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Casemiro PAF, Andrade AL, Cardozo MV, Rodrigues RA, Silva JA, Marinho M, Nassar AFC, Castro V, Braz GHR, Gujanwski CA, Padua IRM, Moraes PC. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates of dogs with ulcerative keratitis in São Paulo State, Brazil. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38768284 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify microorganisms present in canine eyes affected by ulcerative keratitis and assess its resistance profile to available antimicrobial drugs. METHODS Samples were collected from 88 canine eyes that exhibited ulcerative keratitis. They were identified using MALDI-TOF and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion. RESULTS Among the assessed subjects, brachycephalic dogs accounted for 74.48% (50/83) of the evaluated canines. Among the 88 evaluated eyes, 90.9% (80/88) showed positive cultures, with 11.33% (10/88) of the samples isolating more than one species of bacteria. Of all bacterial isolates identified (90), Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 63.33% (57/90), while Gram-negative bacteria constituted 36.66% (33/90), with predominance of Staphylococcus spp. at 35.55% (32/90) being, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius at 68.75% (22/32), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 15.55% (14/90), respectively. Staphylococcus spp. exhibited resistance to penicillin (89.29%), sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (60.71%), and tetracycline (67.86%), while doxycycline (88.89%), cefotaxime (85.71%), chloramphenicol (82.14%), gentamicin, and moxifloxacin (78.57%) showed the highest sensitivity rates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed sensitivity (100%) to gentamicin and imipenem, and resistance (8.33%) to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and cefepime. Similarly, the Enterobacteriaceae family showed higher sensitivity to amikacin and gentamicin (88.89%), imipenem (88.24%), and levofloxacin (87.5%), with pronounced resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate (50%) and cefazolin (47.06%). This highlights multiresistance in 23.33% (21/90) of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS The most isolated species in canine ulcerative keratitis are S. pseudintermedius and P. aeruginosa. However, other species were also isolated, demonstrating diversity in ocular microbiota infection. There is a high-rate multidrug resistance associated with canine ulcerative keratitis. Nevertheless, these strains exhibited sensitivity to antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamella A F Casemiro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgical Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Surgery and Animal Reproduction Animal, FMVA-UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Marita V Cardozo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, UEMG, Passos, Brazil
| | - Romário A Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline A Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgical Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Márcia Marinho
- Department of Animal Production and Health, FMVA, UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Alessandra F C Nassar
- Center for Research and Development in Animal Health - General Bacteriology Laboratory, Biological Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Castro
- Center for Research and Development in Animal Health - General Bacteriology Laboratory, Biological Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cinthya A Gujanwski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgical Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ivan R M Padua
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgical Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Paola C Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgical Sciences, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Bianchessi L, De Bernardi G, Vigorelli M, Dall’Ara P, Turin L. Bacteriophage Therapy in Companion and Farm Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:294. [PMID: 38666970 PMCID: PMC11047634 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages, which are viruses with restricted tropism for bacteria, have been employed for over a century as antimicrobial agents; they have been largely abandoned in Western countries but are constantly used in Eastern European countries with the advent of antibiotics. In recent decades, the growing spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which pose a serious threat to worldwide public health, imposed an urgent demand for alternative therapeutic approaches to antibiotics in animal and human fields. Based on this requirement, numerous studies have been published on developing and testing bacteriophage-based therapy. Overall, the literature largely supports the potential of this perspective but also highlights the need for additional research as the current standards are inadequate to receive approval from regulatory authorities. This review aims to update and critically revise the current knowledge on the application of bacteriophages to treat bacterial-derived infectious diseases in animals in order to provide topical perspectives and innovative advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.B.); (G.D.B.); (M.V.); (P.D.)
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Xue W, Li JJ, Zou Y, Zou B, Wei L. Microbiota and Ocular Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:759333. [PMID: 34746029 PMCID: PMC8566696 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have identified significant associations between the composition and function of the gut microbiota and various disorders in organ systems other than the digestive tract. Utilizing next-generation sequencing and multiomics approaches, the microbial community that possibly impacts ocular disease has been identified. This review provides an overview of the literature on approaches to microbiota analysis and the roles of commensal microbes in ophthalmic diseases, including autoimmune uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other ocular disorders. In addition, this review discusses the hypothesis of the "gut-eye axis" and evaluates the therapeutic potential of targeting commensal microbiota to alleviate ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Adhikari N, Acharya KP. Effectiveness of Bacteriophage Therapy in Field Conditions and Possible Future Applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:364-373. [PMID: 31845630 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191217111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophages are viruses, which are obligate parasites of specific bacteria for the completion of their lifecycle. Bacteriophages could be the possible alternative to antibioticresistant bacterial diseases. With this objective, extensive research in different fields is published which are discussed in this article. METHODS After a review of bacteriophage therapy, bacteriophages were found to be effective against the multidrug-resistant bacteria individually or synergistically with antibiotics. They were found to be more effective, even better than the bacteria in the development of a vaccine. RESULTS Apart from the bacteriophages, their cell contents like Lysin enzymes were found equally very much effective. Only the major challenge faced in phage therapy was the identification and characterization of bacteria-specific phages due to the wide genetic diversity of bacterial populations. Similarly, the threshold level of bacteriophages to act effectively was altered by ultraviolet radiation and heat exposure. CONCLUSION Thus, bacteriophage therapy offers promising alternatives in the treatment of antibioticresistant bacteria in different fields. However, their effectiveness is determined by a triad of bacteriophages (type & quantity), host (bacteria) and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Adhikari
- Animal Health Training and Consultancy Services (AHTCS), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Krishna P Acharya
- Animal Quarantine Office (AQO), Budhanilakantha, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Co-operatives (MoLMAC), Gandaki State, Pokhara, Nepal
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Auten CR, Urbanz JL, Dees DD. Comparison of bacterial culture results collected via direct corneal ulcer vs conjunctival fornix sampling in canine eyes with presumed bacterial ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:135-140. [PMID: 31328879 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare aerobic bacterial culture results between samples obtained from the corneal ulcer versus lower conjunctival fornix in eyes with presumed bacterial ulcerative keratitis. ANIMALS STUDIED Fifty five client-owned dogs diagnosed with ulcerative keratitis. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic examinations were performed on each dog including slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Microbial swabs were collected by direct sampling of the infected corneal ulcer as well as the lower conjunctival fornix, of the same eye, using a sterile rayon-tipped swab. Samples were submitted to an outside reference laboratory for aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity. RESULTS One hundred twelve samples were obtained from 56 eyes (55 dogs). Sixty-eight samples yielded bacterial growth. Positive growth from both sites was obtained in 31 eyes (55%). Six eyes yielded bacterial growth from the conjunctival fornix but not from the cornea. No bacterial growth was obtained from either sampling site in 19 eyes. Overall, 31/56 (55%) corneal samples were positive and 37/56 (66%) conjunctival fornix samples were positive. Comparison of organisms isolated from the two collection sites of the same eye revealed an exact correlation in 42/56 (75%) eyes and differed in 14/56 (25%) eyes. Twenty different bacterial isolates were obtained from 68 positive samples. Gram-positive (71%) organisms were more common than Gram-negative (29%). The most commonly isolated organisms were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (25%), beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (23%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%). Methicillin-resistant organisms were isolated in 9% of samples. CONCLUSION Sampling from the conjunctival fornix may be a suitable alternative to direct ulcer sampling in eyes with compromised corneal structural integrity.
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de Melo ACC, da Mata Gomes A, Melo FL, Ardisson-Araújo DMP, de Vargas APC, Ely VL, Kitajima EW, Ribeiro BM, Wolff JLC. Characterization of a bacteriophage with broad host range against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from domestic animals. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:134. [PMID: 31208333 PMCID: PMC6580649 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Moreover, the species can cause severe infections in cystic fibrosis patients, in burnt victims and cause disease in domestic animals. The control of these infections is often difficult due to its vast repertoire of mechanisms for antibiotic resistance. Phage therapy investigation with P. aeruginosa bacteriophages has aimed mainly the control of human diseases. In the present work, we have isolated and characterized a new bacteriophage, named Pseudomonas phage BrSP1, and investigated its host range against 36 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from diseased animals and against P. aeruginosa ATCC strain 27853. Results We have isolated a Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage from sewage. We named this virus Pseudomonas phage BrSP1. Our electron microscopy analysis showed that phage BrSP1 had a long tail structure found in members of the order Caudovirales. “In vitro” biological assays demonstrated that phage BrSP1 was capable of maintaining the P. aeruginosa population at low levels for up to 12 h post-infection. However, bacterial growth resumed afterward and reached levels similar to non-treated samples at 24 h post-infection. Host range analysis showed that 51.4% of the bacterial strains investigated were susceptible to phage BrSP1 and efficiency of plating (EOP) investigation indicated that EOP values in the strains tested varied from 0.02 to 1.72. Analysis of the phage genome revealed that it was a double-stranded DNA virus with 66,189 bp, highly similar to the genomes of members of the genus Pbunavirus, a group of viruses also known as PB1-like viruses. Conclusion The results of our “in vitro” bioassays and of our host range analysis suggested that Pseudomonas phage BrSP1 could be included in a phage cocktail to treat veterinary infections. Our EOP investigation confirmed that EOP values differ considerably among different bacterial strains. Comparisons of complete genome sequences indicated that phage BrSP1 is a novel species of the genus Pbunavirus. The complete genome of phage BrSP1 provides additional data that may help the broader understanding of pbunaviruses genome evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1481-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cristhina Carmine de Melo
- CCBS - Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Virologia, Prédio 28, primeiro andar, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 896, Consolação, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Amanda da Mata Gomes
- CCBS - Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Virologia, Prédio 28, primeiro andar, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 896, Consolação, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Daniel M P Ardisson-Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Agueda Palmira Castagna de Vargas
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR)Avenida Roraima, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 1000. Prédio 44, Sala 5137, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Valessa Lunkes Ely
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR)Avenida Roraima, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 1000. Prédio 44, Sala 5137, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- NAP/MEPA, Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Bergmann M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Caldas Wolff
- CCBS - Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Virologia, Prédio 28, primeiro andar, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 896, Consolação, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01302-907, Brazil.
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Yu X, Xu Y, Gu Y, Zhu Y, Liu X. Characterization and genomic study of "phiKMV-Like" phage PAXYB1 infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13068. [PMID: 29026171 PMCID: PMC5638911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage PAXYB1 was recently isolated from wastewater samples. This phage was chosen based on its lytic properties against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In the present study, characterized PAXYB1, clarified its morphological and lytic properties, and analyzed its complete genome sequence. Based on the morphology of PAXYB1, it is a Podoviridae. The linear GC-rich (62.29%) double-stranded DNA genome of PAXYB1 is 43,337 bp including direct terminal repeats (DTRs) of 468 bp. It contains 60 open reading frames (ORFs) that are all encoded within the same strand. We also showed that PAXYB1 is a virulent phage and a new member of the phiKMV-like phages genus. Twenty-eight out of sixty predicted gene products (gps) showed significant homology to proteins of known function, which were confirmed by analyzing the structural proteome. Altogether, our work identified a novel lytic bacteriophage that lyses P. aeruginosa PAO1 and efficiently infects and kills several clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. This phage has potential for development as a biological disinfectant to control P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yefei Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Abstract
This is a detailed review of purulent corneal ulcer signs and symptoms, problems in diagnosis, and conservative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evg A Kasparova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
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Shanks RMQ, Davra VR, Romanowski EG, Brothers KM, Stella NA, Godboley D, Kadouri DE. An Eye to a Kill: Using Predatory Bacteria to Control Gram-Negative Pathogens Associated with Ocular Infections. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66723. [PMID: 23824756 PMCID: PMC3688930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular infections are a leading cause of vision loss. It has been previously suggested that predatory prokaryotes might be used as live antibiotics to control infections. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens ocular isolates were exposed to the predatory bacteria Micavibrio aeruginosavorus and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. All tested S. marcescens isolates were susceptible to predation by B. bacteriovorus strains 109J and HD100. Seven of the 10 P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to predation by B. bacteriovorus 109J with 80% being attacked by M. aeruginosavorus. All of the 19 tested isolates were found to be sensitive to at least one predator. To further investigate the effect of the predators on eukaryotic cells, human corneal-limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells were exposed to high concentrations of the predators. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that predatory bacteria do not damage ocular surface cells in vitro whereas the P. aeruginosa used as a positive control was highly toxic. Furthermore, no increase in the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-alpha was measured in HCLE cells after exposure to the predators. Finally, injection of high concentration of predatory bacteria into the hemocoel of Galleria mellonella, an established model system used to study microbial pathogenesis, did not result in any measurable negative effect to the host. Our results suggest that predatory bacteria could be considered in the near future as a safe topical bio-control agent to treat ocular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Q. Shanks
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Viral R. Davra
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eric G. Romanowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Brothers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Stella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campbell Laboratory of Ophthalmic Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Dipti Godboley
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Kadouri
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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