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Hubbell JAE, Muir WW, Gorenberg E, Hopster K. A review of equine anesthetic induction: Are all equine anesthetic inductions "crash" inductions? J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105130. [PMID: 38879096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Horses are the most challenging of the common companion animals to anesthetize. Induction of anesthesia in the horse is complicated by the fact that it is accompanied by a transition from a conscious standing position to uncconconscious recumbency. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on induction of anesthesia with a focus on the behavioral and physiologic/pharmacodynamic responses and the actions and interactions of the drugs administered to induce anesthesia in the healthy adult horse with the goal of increasing consistency and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William W Muir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emma Gorenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Klaus Hopster
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Aguilar‐Catalan A, Costa‐Farré C, Leiva M, Murison PJ. Ataxia and muscle weakness after thiopental anaesthesia in a horse being treated with fluconazole. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Aguilar‐Catalan
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari ‐ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Costa‐Farré
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari ‐ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari ‐ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
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Shilo-Benjamini Y, Pe'er O, Abu Ahmad W, Ofri R. Effect of anesthetic induction with propofol, alfaxalone or ketamine on intraocular pressure in cats: a randomized masked clinical investigation. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:63-71. [PMID: 36528512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of propofol, alfaxalone and ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, masked, randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 43 ophthalmologically normal cats scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for various procedures. METHODS Following baseline IOP measurements using applanation tonometry, anesthesia was induced with propofol (n = 15), alfaxalone (n = 14) or ketamine (n = 14) administered intravenously to effect. Then, midazolam (0.3 mg kg-1) was administered intravenously and endotracheal intubation was performed without application of topical anesthesia. The IOP was measured following each intervention. Data was analyzed using one-way anova and repeated-measures mixed design with post hoc analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mean ± standard error IOP at baseline was not different among groups (propofol, 18 ± 0.6; alfaxalone, 18 ± 0.7; ketamine, 17 ± 0.5 mmHg). Following induction of anesthesia, IOP increased significantly compared with baseline in the propofol (20 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the alfaxalone (19 ± 0.8 mmHg) or ketamine (16 ± 0.7 mmHg) groups. Midazolam administration resulted in significant decrease from the previous measurement in the alfaxalone group (16 ± 0.7 mmHg), but not in the propofol group (19 ± 0.7 mmHg) or the ketamine (16 ± 0.8 mmHg) group. A further decrease was measured after intubation in the alfaxalone group (15 ± 0.9 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Propofol should be used with caution in cats predisposed to perforation or glaucoma, as any increase in IOP should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Bozkan Z, Yaygingul R, Bulut O, Belge A. Measuring the Effects of Detomidine and Medetomidine Alone and in Combination with Ketamine on Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:242-249. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Owens CD, Michau TM, Boorstein J, Wynn ER, McMullen RJ. Keratometry, biometry, and prediction of intraocular lens power in adult tigers (Panthera tigris). Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:140-146. [PMID: 34890356 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.04.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To calculate the necessary pseudophakic intraocular lens (IOL) power to approximate emmetropia in adult tigers. ANIMALS 17 clinically normal adult tigers. PROCEDURES 33 eyes of 17 clinically normal adult tigers underwent routine ophthalmic examination and B-scan ultrasonography while anesthetized for unrelated procedures. Specific ultrasound data (globe measurements and corneal curvature) and estimated postoperative IOL positions were utilized to calculate predicted IOL power by use of Retzlaff and Binkhorst theoretical formulas. Applanation tonometry and refraction were also performed. RESULTS Mean ± SD axial globe length was 29.36 ± 0.82 mm, preoperative anterior chamber depth was 7.00 ± 0.74 mm, and crystalline lens thickness was 8.72 ± 0.56 mm. Mean net refractive error (n = 33 eyes) was +0.27 ± 0.30 diopters (D). By use of the Retzlaff formula, mean predicted IOL power for the postoperative anterior chamber depth (PACD), PACD - 2 mm, and PACD + 2 mm was 43.72 ± 4.84 D, 37.62 ± 4.19 D, and 51.57 ± 5.72 D, respectively. By use of the Binkhorst equation, these values were 45.11 ± 4.91 D, 38.84 ± 4.25 D, and 53.18 ± 5.81 D, respectively. Mean intraocular pressure for all eyes was 14.7 ± 2.69 mm Hg. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The calculated tiger IOL was lower than reported values for adult domestic felids. Further studies evaluating actual PACD and pseudophakic refraction would help determine the appropriate IOL power to achieve emmetropia in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy M Michau
- Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, Tampa, FL.,Mars Veterinary Health, Vancouver, WA
| | | | | | - Richard J McMullen
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Loomes K, Louro LF. Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000-2020) of the influence of anaesthetic protocol on recovery quality. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:219-261. [PMID: 34668220 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recovery phase after equine general anaesthesia (GA) is a time of considerable risk and therefore has been the subject of extensive research over the last 20 years. Various pharmacological interventions have been developed and studied with the objective of improving recovery quality and reducing anaesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, some controversy remains regarding the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality from GA and its implications for recovery-related mortality and morbidity. A systematic review of the literature investigating the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality is currently lacking. OBJECTIVES To perform a detailed evaluation of the equine veterinary literature investigating the effect of anaesthetic protocol choice on equine recovery quality utilising the GRADE framework. STUDY DESIGN A systematic evaluation of the equine veterinary literature was performed using the GRADE framework. METHODS A literature search was performed and studies were assessed for eligibility by both authors utilising PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated by both authors, categorically summarised and the quality of evidence for each sub-topic was assessed using the GRADE framework. RESULTS A total of 124 studies were identified which directly assessed the impact of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality after GA in horses. Evaluation of the available evidence indicated that certain partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality. MAIN LIMITATIONS The validity of the results of some studies may have been compromised by missing data and small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence to indicate that certain PIVA agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality.
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Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061777. [PMID: 34198637 PMCID: PMC8232193 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recovery is the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. Numerous publications have reported about this phase, but structured reviews that try to reduce the risk of bias of narrative reviews/expert opinions, focussing on the topic are missing. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to publish the first structured review as a summary of the literature focussing on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in horses. The objective was to summarise the available literature, taking into account the scientific evidence of the individual studies. A structured approach was followed with two experts in the field independently deciding on article inclusion and its level of scientific evidence. A total number of 444 articles, sorted by topics and classified based on their levels of evidence, were finally included into the present summary. The most important findings were summarised and discussed. The present structured review can be used as a compilation of the publications that, to date, focus on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in adult horses. This type of review tries to minimise the risk of bias inherent to narrative reviews/expert opinions. Abstract Recovery remains the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. The objective of this publication was to perform a structured literature review including levels of evidence (LoE) of each study with the keywords “recovery anaesthesia horse”, entered at once, in the search browsers PubMed and Web of Science. The two authors independently evaluated each candidate article. A final list with 444 articles was obtained on 5 April 2021, classified as: 41 “narrative reviews/expert opinions”, 16 “retrospective outcome studies”, 5 “surveys”, 59 “premedication/sedation and induction drugs”, 27 “maintenance with inhalant agents”, 55 “maintenance with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)”, 3 “TIVA versus inhalants”, 56 “maintenance with partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA)”, 27 “other drugs used during maintenance”, 18 “drugs before/during recovery”, 18 “recovery systems”, 21 “respiratory system in recovery”, 41 “other factors”, 51 “case series/reports” and 6 “systems to score recoveries”. Of them, 167 were LoE 1, 36 LoE 2, 33 LoE 3, 110 LoE 4, 90 LoE 5 and 8 could not be classified based on the available abstract. This review can be used as an up-to-date compilation of the literature about recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses that tried to minimise the bias inherent to narrative reviews.
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FACTORS AFFECTING TEAR PRODUCTION AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN ANESTHETIZED CHIMPANZEES ( PAN TROGLODYTES). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:687-690. [PMID: 33480546 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production are key components of ophthalmic examination. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were anesthetized using either tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ; 2 mg/kg) combined with medetomidine (TZM; 0.02 mg/kg), or, TZ alone (6mg/kg). Tear production was lower (P = 0.03) with TZM (5.63 ± 6.22 mm/min; n = 16) than with TZ (11.13 ± 4.63 mm/min; n = 8). Mean IOP, measured using rebound tonometry in an upright body position (n = 8) was 18.74 ± 3.01 mm Hg, with no differences between right and left eyes. However, positioning chimpanzees in left lateral recumbency (n = 27) resulted in higher IOP in the dependent (left) eye (24.77 ± 4.49 mm Hg) compared to the nondependent (right) eye (22.27 ± 4.65 mm Hg) of the same animal (P < 0.0001). These data indicate medetomidine anesthesia markedly lowers tear production in chimpanzees, and that body position should be taken into consideration when performing rebound tonometry.
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Alling CR, Cremer J, Liu CC, Lewin AC, Camacho-Luna P, Carter RT. Effect of multiple head positions on intraocular pressure in healthy, anesthetized horses during hoisting. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24:71-79. [PMID: 33264475 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) with variable head position in healthy, anesthetized horses in hoisted inversion and to assess the influence of various cofactors (age, sex, body weight, body condition score, and neck length) on IOP changes during hoisting. ANIMALS STUDIED Seventeen healthy adult horses without significant ocular abnormalities. PROCEDURES Subjects were administered intravenous xylazine/butorphanol premedication and ketamine/midazolam induction with xylazine/ketamine boluses for anesthetic maintenance. While hoisted, IOP was measured in triplicate for each eye via rebound tonometry (TonoVet) at neutral head position (ie, eyes level with the withers), at multiple 5 cm increments above and below neutral (-20 cm through +20 cm) using foam pads for head support, and with eyes above heart level via manual support. RESULTS In hoisted positions, IOP ranged from 18 to 51 mmHg. Intraocular pressure significantly decreased with head position elevated ≥+15 cm from neutral and significantly increased when lowered ≤-5 cm from neutral. Neck length significantly influenced IOP (P = .0328) with linear regression indicating a median (range) increase of 0.244 (0.034-0.425) mmHg in IOP for every 1 cm increase in neck length. Age, sex, breed, body weight, body condition score, and eye (OD vs OS) did not significantly influence IOP. Intraocular pressure only varied significantly between eyes at +10 cm above neutral (OS > OD, 1.7 ± 0.6 mm Hg, P = .0044). CONCLUSIONS Intraocular pressure in healthy, anesthetized horses varies with head position during hoisting; increased neck length may be associated with larger changes in IOP during hoisting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeannette Cremer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Meekins JM, McMurphy RM, Roush JK. The effect of body position on intraocular pressure in anesthetized horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:668-673. [PMID: 32379387 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of four recumbent body positions on intraocular pressure (IOP) in anesthetized normal horses. ANIMALS STUDIED Ten nonglaucomatous adult horses. PROCEDURES Intraocular pressure was measured with a rebound tonometer in both eyes of standing sedated horses (baseline), then under general anesthesia during four randomized recumbent body positions, including Trendelenburg (Tr; 15-degree head down), reverse Trendelenburg (RTr; 15-degree head up), dorsal, and lateral; only the superior eye was measured in lateral positions. The mean of 3 IOP readings was taken at each position, allowing a minimum of 2 minutes of acclimatization after each position change before obtaining measurements. Repeated Measures Analysis with Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison Post hoc was used to compare IOPs in different positions, and linear regression was used to compare IOP with age and weight cofactors. RESULTS When compared to baseline, the greatest change in IOP occurred in Tr (increase of 25.63 ± 8.12 mm Hg). When comparing all recumbent positions to baseline, IOP significantly increased in 3 of 4 body positions (P < .001), with no significant difference identified between RTr and baseline. When comparing all body positions to each other, the greatest IOP difference occurred between the Tr and the RTr positions (increase of 26.95 ± 5.41 mm Hg). Age and weight were not correlated with IOP in any position. CONCLUSIONS Recumbent body position significantly increases IOP in normal eyes of horses under injectable anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Meekins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Rose M McMurphy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - James K Roush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Monk CS, Brooks DE, Granone T, Garcia-Pereira FL, Melesko A, Plummer CE. Measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy anesthetized horses during hoisting. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:502-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wakuno A, Aoki M, Kushiro A, Mae N, Kodaira K, Maeda T, Yamazaki Y, Ohta M. Comparison of alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental for anaesthetic induction and recovery in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:94-98. [PMID: 26850885 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There is limited information on clinical use of the new injectable anaesthetic agent alfaxalone in Thoroughbred horses. OBJECTIVES To compare anaesthetic induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary responses between alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. STUDY DESIGN Randomised blinded experimental cross-over study. METHODS Six Thoroughbred horses were anaesthetised 3 times with alfaxalone 1 mg/kg bwt, ketamine 2.5 mg/kg bwt or thiopental 4 mg/kg bwt after premedication with medetomidine 6 μg/kg bwt and midazolam 20 μg/kg bwt. Qualities of anaesthetic induction and recovery were scored on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent). Induction time and recovery time were recorded. Cardiopulmonary values (heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, and arterial blood gases) were recorded throughout anaesthesia. Data were analysed with nonparametric methods. RESULTS The anaesthetic induction (P = 0.2) and recovery (P = 0.1) quality scores (median, range) were not different amongst protocols and were 4.0, 3-5; 5.0, 4-5; 4.5, 3-5; and 4.5, 3-5; 3.5, 2-5; 4.0, 2-5 for alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental, respectively. Induction time for ketamine (67, 53-89 s) was significantly longer than that for alfaxalone (49, 40-51 s, P = 0.01) and thiopental (48, 43-50 s, P = 0.01). Time to standing for alfaxalone (44, 40-63 min, P = 0.01) and thiopental (39, 30-58 min, P = 0.01) was significantly longer than that for ketamine (25, 18-26 min). Cardiovascular values were maintained within the clinically acceptable level throughout anaesthesia. Respiratory rate significantly decreased during anaesthesia for all 3 drugs; however, spontaneous breathing did not disappear, and PaCO2 values were maintained at approximately 50 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS All 3 drugs showed similar effects in relation to anaesthetic induction and recovery qualities and cardiopulmonary responses. However, alfaxalone and thiopental prolonged recovery time compared with ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wakuno
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M Aoki
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - A Kushiro
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - N Mae
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Kodaira
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - T Maeda
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Yamazaki
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M Ohta
- Racehorse Clinic, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
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Gatson BJ, Pablo L, Plummer CE, Granone TD. Effects of premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride and anesthetic induction with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol in combination with diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy sheep. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:771-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.9.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Marzok MA, El-Khodery SA, Oheida AH. Effect of intravenous administration of romifidine on intraocular pressure in clinically normal horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 17 Suppl 1:149-53. [PMID: 24836894 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of intravenous administration of romifidine on the intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-four horses with no ocular abnormalities. PROCEDURE Horses were randomly assigned into two equal groups (treatment and control). All horses in the treatment group received an intravenous (IV) injection of romifidine (40 μg/kg). The horses in the control group were administrated an intravenous injection of 0.9% saline (0.4 mL/100 kg). In both groups, the IOP values were measured immediately (T0 ) pre-administration and at 5 (T5 ), 15 (T15 ), 30 (T30 ), 45 (T45 ), 60 (T60 ), 90 (T90 ), and 120 (T120 ) min after drug administration. RESULTS The pre-treatment values (T0 ) of IOP for right and left eyes were 24.25 ± 3.5 and 25.16 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively. A significant decrease in IOP values was observed in both right and left eyes of the horses in treatment group at T5 , T15 , T30 , T45 , T60 , and T90 in comparison with the baseline values (P < 0.05). The lowest level of IOP in romifidine-treated groups was recorded at T45 for the right and left eyes (10.25 ± 2.3 and 11.25 ± 3.5 mmHg, respectively). CONCLUSION Romifidine significantly decreased IOP in clinically normal horses and may be used safely for surgery or diagnostic ocular procedures in horses when specific control of IOP is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Marzok
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
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