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Rasmussen N, Karlsen P, Otten ND, Fjeldborg J, Hansen S. Bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage cytology profiles in a warmblood horse population during a 1-year period. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2391-2398. [PMID: 38780440 PMCID: PMC11256144 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology results from 1 lung might not be representative of both lungs. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the lung site sampled would influence the horse's BAL cytology profile, and if a pooled BAL sample would be superior with regard to BAL cytology diagnosis in a cohort of healthy and subclinical asthmatic warmblood horses. ANIMALS Fifty-nine horses in 2021 and 70 horses in 2022, the follow-up included 53 of the same in each year. METHODS A cross-sectional study with follow-up included BAL cytology samples from individual lungs and from pooled BAL samples. The BAL samples were enumerated and differential cell count were applied to categorize the horses as control or with airway inflammation (AI). RESULTS Bronchoalveolar lavage mast cell count was higher in left lung compared to right lung (2021; median 1.6 [range, 0.6-3.3] vs 1.2 [0.7-1.5] P = .009, 2022; median 3.1 [2.1-4.2] vs 2.4 [1.7-3.4], P < .001) and compared to pooled samples (2022; median 2.6 [1.7-3.7], P < .001). Between year 2021 and 2022, 17 of the horses had changes in BAL cytology from control to AI or vice versa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pooled BAL sample was the least reliable for detecting AI, and was not representative of the overall lung condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Rasmussen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Pernille Karlsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Nina D. Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Julie Fjeldborg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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2
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Bishop RC, Migliorisi A, Holmes JR, Kemper AM, Band M, Austin S, Aldridge B, Wilkins PA. Microbial populations vary between the upper and lower respiratory tract, but not within biogeographic regions of the lung of healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 140:105141. [PMID: 38944129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Understanding normal microbial populations within areas of the respiratory tract is essential, as variable regional conditions create different niches for microbial flora, and proliferation of commensal microbes likely contributes to clinical respiratory disease. The objective was to describe microbial population variability between respiratory tract locations in healthy horses. Samples were collected from four healthy adult horses by nasopharyngeal lavage (NPL), transtracheal aspirate (TTA), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of six distinct regions within the lung. Full-length 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and microbial profiling analysis was performed. There was a large amount of diversity, with over 1797 ASVs identified, reduced to 94 taxa after tip agglomeration and prevalence filtering. Number of taxa and diversity were highly variable across horses, sample types, and BAL locations. Firmicutes, proteobacteria, and actinobacteria were the predominant phyla. There was a significant difference in richness (Chao1, p = 0.02) and phylogenetic diversity (FaithPD, p = 0.01) between NPL, TTA, and BAL. Sample type (p = 0.03) and horse (p = 0.005) contributed significantly to Bray-Curtis compositional diversity, while Weighted Unifrac metric was only affected by simplified sample type (NPL and TTA vs BAL, p = 0.04). There was no significant effect of BAL locations within the lung with alpha or beta diversity statistical tests. Overall findings support diverse microbial populations that were variable between upper and lower respiratory tract locations, but with no apparent difference in microbial populations of the six biogeographic regions of the lung, suggesting that BAL fluid obtained blindly by standard clinical techniques may be sufficient for future studies in healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | | | - Jessica R Holmes
- High Performance Computing in Biology, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ann M Kemper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark Band
- Functional Genomics Unit, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott Austin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brian Aldridge
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pamela A Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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3
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Lapsina S, Riond B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Stirn M. Comparison of Sysmex XN-V body fluid mode and deep-learning-based quantification with manual techniques for total nucleated cell count and differential count for equine bronchoalveolar lavage samples. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:48. [PMID: 38317167 PMCID: PMC10840287 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic method for the assessment of the lower respiratory airway health status in horses. Differential cell count and sometimes also total nucleated cell count (TNCC) are routinely measured by time-consuming manual methods, while faster automated methods exist. The aims of this study were to compare: 1) the Sysmex XN-V body fluid (BF) mode with the manual techniques for TNCC and two-part differential into mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells; 2) the Olympus VS200 slide scanner and software generated deep-learning-based algorithm with manual techniques for four-part differential cell count into alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells. The methods were compared in 69 clinical BAL samples. RESULTS Incorrect gating by the Sysmex BF mode was observed on many scattergrams, therefore all samples were reanalyzed with manually set gates. For the TNCC, a proportional and systematic bias with a correlation of r = 0.79 was seen when comparing the Sysmex BF mode with manual methods. For the two-part differential count, a mild constant and proportional bias and a very small mean difference with moderate limits of agreement with a correlation of r = 0.84 and 0.83 were seen when comparing the Sysmex BF mode with manual methods. The Sysmex BF mode classified significantly more samples as abnormal based on the TNCC and the two-part differential compared to the manual method. When comparing the Olympus VS200 deep-learning-based algorithm with manual methods for the four-part differential cell count, a very small bias in the regression analysis and a very small mean difference in the difference plot, as well as a correlation of r = 0.85 to 0.92 were observed for all four cell categories. The Olympus VS200 deep-learning-based algorithm also showed better precision than manual methods for the four-part differential cell count, especially with an increasing number of analyzed cells. CONCLUSIONS The Sysmex XN-V BF mode can be used for TNCC and two-part differential count measurements after reanalyzing the samples with manually set gates. The Olympus VS200 deep-learning-based algorithm correlates well with the manual methods, while showing better precision and can be used for a four-part differential cell count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lapsina
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Mönki J, Holopainen M, Ruhanen H, Karikoski N, Käkelä R, Mykkänen A. Lipid species profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of horses housed on two different bedding materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21778. [PMID: 38066223 PMCID: PMC10709413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipidome of equine BALF cells has not been described. The objectives of this prospective repeated-measures study were to explore the BALF cells' lipidome in horses and to identify lipids associated with progression or resolution of airway inflammation. BALF cells from 22 horses exposed to two bedding materials (Peat 1-Wood shavings [WS]-Peat 2) were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effects of bedding on lipid class and species compositions were tested with rmANOVA. Correlations between lipids and cell counts were examined. The BALF cells' lipidome showed bedding-related differences for molar percentage (mol%) of 60 species. Whole phosphatidylcholine (PC) class and its species PC 32:0 (main molecular species 16:0_16:0) had higher mol% after Peat 2 compared with WS. Phosphatidylinositol 38:4 (main molecular species 18:0_20:4) was higher after WS compared with both peat periods. BALF cell count correlated positively with mol% of the lipid classes phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, ceramide, hexosylceramide, and triacylglycerol but negatively with PC. BALF cell count correlated positively with phosphatidylinositol 38:4 mol%. In conclusion, equine BALF cells' lipid profiles explored with MS-based lipidomics indicated subclinical inflammatory changes after WS. Inflammatory reactions in the cellular lipid species composition were detected although cytological responses indicating inflammation were weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Mönki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna Holopainen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ninja Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Morini M, Gobbo F, Rinnovati R, Romagnoli N, Peli A, Massarenti C, Spadari A, Pietra M. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Severe Equine Asthma: Cytocentrifugated versus Sediment Smear Preparations. Vet Sci 2023; 10:527. [PMID: 37624314 PMCID: PMC10459724 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma is a common respiratory disease that may affect horses of any age. The diagnosis of severe equine asthma (SEA) (historically referred as recurrent airway obstruction or RAO) is based mainly on the history of the animal and clinical signs, which are further supported by the cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). This can also be helpful in monitoring the inflammation of the lower airways in response to environmental management and medication. The cytocentrifugated preparation is usually considered the method of choice for BAL cytological interpretation. The aim of this study was to compare the results in terms of differential cell counts (DCC) in BAL cytology performed on sedimented smears and cytocentrifugated preparations. To carry this out, 48 BAL samples were collected from six horses with SEA that were subjected to a process of exacerbation of the disease by environmental stimuli, which was later followed by the appropriate treatment. Each collected BAL fluid was equally divided into duplicate portions: one processed by cytocentrifugation and one by sediment smear from simple centrifugation. Cytologic examination of all BAL by both methods showed poor concordance in DCC, although it was still able to allow diagnostic recognition of severe lung neutrophilic disorders. These results suggest that sediment smear preparation, although remaining a useful method in general equine practice associated with clinical assessments in the diagnosis of SEA under conditions where there is no possibility of using a cytocentrifuge, cannot be considered a comparable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Angelo Peli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini Campus, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Chiara Massarenti
- Anicura Veterinary Institute of Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, 20060 Novara, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
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6
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Westermann CM, de Bie AG, Olave C, de Grauw JC, Teske E, Couetil LL. Effect of Lavage Solution Type on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2637. [PMID: 37627428 PMCID: PMC10451886 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is usually performed with 250-500 mL of isotonic saline at pH 5.5. The acidic pH of saline may cause an increase in airway neutrophil count 48 h after BAL. Other isotonic solutions such as Ringer's solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Plasma-Lyte 148® have a neutral pH of 7.4 and might be a better choice for BAL by not provoking inflammation and the influx of neutrophils into airways. BAL was performed in four healthy horses in four different lung lobes using four different solutions in a randomized crossover design. In each lobe, BAL was performed twice with a 48 h interval using 250 mL of solution. Automated total nucleated cell counts (TNCs) were recorded, and differential cell counts in lavage fluid were determined by two investigators blinded to treatments. The mean volume of BAL fluid retrieved was 51 ± 14%. The mean neutrophil percentage (%N) increased from 1.5 ± 0.9% to 14.7 ± 9.6% at 48 h (p < 0.001) but was not significantly affected by the solution used or the lung lobe sampled. In conclusion, in this study, the influx of neutrophils into airways after BAL was independent of the type of isotonic solution used and the lung lobe sampled. Saline remains an appropriate solution for BAL in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornélie M. Westermann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelieke G. de Bie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dierenkliniek de Vijfsprong, Vijfsprongweg 28, 6733 JJ Wekerom, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Olave
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Janny C. de Grauw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent L. Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Akula S, Riihimäki M, Waern I, Åbrink M, Raine A, Hellman L, Wernersson S. Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis of Purified Equine Mast Cells Identifies a Dominant Mucosal Mast Cell Population with Possible Inflammatory Functions in Airways of Asthmatic Horses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213976. [PMID: 36430453 PMCID: PMC9692376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease and a serious health problem in horses as well as in humans. In humans and mice, mast cells (MCs) are known to be directly involved in asthma pathology and subtypes of MCs accumulate in different lung and airway compartments. The role and phenotype of MCs in equine asthma has not been well documented, although an accumulation of MCs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is frequently seen. To characterize the phenotype of airway MCs in equine asthma we here developed a protocol, based on MACS Tyto sorting, resulting in the isolation of 92.9% pure MCs from horse BALF. We then used quantitative transcriptome analyses to determine the gene expression profile of the purified MCs compared with total BALF cells. We found that the MCs exhibited a protease profile typical for the classical mucosal MC subtype, as demonstrated by the expression of tryptase (TPSB2) alone, with no expression of chymase (CMA1) or carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3). Moreover, the expression of genes involved in antigen presentation and complement activation strongly implicates an inflammatory role for these MCs. This study provides a first insight into the phenotype of equine MCs in BALF and their potential role in the airways of asthmatic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miia Riihimäki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amanda Raine
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(0)1-8672-112
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8
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Giant Multinucleated Cells Are Associated with Mastocytic Inflammatory Signature Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091070. [PMID: 35565497 PMCID: PMC9103648 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma is currently diagnosed by the presence of increased neutrophil (>5%), mast cell (>2%), and/or eosinophil (>1%) differential cell count. Macrophages are normal resident cells within the alveoli. Their presence in BALF is considered normal, but the clinical implication of the presence of activated or fused macrophages (giant multinucleated cells, GMC) is currently overlooked. We aimed to assess the prevalence, cytological determinants, and clinical significance of increased GMC counts in BALF of 34 asthmatic horses compared to 10 controls. Counts were performed on 15 randomly selected high magnification fields per cytospin slide (40×), and expressed as GMC:single macrophage (GMC:M) ratio. Regression models were used for statistical analysis. GMC was frequently observed in both asthmatic and control horses, with an increased prevalence of equine asthma (p = 0.01). GMC:M ratio was significantly higher in severe vs. mild to moderate equine asthmatic and control horses. In asthmatic horses, an increased GMC:M ratio was significantly associated with BALF mastocytosis (p = 0.01), once adjusting for age and the presence and severity of clinical signs of the horses. Tachypnea was the only clinical sign that tended to be positively associated with GMC:M ratio after adjustment (p = 0.08). In conclusion, our data suggest that a relationship might exist between molecular mechanisms regulating GMC formation and mast cell recruitment in the equine lung. The same mechanisms could lead to tachypnea even in the absence of respiratory effort at rest. We suggest including GMC count in the basic cytological assessment of BALF samples to gain more insights into their role in equine asthma.
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Lee GKC, Beeler-Marfisi J, Viel L, Piché É, Kang H, Sears W, Bienzle D. Bronchial brush cytology, endobronchial biopsy, and SALSA immunohistochemistry in severe equine asthma. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:100-111. [PMID: 34903109 PMCID: PMC8679176 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211048635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Horses with severe equine asthma (SEA), also known as heaves and recurrent airway
obstruction, have persistent neutrophilic inflammation of the lower airways.
Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is commonly used to
confirm the clinical diagnosis of SEA. However, the utility of microscopic
assessment of bronchial brushings, endobronchial biopsies, and
immunohistochemical detection of disease-associated biomarkers for the diagnosis
of SEA remain poorly characterized. Salivary scavenger and agglutinin (SALSA)
has anti-inflammatory properties and downregulated gene expression in SEA;
therefore, it was investigated as a tissue biomarker for airway and systemic
inflammation. Six asthmatic and 6 non-asthmatic horses were exposed to an
inhaled challenge. Before and after challenge, samples of BAL fluid, bronchial
brushing, and endobronchial biopsy were collected. Location of SALSA in biopsies
was determined, and immunohistochemical label intensity was computed using image
analysis software. Serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured to assess systemic
inflammation. After challenge, neutrophil proportions were significantly higher
in asthmatic versus non-asthmatic horses in BAL fluid (least squares means, 95%
confidence interval: 80.9%, 57.2% to 93.1%, vs 3.6%, 1.1% to 10.7%) and in brush
cytology slides (39.5%, 7.7% to 83.6%, vs 0.2%, 0% to 2.3%), illustrating the
potential of brush cytology as an alternate modality to BAL for assessing
intraluminal inflammation. Bronchial histopathologic findings and intensity of
SALSA immunolabeling in surface and glandular epithelium were similar in
asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, indicating limited changes in bronchial
tissue from the inhaled challenge. Increases in SAA indicated systemic
inflammation, but SALSA immunolabeling did not change significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Érica Piché
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heng Kang
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Bessonnat A, Hélie P, Grimes C, Lavoie JP. Airway remodeling in horses with mild and moderate asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:285-291. [PMID: 34877706 PMCID: PMC8783337 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a remodeling of the central airways in horses with severe asthma but whether a similar process occurs in horses with the mild or moderate asthma (MMA) is unknown. Objectives To evaluate lesions affecting the central airways of horses with MMA. Animals Twelve horses with MMA and 8 control horses. Methods Case‐control retrospective study of horses classified as MMA affected or controls based on history and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Endobronchial biopsies were analyzed using histomorphometry and a semiquantitative histologic scoring system. Results Histomorphometry identified epithelial hyperplasia (47 μm2/μm [34‐57 μm2/μm]; P = .02), a thickened lamina propria (166 μm [73‐336 μm]; P = .04), and smooth muscle fibrosis (42% [33%‐78%]; P = .04) in horses with MMA when compared to controls horses (24 μm2/μm [21‐80 μm2/μm]; 76 μm [36‐176 μm]; and 33% [26%‐52%], respectively). The semiquantitative score results indicated, in horses with MMA, the presence of epithelial hyperplasia (7 of the 12 horses with MMA and only 1 of the 8 control horses had a score of 1/1), and submucosal inflammatory leucocytes in the central airway (11 of the 12 horses with MMA and only 4 of the 8 control horses had a score ≥ 1/2). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Tissue remodeling of the bronchial lamina propria, epithelium, and smooth muscle was present in horses with MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bessonnat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Hélie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carolyn Grimes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Dupuis-Dowd F, Lavoie JP. Airway smooth muscle remodelling in mild and moderate equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:865-874. [PMID: 34529300 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway smooth muscle remodelling in severe equine asthma includes both thickening of airway smooth muscle, resulting from hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and changes in contractility. However, airway smooth muscle changes have not been studied in milder forms of the disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate bronchial smooth muscle remodelling in horses with mild and moderate asthma (MEA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS The endobronchial biopsies from 18 horses with MEA referred to the Equine Hospital of the Université de Montréal and from seven healthy age-matched control horses were studied. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Airway smooth muscle cell proliferation was measured by quantifying the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) using immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. The expression of the (+)insert smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) isoform, an hypercontractile protein, was assessed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Expression of the (+)insert SMMHC isoform in airway smooth muscle was approximately 1.5 times greater in horses with MEA compared with controls (P = .02, mean difference 0.01). Although there were no differences between groups in the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (P = .4) or myocyte density (P = .3, mean difference -0.6), the percentage of proliferating myocytes was correlated to pulmonary neutrophilia in horses with neutrophilic inflammation (P = .01, r = .80) and to the expression of the (+)insert SMMHC isoform in asthmatic horses (P = .03, r = .66). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small cohorts of horses were studied, and conclusions are limited to the central airways. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the presence of bronchial smooth muscle remodelling in mild forms of equine asthma and pave the way for the development of biomarkers to measure asthma progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Dupuis-Dowd
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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12
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Herteman N, Grimes C, Lavoie JP. Retrospective investigation of automated hematology analyzer-determined indicators of neutrophil activation in blood samples from horses with asthma. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:737-745. [PMID: 34432518 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.9.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate indicators of neutrophil activation in the blood of healthy and asthma-affected horses and assess associations between corticosteroid treatment and these variables. ANIMALS 48 horses (14 with severe equine asthma [SEA], 21 with mild to moderate equine asthma [MEA], and 13 healthy controls). PROCEDURES In a 3-part retrospective study, hematology analyzer data for horses included in previous studies were reviewed. Neutrophil size, neutrophil light absorbance (NLA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) index were recorded. Data for each variable were compared among groups for the entire study sample (part 1). Changes in each variable were assessed for one subset of horses (5 SEA-affected and 6 controls) after treatment for 2 weeks with dexamethasone (0.06 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; part 2) and for another subset (8 SEA-affected horses) after the same treatment and after a 1-week posttreatment washout period (part 3). RESULTS All 3 variables were significantly greater for the SEA group, compared with the MEA and control groups in part 1. Following dexamethasone treatment, the control- and SEA-group NLA and MPO index significantly decreased and SEA-group neutrophil size significantly decreased in part 2; immediate posttreatment results for SEA-affected horses were similar in part 3, with significantly increased neutrophil size and nonsignificant increases in NLA and MPO index following washout. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested horses with exacerbated SEA have larger neutrophils that contain more MPO, compared with neutrophils of MEA-affected and healthy control horses. The clinical value of these variables for the diagnosis of equine asthma was deemed limited owing to data overlap among groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Herteman
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn Grimes
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- From the Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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13
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Millares-Ramirez EM, Lavoie JP. Bronchial angiogenesis in horses with severe asthma and its response to corticosteroids. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2026-2034. [PMID: 34048095 PMCID: PMC8295704 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe asthma in horses is characterized by structural changes that thicken the lower airway wall, a change that is only partially reversible by current treatments. Increased vascularization contributes to the thickening of the bronchial wall in humans with asthma and is considered a potential new therapeutic target. Objective To determine the presence of angiogenesis in the bronchi of severely asthmatic horses, and if present, to evaluate its reversibility by treatment with corticosteroids. Animals Study 1: Bronchial samples from asthmatic horses in exacerbation (7), in remission (7), and aged‐matched healthy horses. Study 2: Endobronchial biopsy samples from asthmatic horses in exacerbation (6) and healthy horses (6) before and after treatment with dexamethasone. Methods Blinded, randomized controlled study. Immunohistochemistry was performed using collagen IV as a marker for vascular basement membranes. Number of vessels, vascular area, and mean vessel size in the bronchial lamina propria were measured by histomorphometry. Reversibility of vascular changes in Study 2 was assessed after 2 weeks of treatment with dexamethasone. Results The number of vessels and vascular area were increased in the airway walls of asthmatic horses in exacerbation (P = .01 and P = .02, respectively) and in remission (P = .02 and P = .04, respectively) when compared to controls. In Study 2, the differences observed between groups disappeared after 2 weeks of treatment with corticosteroids because of the increased number of vessels in healthy horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Angiogenesis contributes to thickening of the airway wall in asthmatic horses and was not reversed by a 2‐week treatment with corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Millares-Ramirez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Morini M, Peli A, Rinnovati R, Magazzù G, Romagnoli N, Spadari A, Pietra M. Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051376. [PMID: 34066204 PMCID: PMC8151432 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-7970
| | - Angelo Peli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Magazzù
- DVM, Vet Practitioner, 40024 Castel San Pietro Terme, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
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15
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Payette F, Charlebois A, Fairbrother J, Beauchamp G, Leclere M. Nicoletella semolina in the airways of healthy horses and horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1612-1619. [PMID: 33942932 PMCID: PMC8163135 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicoletella semolina was identified in the airways of horses and its low prevalence could be because of its difficult differentiation from other Pasteurellaceae. Objectives To develop a molecular method for the identification of N. semolina and to evaluate its prevalence in the mouth and the airways of healthy and severe asthmatic horses. Animals Six healthy and 6 severely asthmatic horses in phase I, 10 severely asthmatic horses in phase II, and 10 healthy horses in phase III. Methods Cohort (phases I and II) and cross‐sectional (phase III) studies. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers targeting the sodA gene were optimized. N. semolina was quantified in oral and nasal washes and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF; phase I, sampled twice), in nasal washes and BALF (phase II, sampled twice), and in nasal washes (phase III). Results N. semolina was found in the nose of 5, 10, and 9 horses in phases I, II, and III, respectively (first sampling for phases I and II). Six BALF from 5 different horses were positive for N. semolina in phase II. In phase I, there was no significant difference in the nasal loads of healthy horses (median (range): 2.04 × 104 copies/mL (0‐2.44 × 105)) and asthmatic horses in exacerbation (3.75 × 102 (0‐4.84 × 106); Wilcoxon's rank sum test, P = .57). Conclusions and Clinical Importance N. semolina is commonly found in the airways of horses. The potential pathogenicity of N. semolina remains to be elucidated, but the molecular technique we developed will facilitate future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Payette
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Audrey Charlebois
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Julie‐Hélène Fairbrother
- Bacteriology Diagnostic Laboratory, Complexe de Diagnostic et d'Épidémiosurveillance Vétérinaires du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec and Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Veterinary Biomedicine Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine VétérinaireUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuebecCanada
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16
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Tarancón I, Armengou L, Melendez-Lazo A, Pastor J, Ríos J, Jose-Cunilleras E. Prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in competing endurance horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:710-715. [PMID: 31478814 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.6.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) among elite endurance horses after competition in a long-distance race. ANIMALS 20 endurance horses and 12 nonexercised or minimally exercised age-, breed-, and trainer-matched horses from the same environment (control horses). PROCEDURES Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from endurance horses at 3 to 8 days (sample A) and 36 to 38 days (sample B) after the race (100 km in 1 day [n = 3], 70 km/d for 2 days [12], or 100 km/d for 2 days [5]) were cytologically examined for the presence of hemosiderophages. Samples from control horses were collected at the same time as sample B was obtained from respective matched endurance horses and similarly examined. Horses with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples in which > 1% of identified cells were hemosiderophages were considered to have evidence of EIPH. RESULTS Of 20 endurance horses, 9 (45%; 95% confidence interval, 25% to 66%) and 10 (50%; 95% confidence interval, 29% to 71%) had cytologic evidence of EIPH in samples A and B, respectively. Evidence of EIPH was present in 6 of 20 (30%) horses at both sample collection times, 3 (15%) at the first sample time only, and 4 (20%) at the second sample time only. In contrast, 1 of 12 control horses had cytologic evidence of EIPH. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of EIPH in these elite endurance horses (45% to 50%) was higher than previously reported estimates for poor-performing endurance horses; however, differences in criteria for identification of EIPH should be considered when comparing findings between studies.
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17
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Hue E, Orard M, Toquet MP, Depecker M, Couroucé A, Pronost S, Paillot R, Richard EA. Asymmetrical Pulmonary Cytokine Profiles Are Linked to Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology of Horses With Mild Airway Neutrophilia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:226. [PMID: 32391392 PMCID: PMC7193537 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data on cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are available for racehorses with mild/moderate equine asthma (EA); cytological diagnosis being most frequently made from only one lung. The purpose of the study was to compare cytokine mRNA expressions and protein concentrations in BALF from both lungs. As part of a larger study, 250 ml saline was randomly instilled in one lung and 500 ml in the contralateral lung of 30 clinically healthy Standardbred racehorses. This procedure was repeated 72 h later, inversing the volume per lung. Cytological cut-off values for diagnosis of mild EA was neutrophil proportions > 10% when instilling 250 ml. Eleven horses that exhibited unilateral mild inflammatory cytology [i.e., normal cytology (<10% neutrophils) in the other lung] were enrolled. Protein concentrations were not significantly different between lungs, for any of the investigated cytokines. Relative mRNA expression of IL-1β (3.887 ± 0.929) and IL-10 (3.225 ± 0.516) were significantly higher in BALF from mild inflammatory lungs when compared with non-inflammatory ones (1.408 ± 0.337 and 1.488 ± 0.420, respectively); and also significantly correlated with neutrophil proportions (R = 0.45 and R = 0.58, respectively). These findings suggest that specific inflammatory response and/or regulation locally occurs within the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Marie Orard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Farmers are routinely exposed to organic dusts and aeroallergens that can have adverse respiratory health effects including asthma. Horses are farm-reared large animals with similar exposures and can develop equine asthma syndrome (EAS). This review aims to compare the etiology, pathophysiology, and immunology of asthma in horses compared to farmers and highlights the horse as a potential translational animal model for organic dust-induced asthma in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Severe EAS shares many clinical and pathological features with various phenotypes of human asthma including allergic, non-allergic, late onset, and severe asthma. EAS disease features include variable airflow obstruction, cough, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation/remodeling, neutrophilic infiltrates, excess mucus production, and chronic innate immune activation. Severe EAS is a naturally occurring and biologically relevant, translational animal disease model that could contribute to a more thorough understanding of the environmental and immunologic factors contributing to organic dust-induced asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kaori U. Davis
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5990, USA
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19
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Gy C, Leclere M, Vargas A, Grimes C, Lavoie JP. Investigation of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of mild to moderate asthma in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1789-1795. [PMID: 31099114 PMCID: PMC6639487 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma in horses is associated with nonspecific respiratory clinical signs and may be manifested only as exercise intolerance. Its diagnosis relies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology in the presence of compatible clinical signs. The identification of blood biomarkers for this condition would facilitate diagnosis in the field, because there are regional areas where BAL is not routinely performed in clinical practice. Objective Identification of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of asthma in horses. Animals Fourteen horses with asthma with increased neutrophil numbers in BALF (neutrophilic asthma), 9 healthy control horses, and 10 horses with other pathologic conditions (pathologic controls). Methods Physical examination, clinical score, hematology, and BALF cytology (in a subset of horses) were performed. Serum concentrations of surfactant protein D (SP‐D), haptoglobin, and secretoglobin (SCGB) were measured using commercial ELISA assays. Results Serum concentration of SP‐D > 43 ng/mL, serum concentration of haptoglobin >5730 ng/mL, and serum concentration of SCGB <19 ng/mL allowed differentiation of horses with neutrophilic asthma from horses of the control groups (healthy and pathologic) with sensitivity of 55, 95, and 75%, and specificity of 67, 28, and 60%, respectively. Specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 45% were obtained with the combination of SP‐D, haptoglobin, and SCGB at the serum concentrations indicated above. Specificity of 95% and sensitivity of 45% were obtained with the combination of SP‐D and SCGB serum concentrations. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Haptoglobin, SCGB, and SP‐D may be diagnostic aids in horses with clinical signs of lower airway disease and neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Gy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amandine Vargas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carolyn Grimes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Davis KU, Sheats MK. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology Characteristics and Seasonal Changes in a Herd of Pastured Teaching Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:74. [PMID: 30923711 PMCID: PMC6426765 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma syndrome (EAS) is a common problem that affects horses of any age. Severe EAS is reported to affect 10-20% of adult horses in the northern hemisphere, while mild/moderate EAS is reported to affect 60-100% of adult horses, depending on the population and geographic region. For both severe and mild/moderate EAS, the presence of lower airway inflammation is attributed to airborne "triggers" such as dust, mold, and bacterial components that horses encounter in hay and stable-environments; and treatment recommendations for horses with EAS often include full-time pasture turnout. The caveat to this recommendation is horses with summer-pasture associated EAS (SP-EAS), who experience allergic lower airway inflammation when exposed to summer pasture. The prevalence of EAS in horses on pasture that do not have SP-EAS has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to use bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology to determine the prevalence of EAS in a herd of pastured, adult research horses with no history of respiratory disease. The horses were members of a teaching animal herd housed on pasture in the southeastern United States and fed round-bale Bermuda-grass hay. BAL fluid (BALF) cytology was analyzed in both summer (May-August 2017) and winter (November 2017-February 2018). Similar to previous reports, the prevalence of severe EAS in our study population was 10% in summer and 4.3% in winter. The prevalence of mild/moderate EAS was 60% in summer and 87% in winter. The high prevalence of mild/moderate EAS in this population was unexpected, given the 24-h, year-round pasture environment and the lack of history of respiratory disease. Additionally, 61.1% of horses with both summer and winter data had a different BALF cytology profile between the two seasons. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to use BAL cytology to diagnose, and monitor changes in, EAS phenotype in pastured adult horses. These results help to inform discussions regarding prevalence of EAS in pastured, adult horses in the southeastern region of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Uchiumi Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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21
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Varegg MS, Kløverød KM, Austnes MK, Siwinska N, Slowikowska M, Zak A, Niedzwiedz A. The effect of single pretreatment with salbutamol on recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:976-980. [PMID: 30707780 PMCID: PMC6430915 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a method for the recovery of respiratory secretion from the lower airways. OBJECTIVES To investigate if the administration of a single dose of a bronchodilatator in horses with a suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma could improve recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). ANIMALS Twenty-eight horses with severe equine asthma. METHODS Horses were divided into 2 groups: group "treated" was given salbutamol before endoscopic examination and BALF collection, whereas group "not treated" was not given. BAL was performed with BAL-catheter by instilling 350 mL of sterile saline. Amount of recovered fluid was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS The average fluid recovery in the horses treated with salbutamol was 52% ± 15% (mean +/- SD), compared with 38% ± 13% for the group of horses not treated with salbutamol (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinicians should consider administration of salbutamol before performing BAL on horses with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde S Varegg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kine M Kløverød
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malin K Austnes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malwina Slowikowska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zak
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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Contribution of lung function tests to the staging of severe equine asthma syndrome in the field. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:112-117. [PMID: 30616173 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staging methods are useful tools for monitoring disease and response to treatment, and because Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome (SEAS) has a high prevalence in the equine population, a clinical staging method can provide important information to optimize equine care. Our team has previously developed and published a clinical staging method for SEAS and in the present study we further evaluated information provided by lung function tests, in order to determine their contribution to disease staging. Using discriminant analysis we set out to produce a new staging method with applicability in the field. Differences between group means (P < .05) were observed for clinical score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil percentage, pleural pressure (ΔPpl), PaO2 and histamine concentration and the linear functions obtained explained 99.3% of the data variability, with 94.7% of cases grouped correctly and a cross-validation of 86.8%. Thus this staging model showed very good results and the discriminant linear functions may be used to identify and stage SEAS. This method can be used in the field and also in diagnostic and research centres.
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Hermange T, Le Corre S, Bizon C, Richard EA, Couroucé A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from both lungs in horses: Diagnostic reliability of cytology from pooled samples. Vet J 2018; 244:28-33. [PMID: 30825891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from one lung may not predict findings in the contralateral lung of the same horse. The aim of this study was to determine whether a pooled BALF from both lungs was representative of corresponding individual samples. Fifty-one horses referred for poor performance and/or respiratory signs and for which a BALF was collected from both lungs, were included in the study. Cytology of pooled and individual BALF samples were performed using a masked protocol. Based on clinical signs and individual BALF cytologies, horses were classified as control (CTL), mild equine asthma (mEA), severe equine asthma (sEA) and/or exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). No significant difference was observed between pooled and individual BALF samples for all cell types (P>0.05). Correlations between pooled and individual BALF samples were good (r≥0.9) for neutrophil proportions and haemosiderophages/macrophages ratio, and moderate (r≥0.4) for metachromatic cell and eosinophil proportions. Similarly, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were good (ICC≥0.9) for neutrophil proportions and haemosiderophages/macrophages ratio and substantial (ICC≥0.6) for metachromatic cell proportions. Based on threshold values for pooled samples as determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, categorical agreements were good (κ≥0.97) for diagnosis of mEA/sEA, and substantial (κ=0.74) for EIPH. Using a pooled BALF sample, only one horse was incorrectly classified as CTL instead of mEA and three horses were classified as EIPH instead of CTL. In conclusion, BALF cytology from pooled sample is representative of both individual lungs, and constitutes a valid method to diagnose EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hermange
- Unité de nutrition, PhysioPathologie et Pharmacologie (NP3), Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Nantes F-44307, France.
| | - S Le Corre
- Unité de nutrition, PhysioPathologie et Pharmacologie (NP3), Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - C Bizon
- Unité de nutrition, PhysioPathologie et Pharmacologie (NP3), Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - E A Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Normandie Univ, UniCaen, Biotargen, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - A Couroucé
- Unité de nutrition, PhysioPathologie et Pharmacologie (NP3), Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Nantes F-44307, France
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Hansen S, Honoré ML, Riihimaki M, Pringle J, Ammentorp AH, Fjeldborg J. Seasonal Variation in Tracheal Mucous and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology for Adult Clinically Healthy Stabled Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barton AK, Schulze T, Doherr MG, Gehlen H. Influence of bronchoalveolar lavage on thoracic radiography in the horse. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:563-569. [PMID: 29486534 PMCID: PMC6070596 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.4.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and thoracic radiography are routinely performed diagnostic procedures. We hypothesized that BAL increases the interstitial opacity of caudoventral and caudodorsal thoracic radiographs. Fifty-three horses, including 8 clinic owned and 45 from a referral hospital population, were classified as healthy controls (n = 12), severe equine asthma (recurrent airway obstruction, n = 12) or mild-to-moderate equine asthma (inflammatory airway disease, n = 21) based on the results of a clinical scoring system. Eight were excluded due to different diagnoses and poor image quality. Four randomized thoracic radiographs of each horse were scored by two blinded observers, who were also asked to identify the image as obtained before or after a BAL procedure. In severe equine asthma, the chance (adjusted odds) of misinterpretation of the correct imaging time was approximately 5 times higher than in controls (odds ratio [OR] = 5.373, p = 0.028). The chance of misinterpretation was approximately 4 times lower in caudodorsal images than in caudoventral projections (OR = 0.241, p = 0.004). Identification of the correct imaging time was highly correlated with an increase in interstitial opacity (OR = 9.976, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, we recommend performing BAL after thoracic radiography to avoid possible misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Barton
- Equine Clinic for Veterinary Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorben Schulze
- Equine Clinic for Veterinary Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus G Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic for Veterinary Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Montgomery JB, Husulak ML, Kosolofski H, Dos Santos S, Burgess H, Meachem MD. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with severe equine asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:70-73. [PMID: 30078601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if TNF-α protein concentration differs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from healthy horses, horses with naturally occurring exacerbations of severe equine asthma and horses in remission from severe equine asthma. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) protein concentrations were determined in BALF by commercial equine ELISA. Horses with naturally occurring exacerbation of severe equine asthma were found to have significantly lower BALF TNF-α protein concentrations than healthy horses (p = 0.0026). There was no significant difference in BALF TNF-α concentration between horses in exacerbation and remission from disease, but there was a decrease in median TNF-α concentration between healthy horses and horses with clinical exacerbation of severe equine asthma. These findings suggest, that similar to human asthma, the role of TNF-α in chronic lower airway inflammation of horses may differ between disease phenotypes and disease state. Furthermore, the method with which TNF-α is measured (mRNA expression vs. protein concentration) may affect results when studying the role of TNF-α in horses with severe equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Montgomery
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Michelle L Husulak
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Hayley Kosolofski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Scott Dos Santos
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Hilary Burgess
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Melissa D Meachem
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Bowser JE, Costa LRR, Rodil AU, Lopp CT, Johnson ME, Wills RW, Swiderski CE. Effect of a syringe aspiration technique versus a mechanical suction technique and use of N-butylscopolammonium bromide on the quantity and quality of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained from horses with the summer pasture endophenotype of equine asthma. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:348-355. [PMID: 29466051 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of 2 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampling techniques and the use of N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) on the quantity and quality of BAL fluid (BALF) samples obtained from horses with the summer pasture endophenotype of equine asthma. ANIMALS 8 horses with the summer pasture endophenotype of equine asthma. PROCEDURES BAL was performed bilaterally (right and left lung sites) with a flexible videoendoscope passed through the left or right nasal passage. During lavage of the first lung site, a BALF sample was collected by means of either gentle syringe aspiration or mechanical suction with a pressure-regulated wall-mounted suction pump. The endoscope was then maneuvered into the contralateral lung site, and lavage was performed with the alternate fluid retrieval technique. For each horse, BAL was performed bilaterally once with and once without premedication with NBB (21-day interval). The BALF samples retrieved were evaluated for volume, total cell count, differential cell count, RBC count, and total protein concentration. RESULTS Use of syringe aspiration significantly increased total BALF volume (mean volume increase, 40 mL [approx 7.5% yield]) and decreased total RBC count (mean decrease, 142 cells/μL), compared with use of mechanical suction. The BALF nucleated cell count and differential cell count did not differ between BAL procedures. Use of NBB had no effect on BALF retrieval. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that retrieval of BALF by syringe aspiration may increase yield and reduce barotrauma in horses at increased risk of bronchoconstriction and bronchiolar collapse. Further studies to determine the usefulness of NBB and other bronchodilators during BAL procedures in horses are warranted.
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Bullone M, Joubert P, Gagné A, Lavoie JP, Hélie P. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophilia is associated with the severity of pulmonary lesions during equine asthma exacerbations. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:609-615. [PMID: 29341228 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe form of equine asthma is associated with pathological changes of the peripheral airways and pulmonary parenchyma that are only partly described. Also, the relationship between these structural alterations and the percentage of neutrophils found within the airway lumen, assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, remains ill-defined. OBJECTIVE To examine the histological lesions associated with equine asthma during disease exacerbation and remission, and their relationship with lung function and BALF neutrophilia. STUDY DESIGN Observational retrospective study. METHODS Peripheral lung tissues, BALF cytology and lung function data from 61 horses (22 controls, 24 asthma exacerbations and 15 asthma remission) were obtained from an equine pulmonary tissue bank. Two pathologists semi-quantitatively assessed histological features, including airway wall inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, mucus cell hyperplasia, mucostasis, peribronchiolar metaplasia, presence of granuloma and the overall severity of these lesions. RESULTS Mucostasis, mucus cell hyperplasia, peribronchiolar metaplasia and interstitial fibrosis were associated with disease exacerbation (P≤0.05), and these changes were all attenuated during remission. Airway wall inflammation was greater in horses with asthma in exacerbation compared with horses with asthma in remission and control horses (P≤0.05). Acute (neutrophilic) airway wall inflammation was more frequently detected in asthmatic cases compared with control horses (P<0.0001) and was associated with BALF neutrophilia >5% in control horses (P = 0.002). The degree of bronchiolar inflammation was higher in asthmatic horses in remission stabled and treated pharmacologically compared with those kept on pasture (P = 0.04). MAIN LIMITATIONS Samples obtained from a convenient cohort of horses were studied. CONCLUSIONS Severely asthmatic horses present parenchymal and peribronchial/peribronchiolar lesions possibly contributing to the obstructive nature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bullone
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - P Joubert
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Gagné
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - P Hélie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Bullone M, Vargas A, Elce Y, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. Fluticasone/salmeterol reduces remodelling and neutrophilic inflammation in severe equine asthma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8843. [PMID: 28821845 PMCID: PMC5562887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthmatic airways are inflamed and undergo remodelling. Inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-agonist combinations are more effective than inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy in controlling disease exacerbations, but their effect on airway remodelling and inflammation remains ill-defined. This study evaluates the contribution of inhaled fluticasone and salmeterol, alone or combined, to the reversal of bronchial remodelling and inflammation. Severely asthmatic horses (6 horses/group) were treated with fluticasone, salmeterol, fluticasone/salmeterol, or with antigen avoidance for 12 weeks. Lung function, central and peripheral airway remodelling, and bronchoalveolar inflammation were assessed. Fluticasone/salmeterol and fluticasone monotherapy decreased peripheral airway smooth muscle remodelling after 12 weeks (p = 0.007 and p = 0.02, respectively). On average, a 30% decrease was observed with both treatments. In central airways, fluticasone/salmeterol reversed extracellular matrix remodelling after 12 weeks, both within the lamina propria (decreased thickness, p = 0.005) and within the smooth muscle layer (p = 0.004). Only fluticasone/salmeterol decreased bronchoalveolar neutrophilia (p = 0.03) to the same extent as antigen avoidance already after 8 weeks. In conclusion, this study shows that fluticasone/salmeterol combination decreases extracellular matrix remodelling in central airways and intraluminal neutrophilia. Fluticasone/salmeterol and fluticasone monotherapy equally reverse peripheral airway smooth muscle remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bullone
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amandine Vargas
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvonne Elce
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada.,University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - James G Martin
- McGill University, Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Quebec, Canada.
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Airway remodeling in asthma: what really matters. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:551-569. [PMID: 28190087 PMCID: PMC5320023 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is generally quite broadly defined as any change in composition, distribution, thickness, mass or volume and/or number of structural components observed in the airway wall of patients relative to healthy individuals. However, two types of airway remodeling should be distinguished more clearly: (1) physiological airway remodeling, which encompasses structural changes that occur regularly during normal lung development and growth leading to a normal mature airway wall or as an acute and transient response to injury and/or inflammation, which ultimately results in restoration of a normal airway structures; and (2) pathological airway remodeling, which comprises those structural alterations that occur as a result of either disturbed lung development or as a response to chronic injury and/or inflammation leading to persistently altered airway wall structures and function. This review will address a few major aspects: (1) what are reliable quantitative approaches to assess airway remodeling? (2) Are there any indications supporting the notion that airway remodeling can occur as a primary event, i.e., before any inflammatory process was initiated? (3) What is known about airway remodeling being a secondary event to inflammation? And (4), what can we learn from the different animal models ranging from invertebrate to primate models in the study of airway remodeling? Future studies are required addressing particularly pheno-/endotype-specific aspects of airway remodeling using both endotype-specific animal models and “endotyped” human asthmatics. Hopefully, novel in vivo imaging techniques will be further advanced to allow monitoring development, growth and inflammation of the airways already at a very early stage in life.
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Bullone M, Hélie P, Joubert P, Lavoie JP. Development of a Semiquantitative Histological Score for the Diagnosis of Heaves Using Endobronchial Biopsy Specimens in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1739-1746. [PMID: 27527123 PMCID: PMC5032871 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Remodeling of the peripheral airways persists during the asymptomatic phase of heaves. Assessing the histology of large bronchi could facilitate the diagnosis of heaves during remission of the disease. Hypothesis Airway inflammation and remodeling in endobronchial biopsy (EBB) specimens differentiate horses with heaves from controls, independently of their clinical status (exacerbation or remission). Animals Fourteen healthy horses and 24 horses with heaves. Methods A 14‐point scoring system assessing central bronchial wall inflammation and remodeling was developed. The score was validated by 2 pathologists using specimens obtained from 18 horses (6 controls, 6 with heaves exacerbation, and 6 with heaves remission) in which lung function had been assessed with impulse oscillometry. Clinical and research application of the score was evaluated using biopsy specimens obtained from 20 additional horses (8 controls, 6 with heaves exacerbation, and 6 with heaves remission). Results The score was repeatable (interclass correlation coefficient = 69%). It differentiated horses with heaves in exacerbation (mean ± SD: 6.2 ± 2.2) from those in remission (4.0 ± 1.0) and controls (3.6 ± 1.7, P < 0.0001). The histological scores of horses with heaves correlated with the ratio of respiratory resistance (R) at 5 and 10 Hz (R5 : R10 ratio, r = 0.65, P = 0.03), a parameter assessing airway obstruction. Conclusions and Clinical Significance The proposed histological scoring system correlates with the degree of airway obstruction measured by impulse oscillometry. However, it does not discriminate horses with heaves in remission from controls. Evaluation of EBB specimens might be considered in future research and clinical studies of respiratory diseases in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bullone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - P Hélie
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - P Joubert
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Williams K, Roman J. Studying human respiratory disease in animals--role of induced and naturally occurring models. J Pathol 2016; 238:220-32. [PMID: 26467890 DOI: 10.1002/path.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disorders like asthma, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis affect millions of Americans and many more worldwide. Despite advancements in medical research that have led to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions and sometimes to new therapeutic interventions, these disorders are for the most part chronic and progressive; current interventions are not curative and do not halt disease progression. A major obstacle to further advancements relates to the absence of animal models that exactly resemble the human condition, which delays the elucidation of relevant mechanisms of action, the unveiling of biomarkers of disease progression, and identification of new targets for intervention in patients. There are currently many induced animal models of human respiratory disease available for study, and even though they mimic features of human disease, discoveries in these models have not always translated into safe and effective treatments in humans. A major obstacle relates to the genetic, anatomical, and functional variations amongst species, which represents the major challenge to overcome when searching for appropriate models of respiratory disease. Nevertheless, rodents, in particular mice, have become the most common species used for experimentation, due to their relatively low cost, size, and adequate understanding of murine genetics, among other advantages. Less well known is the fact that domestic animals also suffer from respiratory illnesses similar to those found in humans. Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis are among the many disorders occurring naturally in dogs, cats, and horses, among other species. These models might better resemble the human condition and are emphasized here, but further investigations are needed to determine their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center and Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:503-15. [PMID: 26806374 PMCID: PMC4913592 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to revise and update the previous consensus statement on inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses. Since 2007, a large number of scientific articles have been published on the topic and these new findings have led to a significant evolution of our understanding of IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Couëtil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - J M Cardwell
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - E A Richard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen Cedex 4, France
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Bullone M, de Lagarde M, Vargas A, Lavoie JP. Serum Surfactant Protein D and Haptoglobin as Potential Biomarkers for Inflammatory Airway Disease in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1707-11. [PMID: 26289543 PMCID: PMC4895656 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of serum biomarkers of lung inflammation would facilitate the diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses. Hypothesis Horses with IAD have higher serum concentrations of markers of inflammation compared to controls. Animals Twelve horses with IAD and 10 control horses. Methods This was a prospective case–control study. Blood and BALF were collected from horses with IAD and controls. Serum concentration of surfactant protein D (SP‐D), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and of the soluble form of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM‐1) was measured using commercial ELISA tests. Results Horses with IAD had higher serum concentration (log‐transformed values) of SP‐D (mean ± SD: 1.773 ± 0.51), haptoglobin (6.657 ± 0.202) and SAA (0.128 ± 0.396) compared to controls (0.942 ± 0.226, 6.38 ± 0.22, −0.398 ± 0.319, respectively; P < .01 for all). Furthermore, the concentrations of SP‐D and haptoglobin combined allowed differentiating the 2 groups (IAD: 8.43 ± 0.564, controls: 7.322 ± 0.249, P < .0001) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% when a cut‐off of 7.70 (log value) was employed. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Surfactant protein D and haptoglobin serum concentrations could be a diagnostic aid in IAD. Further studies are necessary to establish the specificity of our findings before they can be applied in everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bullone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - M de Lagarde
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - A Vargas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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35
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Cian F, Monti P, Durham A. Cytology of the lower respiratory tract in horses: An updated review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cian
- Animal Health Trust; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - P. Monti
- Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom Suffolk UK
| | - A. Durham
- Liphook Equine Hospital; Liphook Hampshire UK
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Secombe CJ, Lester GD, Robertson ID, Cullimore AM. Retrospective survey of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in Western Australian horses presented for evaluation of the respiratory tract: effect of season on relative cell percentages. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:152-6. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CJ Secombe
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; South Street Murdoch Western Australia, WA 6150 Australia
| | - GD Lester
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; South Street Murdoch Western Australia, WA 6150 Australia
| | - ID Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; South Street Murdoch Western Australia, WA 6150 Australia
| | - AM Cullimore
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Murdoch University; South Street Murdoch Western Australia, WA 6150 Australia
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Asthma "of horses and men"--how can equine heaves help us better understand human asthma immunopathology and its functional consequences? Mol Immunol 2014; 66:97-105. [PMID: 25547716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been studied to unravel etiological, immunopathological, and genetic attributes leading to asthma. However, while experiments in which the disease is artificially induced have helped discovering biological and molecular pathways leading to allergic airway inflammation, their contribution to the understanding of the causality of the disease has been more limited. Horses naturally suffer from an asthma-like condition called "heaves" which presents sticking similarities with human asthma. It is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway neutrophilic inflammation, and a predominant Th2 immune response. This model allows one to investigate the role of neutrophils in asthma, which remains contentious, the regulation of chronic neutrophilic inflammation, and their possible implication in pulmonary allergic responses. Furthermore, the pulmonary remodeling features in heaves closely resemble those of human asthma, which makes this model unique to investigate the kinetics, reversibility, as well as the physiological consequences of tissue remodeling. In conclusion, heaves and asthma share common clinical presentation and also important immunological and tissue remodeling features. This makes heaves an ideal model for the discovery of novel pathways implicated in the asthmatic inflammation and associated tissue remodeling.
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Dubuc J, Lavoie JP. Airway wall eosinophilia is not a feature of equine heaves. Vet J 2014; 202:387-9. [PMID: 25239297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether eosinophils infiltrate the airway wall of horses with heaves. Eosinophils were evaluated using paraffin embedded lung tissues from six heaves-affected horses in crisis and six aged-matched controls. Slides were stained using Luna's method and eosinophils enumerated using histomorphometric techniques. Total eosinophil counts (expressed per mm(2) of basement membrane) were significantly higher in the airways of controls horses than in horses with heaves. Intraluminal, intraepithelial, and airway smooth muscle eosinophils counts were also increased in control horses. The results suggest that eosinophils do not contribute to the persistent airway obstruction in heaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubuc
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
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39
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Kirschvink N. Statistics and epidemiological studies: emerging fields in veterinary research and medicine. Vet J 2014; 200:6-7. [PMID: 24529888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kirschvink
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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40
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Pirie RS. Recurrent airway obstruction: a review. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:276-88. [PMID: 24164473 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent airway obstruction is a widely recognised airway disorder, characterised by hypersensitivity-mediated neutrophilic airway inflammation and lower airway obstruction in a subpopulation of horses when exposed to suboptimal environments high in airborne organic dust. Over the past decade, numerous studies have further advanced our understanding of different aspects of the disease. These include clarification of the important inhaled airborne agents responsible for disease induction, improving our understanding of the underlying genetic basis of disease susceptibility and unveiling the fundamental immunological mechanisms leading to establishment of the classic disease phenotype. This review, as well as giving a clinical overview of recurrent airway obstruction, summarises much of the work in these areas that have culminated in a more thorough understanding of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pirie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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41
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Depecker M, Richard EA, Pitel PH, Fortier G, Leleu C, Couroucé-Malblanc A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: Influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut-off values on lower airway disease diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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42
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Koblinger K, Hecker K, Nicol J, Wasko A, Fernandez N, Léguillette R. Bronchial collapse during bronchoalveolar lavage in horses is an indicator of lung inflammation. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:50-5. [PMID: 23662631 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure can return variable volumes of fluid, possibly depending on the presence of bronchial collapse during fluid aspiration and on the severity of lung inflammation. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that horses with bronchial collapse during BAL are at higher risk of having severe lung inflammation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective field study. METHODS Bronchial collapse was graded using a new simple scoring method (0, 1 or 2) during a standardised BAL procedure in the field on 131 horses with normal, mild/moderate or severe lower airway inflammation on cytology of BAL fluid. RESULTS Of the 131 horses, 37 (28%), 55 (42%) and 39 (30%) horses had bronchial collapse scores of 0, 1 and 2, respectively. There was a difference in collapse scores between all the BAL inflammation categories (P<0.001). Severe collapse had a positive predictive value of 0.95 for both mild/moderate and severe BAL inflammation, with a prevalence of 63% and 20%, respectively. The BAL fluid return volume in the horses with severe collapse scores was lower than volumes in the partial (score 1/2) and no collapse (score 0/2) groups (P<0.001). The BAL fluid volume was negatively correlated with BAL neutrophil percentage (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Airway collapse during BAL is associated with airway inflammation and neutrophilia. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE During a standardised BAL procedure, clinicians can expect lung inflammation in horses that have bronchial collapse and bronchial collapse in horses with lung inflammation. Lung inflammation may be a contributing factor in the mechanism of bronchial collapse during BAL in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koblinger
- Moore Equine Veterinary Center, Alberta, Canada
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Bullone M, Moran K, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP. PI3K and MAPKs regulate neutrophil migration toward the airways in heaves. J Vet Intern Med 2012. [PMID: 23194017 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils accumulate in the airways of horses with heaves. They likely play an important role in the disease pathogenesis. Understanding the pathways regulating their migration may help identifying new therapeutic targets. HYPOTHESIS MAPK and PI3K pathways are involved in neutrophil migration toward the airway lumen in heaves. ANIMALS Twelve heaves-affected horses and 4 healthy horses. METHODS Migratory activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from horses with heaves and healthy horses was compared by means of a Boyden chamber. Involvement of MAPK and PI3K pathways in neutrophil migration was investigated by pretreating neutrophils with inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK, MEK1/2, and PI3K. The capacity of a p38 MAPK inhibitor at decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis toward the airways was also evaluated in vivo. RESULTS BALF from symptomatic heaves-affected horses induced a greater degree of chemokinesis (P = .0004) than BALF from healthy horses. Although all pathways tested were involved in neutrophil migration, inhibition of PI3K was most potent in vitro. An inhibitor of p38 MAPK administered before challenge in horses with heaves did not alter BALF chemokinetic properties. BALF neutrophil percentage and BALF migratory activity were positively correlated after 14 and 35 days of antigen challenge in healthy (P = .05; R(2) = 0.82) and heaves-affected horses (P = .03; R(2) = 0.76), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE MAPK and PI3K pathways regulate neutrophil migration induced by BALF of horses with heaves. Inhibition of multiple pathways might be required to completely abolish BALF-induced neutrophil migratory activity and possibly inflammation in heaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bullone
- Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Wilson M, Berney C, Behan A, Robinson N. The Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Equine Recurrent Airway Obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1427-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.E. Wilson
- Equine Pulmonary Laboratory; Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI
| | - C. Berney
- Equine Pulmonary Laboratory; Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI
| | - A.L. Behan
- Equine Pulmonary Laboratory; Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI
| | - N.E. Robinson
- Equine Pulmonary Laboratory; Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI
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45
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Ybarra WL, Johnson LR, Drazenovich TL, Johnson EG, Vernau W. Interpretation of multisegment bronchoalveolar lavage in cats (1/2001-1/2011). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1281-7. [PMID: 23106475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytologic results from bronchoscopic BAL in cats with naturally occurring respiratory disease have not been reported, and the clinical utility of multisegment lavage has not been evaluated. HYPOTHESIS BAL cytology from 2 separate lung segments in cats will have similar cell counts, cytologic interpretation, or both. ANIMALS Eighty-seven cases in 85 cats (2 examined twice) with naturally occurring lower respiratory disease. METHODS A combined prospective/retrospective evaluation of all cats with multisegment BAL was performed. BAL fluid was evaluated for total nucleated cell counts, differential cell counts, and cytologic characteristics at each lavage site. BAL fluid was categorized as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, lymphocytic, hypercellular, or mixed. Radiographs were assessed for diffuse or focal disease. RESULTS Clinical diagnoses included inflammatory airway disease (n = 63), pneumonia (n = 15), neoplasia (n = 6), and undetermined (n = 3). Total nucleated cell counts varied between sites regardless of radiographic evidence of focal or diffuse radiographic disease. In 28/87 cases (32%), cell counts differed between lavage sites by 2.2-40 fold. BAL yielded similar cytologic interpretation of inflammation in 45/87 (52%) cases. In 8/14 cases that had BAL performed at the site of a focal radiographic infiltrate, as well as at a site of diffuse infiltrates, the same inflammatory interpretation was made at each site. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid often differ between lung segments in cats with lower respiratory disease, and caution is warranted when using a single BAL cytology to define the inflammatory response in cats with spontaneously occurring lower respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Ybarra
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, CA, USA
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46
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Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Leclere M, Lemos K, Wagner B, Lavoie JP. Markers of Systemic Inflammation in Horses with Heaves. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1419-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lavoie-Lamoureux
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe; Quebec; Canada
| | - M. Leclere
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe; Quebec; Canada
| | - K. Lemos
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe; Quebec; Canada
| | - B. Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca; NY
| | - J.-P. Lavoie
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe; Quebec; Canada
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Abstract
Animal models have been developed to investigate specific components of asthmatic airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness or remodelling. However, all of these aspects are rarely observed in the same animal. Heaves is a naturally occurring disease of horses that combines these features. It is characterized by stable dust-induced inflammation, bronchospasm and remodelling. The evaluation of horses during well-controlled natural antigen exposure and avoidance in experimental settings allows the study of disease mechanisms in the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages, an approach rarely feasible in humans. Also, the disease can be followed over several years to observe the cumulative effect of repeated episodes of clinical exacerbation or to evaluate long-term treatment, contrasting most murine asthma models. This model has shown complex gene and environment interactions, the involvement of both innate and adaptive responses to inflammation, and the contribution of bronchospasm and tissue remodelling to airway obstruction, all occurring in a natural setting. Similarities with the human asthmatic airways are well described and the model is currently being used to evaluate airway remodelling and its reversibility in ways that are not possible in people for ethical reasons. Tools including antibodies, recombinant proteins or gene arrays, as well as methods for sampling tissues and assessing lung function in the horse are constantly evolving to facilitate the study of this animal model. Research perspectives that can be relevant to asthma include the role of neutrophils in airway inflammation and their response to corticosteroids, systemic response to pulmonary inflammation, and maintaining athletic capacities with early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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