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Bergman PJ. Cancer Immunotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:441-468. [PMID: 38158304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 5 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies, which will hopefully expand our veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA; Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Equine Melanocytic Tumors: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020247. [PMID: 36670786 PMCID: PMC9855132 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult grey horses have a high incidence of melanocytic tumors. This article narratively reviews the role of some genetic features related to melanoma formation in horses, such as STX17 mutation, ASIP or MITF alterations, and the link between the graying process and the development of these tumors. A clear system of clinical and pathological classification of melanocytic tumors in naevus, dermal melanoma, dermal melanomatosis and anaplastic malignant melanoma is provided. Clinical and laboratorial methods of diagnosing are listed, with fine needle aspiration and histopathology being the most relevant. Relevance is given to immunohistochemistry, describing potentially important diagnostic biomarkers such as RACK1 and PNL2. Different therapeutical options available for equine practitioners are mentioned, with surgery, chemotherapy and electroporation being the most common. This article also elucidatesnew fields of research, perspectives, and new therapeutic targets, such as CD47, PD-1 and COX-2 biomarkers.
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3
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Pellin MA. The Use of Oncept Melanoma Vaccine in Veterinary Patients: A Review of the Literature. Vet Sci 2022; 9:597. [PMID: 36356074 PMCID: PMC9693055 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Oncept melanoma vaccine is xenogeneic DNA vaccine targeting tyrosinase. It is USDA approved for treatment of stage II to III canine oral melanoma and is also used off-label for melanomas arising in other locations and in other species. While the vaccine appears safe, the published data is mixed as to whether it provides a survival benefit, and the use of the vaccine is somewhat controversial in the veterinary oncology community. In this paper, the published literature describing the use of Oncept is reviewed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacKenzie A Pellin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Halliwell E, Carslake H, Malalana F. Vaccination with human tyrosinase
DNA
as a therapy for equine intraocular melanoma—4 cases: 2016–2021. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Halliwell
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool Neston, Cheshire UK
| | - Harry Carslake
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool Neston, Cheshire UK
| | - Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool Neston, Cheshire UK
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5
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Weber LA, Delarocque J, Feige K, Kietzmann M, Kalbitz J, Meißner J, Paschke R, Cavalleri JMV. Effects of Topically Applied Betulinic Acid and NVX-207 on Melanocytic Tumors in 18 Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113250. [PMID: 34827981 PMCID: PMC8614291 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanomas are skin tumors of the pigment-producing melanocytes. Equine melanomas are among the most frequently diagnosed tumors affecting grey horses. The melanocytic tumors progress to malignancy in more than two-thirds of cases. Previous laboratory experiments and studies with horses utilizing the naturally occurring betulinic acid (BA) and its derivative NVX-207 showed promising results with respect to the topical (epicutaneous) treatment of equine melanoma. Therefore, the aim of this feasibility study was to gain first insights into the effect and safety of BA and NVX-207 in eighteen horses with early-stage melanocytic tumors after a 13-week-long topical application. The topical treatment was convenient and safe. Compared to a placebo, the data suggest a positive treatment effect from topical application of BA and NVX-207 on equine melanomas toward the end of the treatment period. However, the time period studied was too short to conclusively prove this. Further advancement of the investigational medicinal products studied herein could lead to an effective, topical and marketable novel drug which helps to relieve suffering and, consequently, improve the welfare of equine skin cancer patients. Abstract The naturally occurring betulinic acid (BA) and its derivative NVX-207 induce apoptosis in equine melanoma cells in vitro. After topical application, high concentrations of the substances can be reached in healthy equine skin. With the aim to investigate the effect and safety of topically applied BA and NVX-207 in horses with melanocytic tumors, the longitudinal, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study protocol included eighteen Lipizzaner mares with early-stage cutaneous melanoma assigned to three groups. Melanocytic lesions were topically treated either with a placebo, 1% BA or 1% NVX-207 twice a day for 91 days. Caliper measurements, clinical examinations and blood tests were performed to assess the effects and safety of the medication. The topical treatment was convenient and safe. The volumes of tumors treated with BA were significantly reduced over time as compared to tumors treated with the placebo from day 80 of the study. Although treatment with NVX-207 seemed to decrease tumor volume, these results did not reach statistical significance. The findings must be regarded as preliminary due to the limited group size and need to be replicated in a larger cohort with modified pharmaceutical test formulations. Accordingly, the treatment protocol cannot yet be recommended in its current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.A.W.); (J.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.A.W.); (J.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.A.W.); (J.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jutta Kalbitz
- Biosolutions Halle GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.-M.V.C.)
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Equine Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.-M.V.C.)
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Sullins
- Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine Glendale Arizona USA
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7
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Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 4 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies that will hopefully expand the veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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Abstract
Periocular neoplasia is common in horses. Treatment of the periocular skin and ocular adnexal structures can be technically challenging. Common neoplastic conditions, a treatment algorithm, surgical principles, and therapeutic modalities are reviewed. Regardless of the type of neoplasia found or the treatment that is applied, success is most likely when the neoplastic tumor is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Estell
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 17690 Old Waterford Road, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA.
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10
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Zuleger CL, Kang C, Ranheim EA, Kurzman ID, Macklin MD, Newton MA, Wolchok JD, Vail DM, Eriksson E, Albertini MR. Pilot study of safety and feasibility of DNA microseeding for treatment of spontaneous canine melanoma. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:134-145. [PMID: 29067210 PMCID: PMC5645840 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine malignant melanoma provides an excellent pre-clinical model to study DNA vaccines for melanoma immunotherapy. A USDA-approved xenogeneic human tyrosinase (huTYR) plasmid DNA vaccine delivered intramuscularly induces detectable immune responses and has clinical activity in some dogs with melanoma. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity of huTYR plasmid DNA administered to the skin via microseeding in dogs with spontaneous melanoma. DNA microseeding utilizes a modified tattooing device as an alternate and potentially more potent delivery method for DNA immunization. DNA was delivered to shaved inner thigh skin of six companion dogs with melanoma approximately every 14 days for a planned total of four vaccination time points. An anti-huTYR ELISA was used to test pre- and post-treatment sera. Biopsies of treated skin were obtained for detection of huTYR transgene expression. DNA microseeding was well tolerated with no significant toxicity detected beyond local site irritation, and there were no signs of autoimmunity. huTYR-expressing cells were observed in biopsies of huTYR DNA microseeding sites. Increased humoral anti-huTYR antibodies were seen in two of five evaluable dogs following microseeding compared to baseline. DNA microseeding is well tolerated in companion dogs with melanoma. Further investigation is needed to determine if combining DNA microseeding with other immunotherapy regimens potentiates this delivery platform for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Zuleger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Chulhi Kang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ilene D. Kurzman
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael D. Macklin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael A. Newton
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - David M. Vail
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Elof Eriksson
- Division of Plastic SurgeryBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mark R. Albertini
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Medical ServiceWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
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11
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Lee BH, Neela PH, Kent MS, Zehnder AM. IQGAP1 is an oncogenic target in canine melanoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176370. [PMID: 28445541 PMCID: PMC5406000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine oral mucosal melanoma is an aggressive malignant neoplasm and is characterized by local infiltration and a high metastatic potential. The disease progression is similar to that of human oral melanomas. Whereas human cutaneous melanoma is primarily driven by activating mutations in Braf (60%) or Nras (20%), human mucosal melanoma harbors these mutations much less frequently. This makes therapeutic targeting and research modeling of the oral form potentially different from that of the cutaneous form in humans. Similarly, research has found only rare Nras mutations and no activating Braf mutations in canine oral melanomas, but they are still reliant on MAPK signaling. IQGAP1 is a signaling scaffold that regulates oncogenic ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in human Ras- and Raf- driven cancers, including melanomas. To investigate whether IQGAP1 is a potential target in canine melanoma, we examined the expression and localization of IQGAP1 in primary canine melanomas and canine oral melanoma cell lines obtained from the University of California-Davis. Using CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of IQGAP1, we examined effects on downstream ERK1/2 pathway activity and assayed proliferation of cell lines when treated with a peptide that blocks the interaction between IQGAP1 and ERK1/2. We observed that canine IQGAP1 is expressed and localizes to a similar extent in both human and canine melanoma by qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Deletion of IQGAP1 reduces MAPK pathway activation in cell lines, similar to effects seen in human BrafV600E cell lines. Additionally, we demonstrated reduced proliferation when these cells are treated with a blocking peptide in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky H. Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Poornima H. Neela
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Zehnder
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Cancer immunology and canine malignant melanoma: A comparative review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 169:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Schnabel CL, Steinig P, Koy M, Schuberth HJ, Juhls C, Oswald D, Wittig B, Willenbrock S, Murua Escobar H, Pfarrer C, Wagner B, Jaehnig P, Moritz A, Feige K, Cavalleri JMV. Immune response of healthy horses to DNA constructs formulated with a cationic lipid transfection reagent. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:140. [PMID: 26100265 PMCID: PMC4476236 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines are used for experimental immunotherapy of equine melanoma. The injection of complexed linear DNA encoding interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18 induced partial tumour remission in a clinical study including 27 grey horses. To date, the detailed mechanism of the anti-tumour effect of this treatment is unknown. Results In the present study, the clinical and cellular responses of 24 healthy horses were monitored over 72 h after simultaneous intradermal and intramuscular application of equine IL-12/IL-18 DNA (complexed with a transfection reagent) or comparative substances (transfection reagent only, nonsense DNA, nonsense DNA depleted of CG). Although the strongest effect was observed in horses treated with expressing DNA, horses in all groups treated with DNA showed systemic responses. In these horses treated with DNA, rectal temperatures were elevated after treatment and serum amyloid A increased. Total leukocyte and neutrophil counts increased, while lymphocyte numbers decreased. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) from peripheral mononuclear blood cells ex vivo increased after treatments with DNA, while IL-10 secretion decreased. Horses treated with DNA had significantly higher myeloid cell numbers and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)-10 expression in skin samples at the intradermal injection sites compared to horses treated with transfection reagent only, suggesting an inflammatory response to DNA treatment. In horses treated with expressing DNA, however, local CXCL-10 expression was highest and immunohistochemistry revealed more intradermal IL-12-positive cells when compared to the other treatment groups. In contrast to non-grey horses, grey horses showed fewer effects of DNA treatments on blood lymphocyte counts, TNFα secretion and myeloid cell infiltration in the dermis. Conclusion Treatment with complexed linear DNA constructs induced an inflammatory response independent of the coding sequence and of CG motif content. Expressing IL-12/IL-18 DNA locally induces expression of the downstream mediator CXCL-10. The grey horses included appeared to display an attenuated immune response to DNA treatment, although grey horses bearing melanoma responded to this treatment with moderate tumour remission in a preceding study. Whether the different immunological reactivity compared to other horses may contributes to the melanoma susceptibility of grey horses remains to be elucidated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0452-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L Schnabel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - P Steinig
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Koy
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - H-J Schuberth
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - C Juhls
- Mologen AG, Fabeckstrasse 30, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - D Oswald
- Mologen AG, Fabeckstrasse 30, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - B Wittig
- Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Willenbrock
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Clinic, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - H Murua Escobar
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Small Animal Clinic, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Division of Medicine, Clinic III, Haematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - C Pfarrer
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute of Anatomy, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - B Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Universit, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - P Jaehnig
- pj statistics, Niedstrasse 16, 12159, Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-Universitaet, Frankfurter Strasse 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - K Feige
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - J-M V Cavalleri
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Horses, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:132. [PMID: 26063232 PMCID: PMC4464139 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:107. [PMID: 25967290 PMCID: PMC4429833 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Mareu Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Bongiovanni L, D'Andrea A, Porcellato I, Ciccarelli A, Malatesta D, Romanucci M, Della Salda L, Mechelli L, Brachelente C. Canine cutaneous melanocytic tumours: significance of β-catenin and survivin immunohistochemical expression. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:270-e59. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Teramo; Piazza A. Moro 45 Teramo 64100 Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Andrea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Teramo; Piazza A. Moro 45 Teramo 64100 Italy
| | - Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Via San Costanzo 4 Perugia 06126 Italy
| | - Andrea Ciccarelli
- Faculty of Political Science; University of Teramo; Campus Coste Sant'Agostino Teramo 64100 Italy
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Teramo; Piazza A. Moro 45 Teramo 64100 Italy
| | - Mariarita Romanucci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Teramo; Piazza A. Moro 45 Teramo 64100 Italy
| | - Leonardo Della Salda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Teramo; Piazza A. Moro 45 Teramo 64100 Italy
| | - Luca Mechelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Via San Costanzo 4 Perugia 06126 Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Via San Costanzo 4 Perugia 06126 Italy
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17
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Abstract
Tumor immunology and immunotherapy is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. The immune system is divided into 2 primary components: the innate immune response and the highly specific, but more slowly developing, adaptive or acquired immune response. Immune responses are separated by whether they are induced by exposure to a foreign antigen (active response) or transferred through serum or lymphocytes from an immunized individual (passive response). The ideal cancer immunotherapy agent should discriminate between cancer and normal cells (specificity), be potent enough to kill small or large numbers of tumor cells (sensitivity), and prevent recurrence of a tumor (durability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA, 546 Bedford Road, Bedford Hills, New York, NY 10507, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Melanomas are among the most common skin tumors in horses, with prevalence rates reaching as high as 80% in adult gray horses. Most melanocytic tumors are benign at initial presentation; however, if left untreated, up to two-thirds can progress to overt malignant behavior. Standard local treatment options can be used to treat solitary early-stage lesions but do not address the underlying risk of recurrent tumor formation or the transformation to a malignant phenotype. An understanding of the specific molecular genetic factors associated with tumor formation should lead to targeted therapies that can be used to treat or ideally prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The frequency of common cutaneous tumors in ferrets, rabbits, and guinea pigs is summarized, with descriptions of their appearance and behavior, prognosis, and treatment options. This information assists clinicians when talking to clients, and helps owners make an informed decision whether or not to pursue aggressive treatment or to palliate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Kanfer
- Exotic Animal Care Center, 2121 East Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA.
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20
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Albanese V, Newton JC, Waguespack RW. Malignant melanoma of the third eyelid in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Albanese
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
| | - J. C. Newton
- Department of Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
| | - R. W. Waguespack
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
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21
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Ramos-Vara JA, Frank CB, DuSold D, Miller MA. Immunohistochemical Expression of Melanocytic Antigen PNL2, Melan A, S100, and PGP 9.5 in Equine Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:161-6. [PMID: 23370093 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812471545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunoreactivity of PNL2, Melan A, and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was compared with that of S100 protein in 50 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded equine melanocytic neoplasms. PNL2, PGP 9.5, and S100 protein were detected in all 50 neoplasms; none expressed Melan A. PNL2 was not expressed in 62 nonmelanocytic tumors (equine sarcoids, schwannomas, carcinomas, sarcomas, endocrine tumors, sex-cord stromal tumors, germ cell tumors, and leukocytic tumors) or in normal tissues other than epidermis. In summary, antibody PNL2 is a sensitive marker of equine melanocytic neoplasms and is more specific than S100 protein or PGP 9.5. In contrast, the monoclonal antibody to Melan A did not react with any of the equine melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Ramos-Vara
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - C. B. Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. DuSold
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M. A. Miller
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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22
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Development of Immunologic Assays to Measure Response in Horses Vaccinated with Xenogeneic Plasmid DNA Encoding Human Tyrosinase. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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