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Berman CF, Lobetti RG, Zini E, Fosgate GT, Schoeman JP. Influence of high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets on serum lipid and fructosamine concentrations in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:759-769. [PMID: 34605307 PMCID: PMC10812288 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211047062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets exert differential effects on serum cholesterol, triglyceride and fructosamine concentrations in healthy cats. METHODS A randomised, crossover diet trial was performed in 35 healthy shelter cats. Following baseline health assessments, cats were randomised into groups receiving either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks. The cats were then fed a washout diet for 4 weeks before being transitioned to whichever of the two studied diets they had not yet received. Fasting serum cholesterol, triglyceride and fructosamine concentrations were determined at the end of each 4-week diet period. RESULTS Cats on the high-carbohydrate diet had significantly lower serum cholesterol (P <0.001) concentrations compared with baseline measurements. Cats on the high-protein diet had significantly higher serum cholesterol (P <0.001) and triglyceride (P <0.001) concentrations, yet lower fructosamine (P <0.001) concentrations compared with baseline measurements. In contrast, overweight cats (body condition score [BCS] >5) had lower cholesterol (P = 0.007) and triglyceride (P = 0.032) concentrations on the high-protein diet than cats within other BCS groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Diets higher in protein and lower in carbohydrates appear beneficial for short-term glucose control in healthy cats. A high-protein diet was associated with significantly elevated cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy cats, even though the increase was significantly less pronounced in cats with a BCS >5. This finding suggests that overweight cats process high-protein diets, cholesterol and triglycerides differently than leaner cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad F Berman
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Remo G Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Montegiove N, Calzoni E, Cesaretti A, Pellegrino RM, Emiliani C, Pellegrino A, Leonardi L. The Hard Choice about Dry Pet Food: Comparison of Protein and Lipid Nutritional Qualities and Digestibility of Three Different Chicken-Based Formulations. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121538. [PMID: 35739874 PMCID: PMC9219525 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The majority of pet food currently on the market is represented by dry food thanks to its practicality and long shelf life. Dry pet food production consists of several processes that can have different effects on nutrient bioavailability and digestibility. The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional quality of three different chicken-based formulations, consisting of fresh meats, meat meals, or a mix of these two from a protein, lipid, and in vitro digestibility point of view. The results show that the fresh chicken-meat-based formulation appears to be the preferable choice when proteins, lipids, and in vitro digestibility are taken into account. Moreover, the soluble protein content estimated by the Bradford assay is found to correlate well with the total protein content and in vitro digestibility. Abstract Dry pet food, made of fresh meats and especially meat meals, represents one of the main types of complete food available on the market by virtue of its practicality and long shelf life. The kibble production process includes mixed thermal and mechanical treatments that help to improve the palatability and durability of the final product but may have undesirable effects on nutrient bioavailability and digestibility. An analysis of the protein and lipid content of different dry pet food formulations, together with an in vitro digestibility analysis, can reveal which formulation can provide a more nourishing diet for pets. In this study, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on three different formulations of chicken-based dry pet food, consisting of fresh meats, meat meals, or a mix of these two. The soluble protein concentration was determined by the Bradford assay, while the crude protein content was assessed through the Kjeldahl method. Quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS) was used to analyze the amino acid (AA) and lipid compositions. Finally, a gastric and small intestinal digestion simulation was used to determine the in vitro digestibility. The results show that dry pet food consisting only of chicken fresh meats has the highest content of soluble protein; it also contains more Essential AAs, Branched-Chain AAs, and Taurine, as well as a greater quantity of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, its in vitro digestibility was the highest, exceeding 90% of its dry weight, in agreement with the soluble protein content. These findings thus make the fresh-meat-based formulation a preferable choice as dry pet food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Montegiove
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Calzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Maria Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.C.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
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Abstract
The domestication and urbanization of dogs and cats has dramatically altered their environment and behavior. Human and pet obesity is a global concern, particularly in developed countries. An increased incidence of chronic disease is associated with obesity secondary to low-grade systemic inflammation. This article reviews current research into the genetic, dietary, and physiologic factors associated with obesity, along with use of "omics" technology to better understand and characterize this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Hamper
- Hamper Veterinary Nutritional Consulting, 9160 Crestview Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46240, USA.
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Montague MJ, Li G, Gandolfi B, Khan R, Aken BL, Searle SMJ, Minx P, Hillier LW, Koboldt DC, Davis BW, Driscoll CA, Barr CS, Blackistone K, Quilez J, Lorente-Galdos B, Marques-Bonet T, Alkan C, Thomas GWC, Hahn MW, Menotti-Raymond M, O'Brien SJ, Wilson RK, Lyons LA, Murphy WJ, Warren WC. Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17230-5. [PMID: 25385592 PMCID: PMC4260561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410083111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic changes that distinguish domestic cat populations from their wild progenitors. Here we describe a high-quality domestic cat reference genome assembly and comparative inferences made with other cat breeds, wildcats, and other mammals. Based upon these comparisons, we identified positively selected genes enriched for genes involved in lipid metabolism that underpin adaptations to a hypercarnivorous diet. We also found positive selection signals within genes underlying sensory processes, especially those affecting vision and hearing in the carnivore lineage. We observed an evolutionary tradeoff between functional olfactory and vomeronasal receptor gene repertoires in the cat and dog genomes, with an expansion of the feline chemosensory system for detecting pheromones at the expense of odorant detection. Genomic regions harboring signatures of natural selection that distinguish domestic cats from their wild congeners are enriched in neural crest-related genes associated with behavior and reward in mouse models, as predicted by the domestication syndrome hypothesis. Our description of a previously unidentified allele for the gloving pigmentation pattern found in the Birman breed supports the hypothesis that cat breeds experienced strong selection on specific mutations drawn from random bred populations. Collectively, these findings provide insight into how the process of domestication altered the ancestral wildcat genome and build a resource for future disease mapping and phylogenomic studies across all members of the Felidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Montague
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - Razib Khan
- Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Bronwen L Aken
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick Minx
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - LaDeana W Hillier
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Carlos A Driscoll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20886
| | - Christina S Barr
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20886
| | - Kevin Blackistone
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20886
| | - Javier Quilez
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Lorente-Galdos
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Analisis Genomico 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Can Alkan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Gregg W C Thomas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199178, Russia; and Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201;
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
| | - Wesley C Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108;
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