to 8 hours) in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatant and cell pellet, and NPW samples were recorded. Voriconazole (Vfend-6.25 mg/mL, 200 mg) was nebulized in 5 additional, healthy geldings, and [VRC] was measured in NPW samples pre- and postnebulization at time points up to 8 hours. The antifungal activity of BALF and NPW samples was determined using agar disk diffusion. Concentrations of voriconazole were below detection in plasma, BALF supernatant, and cell pellets for all time points and doses except the BALF cell pellet (0.4 μg/g) immediately after nebulization of 500 mg. For 5 horses, administered 200 mg of Vfend, mean [VCR] in NPW at the end of nebulization and 1, 6, and 8 hours postnebulization were: 30.8 ± 29, 1.0 ± 0.84, 0.2 ± 0.19, and 0.34 ± 0.67 μg/mL, respectively. Only NPW samples obtained immediately postnebulization showed antifungal activity. A nebulized Vfend solution is not recommended for the treatment of pneumomycosis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sierra-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Erin S Groover
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Kara M Lascola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Mariano Mora-Pereira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Yann H Lee
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Sue H Duran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - William R Ravis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Elizabeth Spangler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Terri Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Anne A Wooldridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
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6
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van Leenen K, Van Driessche L, De Cremer L, Masmeijer C, Boyen F, Deprez P, Pardon B. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid bacteriology and cytology in calves classified based on combined clinical scoring and lung ultrasonography. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104901. [PMID: 32014683 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of antimicrobial use in calves. Combining clinical examination and lung ultrasonography allows on-farm classification of calves as healthy or suffering from an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), subclinical or clinical pneumonia. This might help to improve targeted antimicrobial therapy, restricting treatment to pneumonic cases. However, to what extent these diagnostic categories coincide with expected bacteriological and cytological bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) characteristics is currently unknown. The objective of this study was therefore to compare BALf bacteriology and cytology between healthy calves and calves with URTI, subclinical and clinical pneumonia. The hypothesis was that calves with subclinical and clinical pneumonia would have higher quantitative bacterial counts, bacterial isolation rates and neutrophil counts than URTIs or healthy animals. A cross-sectional study was performed on 305 indoor group-housed dairy and beef calves, from 62 farms. Calves were classified by combining clinical examination and lung ultrasonography. Clinical respiratory disease was defined using the Wisconsin score card and the Healthy Criterion (HC). The HC classified calves as clinically ill if at least one clinical sign was present. Ultrasonographic lung consolidation with a depth of ≥1 cm was considered indicative for pneumonia. Cytology and bacteriology were performed on BALf sampled by non-endoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage. Calves with clinical pneumonia were further subdivided based on culture result and presence of neutrophils phagocytosing bacteria. Combined lung ultrasonography and clinical examination (HC) classified 25.9 % (79/305) of the calves as healthy, 33.1 % (101/305) as URTI, 10.2 % (31/305) as subclinical and 30.8 % (94/305) as clinical pneumonia. Bacterial isolation rates and quantitative BALf culture results did not differ between groups. Calves with clinical pneumonia and neutrophil phagocytosis showed a significantly higher BALf neutrophil percentage compared to healthy calves (59.0 % vs. 37.7 % in healthy calves, P =.03). Inversely, lymphocyte percentage was lower in these calves (1.8 % vs. 5.3 % in healthy calves, P = .003). Classification of calves using lung ultrasonography and clinical scoring did not correspond with BALf bacteriology and cytology findings, as extrapolated from human and companion animal medicine. Under the current housing conditions of this study high rates of non-infectious airway inflammation or airway colonization by opportunistic pathogens, rather than infection might explain this. Isolation of respiratory pathogens from calves with various signs of respiratory disease or ultrasonographic lesions should be interpreted carefully. Of all cytological features, phagocytosis by neutrophils in BALf might be a useful criterion supporting the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Laura Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieze De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christien Masmeijer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Viitanen SJ, Lappalainen AK, Koho NM, Pessa-Morikawa T, Ressel L, Rajamäki MM. Recurrent bacterial pneumonia in Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:846-855. [PMID: 30666726 PMCID: PMC6430867 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia (BP) has been reported in Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs), and recurrence of BP is common. The etiology of recurrent pneumonia in IWHs is largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To describe clinical findings in IWHs with recurrent BP and investigate possible etiologies. ANIMALS Eleven affected IWHs, 25 healthy IWHs, 28 healthy dogs of other Sighthound breeds, and 16 healthy dogs of other breeds. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional observational study. All affected IWHs underwent thorough clinical examinations including thoracic radiographs, thoracic computed tomography, electron microscopic evaluation of ciliary structure, and bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and culture. Serum and BALF immunoglobulin concentrations were measured using an ELISA method, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Esophageal function was assessed by fluoroscopy (n = 2). RESULTS Median age of onset was 5.0 years (range, 0.4-6.5 years), and when presented for study, dogs had experienced a median of 5 previous episodes of BP (range, 2-6). The following predisposing factors to BP were detected: focal bronchiectasis (10/11), unilateral (2/9) and bilateral (1/9) laryngeal paralysis, and esophageal hypomotility (2/2). Local or systemic immunoglobulin deficiencies or primary ciliary defects were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Recurrent BP affects mostly middle-aged and older IWHs without any evident immune deficit or primary ciliary defects. Focal BE was a frequent finding in affected dogs and likely contributed to the development of recurrent respiratory infections. Laryngeal and esophageal dysfunction identified in a minority of dogs may contribute to recurrent BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna J Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu K Lappalainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ninna M Koho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Pessa-Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Minna M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Lim S, Sung S, Min K, Jung Y, Cho Y, Lee K. Bronchoalveolar lavage affects computed tomographic and radiographic characteristics of the lungs in healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:564-570. [PMID: 29931791 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage is a common diagnostic test for dogs with suspected pulmonary disease, however there is no published information on whether this procedure could affect the imaging characteristics of the lungs. Aims of this prospective experimental study were to describe computed tomography (CT) and radiographic features of the lungs after bronchoalveolar lavage in a sample of healthy dogs. Thoracic CT and radiographic images of eight healthy Beagles were acquired at the following time points: before bronchoalveolar lavage, immediately following bronchoalveolar lavage, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h following bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung consolidation or interstitial patterns were seen in CT and radiographic images immediately after the procedure. Radiographic lung patterns resolved within 2 h and CT patterns resolved within 24 h. Resolution of the CT pulmonary patterns in the ventral areas of the lungs was delayed compared to the dorsal areas. Mean CT imaging scores differed over time (P < 0.001), while mean radiographic imaging scores did not differ over time. This study suggests that thoracic radiography and CT imaging assessments should precede bronchoalveolar lavage procedures if possible, or be performed at least 24 h afterward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suneui Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjun Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yechan Jung
- Office of Research Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkwon Cho
- College of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichang Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University Specialized Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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9
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Viitanen SJ, Lappalainen A, Rajamäki MM. Co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:544-51. [PMID: 25818209 PMCID: PMC4895503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial pneumonia (BP) is an inflammation of the lower airways and lung parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection. The pathogenesis of BP in dogs is complex and the role of canine respiratory viruses has not been fully evaluated. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of viral co‐infections in dogs with BP and to assess demographic or clinical variables as well as disease severity associated with viral co‐infections. Animals Twenty household dogs with BP caused by opportunistic bacteria and 13 dogs with chronic (>30 days) tracheobronchitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (BBTB). Methods Prospective cross‐sectional observational study. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, and cytologic and microbiologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage or transtracheal wash fluid. Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus, canine herpes virus, canine influenzavirus, canine distemper virus, canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and canine pneumovirus, as well as B. bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma spp. were analyzed in respiratory samples using PCR assays. Results CPIV was detected in 7/20 and CRCoV in 1/20 dogs with BP. Respiratory viruses were not detected in dogs with BBTB. There were no significant differences in clinical variables between BP dogs with and without a viral co‐infection. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Respiratory viruses were found frequently in dogs with BP and may therefore play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of BP. Clinical variables and disease severity did not differ between BP dogs with and without viral co‐infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Zhu BY, Johnson LR, Vernau W. Tracheobronchial brush cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs and cats with chronic cough: 45 cases (2012-2014). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:526-32. [PMID: 25818208 PMCID: PMC4895494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animals with chronic cough can have normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology when small airway disease is absent. Cytology of a tracheobronchial brushing can detect inflammation in larger airways; however, evaluation of this technique has been limited in veterinary medicine. Objective To compare airway brush cytology to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in dogs and cats with chronic cough. Animals Forty dogs and five cats undergoing bronchoscopic investigation of chronic cough. Methods Prospective study. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed followed by tracheobronchial brushing of central airways. Results of cytologic assessment of BAL fluid and brush cytology were compared for the presence or absence of inflammation and concordance of inflammatory cell type. Results Brush cytology detected central airway inflammation in 34 of 40 (85%) dogs with inflammatory BAL fluid. However, the type of inflammation reported differed in 23 of 34 dogs. In five cats with inflammation in BAL fluid, brush cytology detected inflammation in four; the type of inflammation was discordant in all cats. Conclusions and clinical relevance Brush cytology has good agreement with BAL regarding the presence of inflammation, although the type of inflammation detected with the different sampling techniques commonly varies. Brush cytology can provide supplementary information to BAL, and additional studies will provide further information on the role of tracheobronchial brush cytology in the diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Zhu
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
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11
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Abstract
Examination and sampling of the pulmonary airways can be of great benefit in patients with respiratory disease. Transtracheal and endotracheal washes are minimally invasive procedures that allow for blind sampling of the larger airways for cytologic and culture analysis. Flexible tracheobronchoscopy allows for direct visualization of the trachea, bronchi, and oropharynx. Bronchoalveolar lavage helps to obtain samples from the small airways and alveoli during bronchoscopy. The combined use of these techniques can help clinicians diagnose challenging respiratory cases. The following article reviews the indications and techniques of these procedures.
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Woods KS, Defarges AMN, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Viel L, Brisson BA, Bienzle D. Comparison of manual and suction pump aspiration techniques for performing bronchoalveolar lavage in 18 dogs with respiratory tract disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1398-404. [PMID: 25056240 PMCID: PMC4895568 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different aspiration techniques to retrieve bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) affect sample quality in healthy dogs. Studies evaluating these techniques in dogs with respiratory disease are lacking. Objectives To compare sample quality of BALF acquired by manual aspiration (MA) and suction pump aspiration (SPA). Animals Eighteen client‐owned dogs with respiratory disease. Methods Randomized, blinded prospective clinical trial. Manual aspiration was performed with a 35‐mL syringe attached directly to the bronchoscope biopsy channel and SPA was performed with a maximum of 50 mmHg negative pressure applied to the bronchoscope suction valve using the suction trap connection. Both aspiration techniques were performed in each dog on contralateral lung lobes, utilizing 2 mL/kg lavage volumes per site. Samples of BALF were analyzed by percentage of retrieved infusate, total nucleated cell count (TNCC), differential cell count, semiquantitative assessment of slide quality, and diagnosis score. Data were compared by paired Student's t‐test, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, chi‐squared test, and ANOVA. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to assess agreement. Results The percentage of retrieved BALF (P = .001) was significantly higher for SPA than MA. Substantial agreement was found between cytologic classification of BALF obtained with MA and SPA (kappa = 0.615). There was no significant difference in rate of definitive diagnosis achieved with cytologic assessment between techniques (P = .78). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Suction pump aspiration, compared to MA, improved BALF retrieval, but did not significantly affect the rate of diagnostic success of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in dogs with pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Woods
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON; Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK
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Woods KS, Defarges AMN, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Dobson H, Brisson BA, Viel L, Bienzle D. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained by manual aspiration with a handheld syringe with that obtained by automated suction pump aspiration from healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 75:85-90. [PMID: 24370250 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained by manual aspiration (MA) with a handheld syringe with that obtained by suction pump aspiration (SPA) in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 13 adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Each dog was anesthetized and bronchoscopic BAL was performed. The MA technique was accomplished with a 35-mL syringe attached to the bronchoscope biopsy channel. The SPA technique was achieved with negative pressure (5 kPa) applied to the bronchoscope suction valve with a disposable suction trap. Both aspiration techniques were performed in each dog in randomized order on opposite caudal lung lobes. Two 1 mL/kg aliquots of warm saline (0.9% NaCl) solution were infused per site. For each BAL fluid sample, the percentage of retrieved fluid was calculated, the total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and differential cell count were determined, and semiquantitative assessment of slide quality was performed. Comparisons were made between MA and SPA techniques for each outcome. RESULTS 1 dog was removed from the study because of illness. The mean percentage of fluid retrieved (mean difference, 23%) and median TNCC (median distribution of differences, 100 cells/μL) for samples obtained by SPA were significantly greater than those for samples obtained by MA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In healthy dogs, BAL by SPA resulted in a significantly higher percentage of fluid retrieval and samples with a higher TNCC than did MA. Further evaluation of aspiration techniques in dogs with respiratory tract disease is required to assess whether SPA improves the diagnostic yield of BAL samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine S Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Viitanen SJ, Laurila HP, Lilja-Maula LI, Melamies MA, Rantala M, Rajamäki MM. Serum C-reactive protein as a diagnostic biomarker in dogs with bacterial respiratory diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:84-91. [PMID: 24351049 PMCID: PMC4895528 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute‐phase protein in dogs. Serum concentrations are low in healthy animals, but increase rapidly after inflammatory stimuli. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate CRP concentrations in various respiratory diseases of dogs and to determine if CRP can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory diseases. Animals A total of 106 privately owned dogs with respiratory diseases (17 with bacterial tracheobronchitis [BTB], 20 with chronic bronchitis [CB], 20 with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy [EBP], 12 with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [CIPF], 15 with cardiogenic pulmonary edema [CPE], and 22 with bacterial pneumonia [BP]) and 72 healthy controls. Methods The study was conducted as a prospective cross‐sectional observational study. CRP was measured in serum samples. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging, and selected diagnostic methods such as cytological and microbiological analysis of respiratory samples, echocardiography, and histopathology. Results Dogs with BP had significantly higher CRP concentrations (median, 121 mg/L; interquartile range, 68–178 mg/L) than dogs with BTB (23, 15–38, P = .0003), CB (13, 8–14, P < .0001), EBP (5, 5–15, P < .0001), CIPF (17, 10–20, P < .0001), or CPE (19, 13–32, P < .0001) and healthy controls (14, 8–20, P < .0001). Dogs with BTB had significantly higher CRP concentrations than dogs with CB (P = .001) or EBP (P < .0001) and healthy controls (P = .029). Conclusion and Clinical Importance These results indicate that CRP has potential for use as an additional biomarker, especially in the diagnostics of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Woods KS, Defarges AMN, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Dobson H, Viel L, Brisson BA, Bienzle D. Comparison between manual aspiration via polyethylene tubing and aspiration via a suction pump with a suction trap connection for performing bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:523-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Procollagen type III amino terminal propeptide concentrations in dogs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis compared with chronic bronchitis and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy. Vet J 2013; 196:52-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Katajavuori P, Melamies M, Rajamäki MM. Eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis in a young dog with prolonged remission after treatment. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 54:40-3. [PMID: 23145526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A two-year-old Jack Russell terrier was presented for evaluation of chronic cough and exercise intolerance. Previous treatment with antibiotics and glucocorticoids had only partially ameliorated the clinical signs. During investigation, hypoxaemia, peripheral eosinophilia and an eosinophilic bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were noted. Thoracic radiographs revealed two ovoid clearly delineated soft-tissue opacities, one in the caudal segment of the left cranial lung lobe (diameter 26 mm) and the other in the right cranial lung lobe (diameter 20 mm). These findings were verified by computed tomography, which identified an additional smaller lesion (diameter 16 mm) dorsally in the right caudal lobe. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration samples confirmed the diagnosis of eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis and treatment with prednisolone and azathioprine was initiated. Within 1 month, granulomas were no longer detectable radiographically. All medication was discontinued after 7 months and currently, after 2·5 years, the dog remains free of clinical signs. To the authors' knowledge this is the first case report to describe prolonged remission from idiopathic canine eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Katajavuori
- Small Animal Clinic Vihtivet, Säntikuja 2, 03100, Nummela, Finland
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Ybarra WL, Johnson LR, Drazenovich TL, Johnson EG, Vernau W. Interpretation of multisegment bronchoalveolar lavage in cats (1/2001-1/2011). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1281-7. [PMID: 23106475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytologic results from bronchoscopic BAL in cats with naturally occurring respiratory disease have not been reported, and the clinical utility of multisegment lavage has not been evaluated. HYPOTHESIS BAL cytology from 2 separate lung segments in cats will have similar cell counts, cytologic interpretation, or both. ANIMALS Eighty-seven cases in 85 cats (2 examined twice) with naturally occurring lower respiratory disease. METHODS A combined prospective/retrospective evaluation of all cats with multisegment BAL was performed. BAL fluid was evaluated for total nucleated cell counts, differential cell counts, and cytologic characteristics at each lavage site. BAL fluid was categorized as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, lymphocytic, hypercellular, or mixed. Radiographs were assessed for diffuse or focal disease. RESULTS Clinical diagnoses included inflammatory airway disease (n = 63), pneumonia (n = 15), neoplasia (n = 6), and undetermined (n = 3). Total nucleated cell counts varied between sites regardless of radiographic evidence of focal or diffuse radiographic disease. In 28/87 cases (32%), cell counts differed between lavage sites by 2.2-40 fold. BAL yielded similar cytologic interpretation of inflammation in 45/87 (52%) cases. In 8/14 cases that had BAL performed at the site of a focal radiographic infiltrate, as well as at a site of diffuse infiltrates, the same inflammatory interpretation was made at each site. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid often differ between lung segments in cats with lower respiratory disease, and caution is warranted when using a single BAL cytology to define the inflammatory response in cats with spontaneously occurring lower respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Ybarra
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, CA, USA
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