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Turin L, Piccione MM, Crosa F, Dall'Ara P, Filipe J, Zarucco L. Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Sci 2023; 10:460. [PMID: 37505863 PMCID: PMC10386576 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are emerging as multipurpose therapeutic compounds for the treatment of several different syndromes involving peripheral and central nervous systems, and muscular and musculoskeletal disorders both in human and veterinary medicine. Therefore, the study of BoNTs is rapidly developing and identifying newly produced BoNT variants. Efforts should be made to clarify the biological and pharmacological characteristics of these novel BoNTs as well as the natural ones. The high potential of BoNTs as a therapeutic compound for medical syndromes lies in its ability to reach a specific cell type while bypassing other cells, thus having mild or no side effects. In this paper the recent developments in BoNTs are reviewed with the aim of analyzing the current knowledge on BoNTs' biological mechanisms of action, immunogenicity, formulations, and therapeutic applications in the veterinary field, highlighting advantages and drawbacks and identifying the gaps to be filled in order to address research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Marina Michela Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Fabio Crosa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Laura Zarucco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences (DSV), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Beck AA, Paz LB, Frank MI, Engelmann AM, Krause A, Côrte FDDL. Safety and synovial inflammatory response after intra-articular injection of botulinum toxin type A in healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 110:103865. [PMID: 35017040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a promising alternative for patients suffering from chronic joint pain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single injection of BoNT-A would produce adverse effects on clinical parameters and synovial parameters as well as lameness. One randomly selected radiocarpal joint was treated with 50 U of BoNT-A in eight horses, and the contralateral joint received saline solution. All horses received injections at day 0 and were re-evaluated twice daily for seven days for heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), mucous membrane color, capillary refill time, intestinal motility, appetite, water intake, defecation, urination, and attitude. At these same time points, joint pain and circumference were assessed. Objective lameness evaluations were performed once daily for seven days and synovial fluid samples were collected at baseline, post-injection hour (PIH) 24 and PIH 168 and evaluated for synovial fluid parameters. HR and RT remained clinically unaltered, despite oscillations over time (p=0.001). The remaining clinical parameters were unaltered by treatment or time (p>0.05). Joint pain was not elicited by flexion and palpation in both limbs as well as carpal circumference was not altered (p=0.88). Lameness was observed only on saline limbs. Cellular parameters evaluated in synovial fluid samples from both carpi had significantly increased from baseline to PIH 24, decreasing at PIH 168 (p<0.05). It was concluded that the injection of 50 U BoNT-A is suggested to be a safe therapy for intra-articular use in horses and must be verified by further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Alcemar Beck
- Department of Large Animal Clinics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Roraima Avenue, 1000 - Camobi, 97105900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Bisso Paz
- Department of Large Animal Clinics, Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Frank
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Martiele Engelmann
- Department of Small Animal Clinics, Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Krause
- Department of Small Animal Clinics, Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flávio Desessards De La Côrte
- Department of Large Animal Clinics, Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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McInturff C, Zanotto G, McInturff M, Hendrickson D. An Alternate Radiographic Guided Technique for Injection of the Equine Navicular Bursa Using a 40 mm (1.5-inch) 20-Gauge Needle: A Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 108:103775. [PMID: 34800798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Injection of the equine navicular bursa can be technically challenging, and inadvertent penetration of other synovial structures is common using previously described techniques. When injecting the navicular bursa, inadvertent penetration of other synovial structures and hoof configuration can affect success rate, especially when performed by inexperienced operators. The aim of this study is to describe an alternate radiographic guided technique for injection of the equine navicular bursa that consistently avoids penetration of the distal interphalangeal joint using a 40 mm (1.5-inch) 20-gauge needle. This ex vivo pilot study compared the success rate, needle redirection rate, and rate of inadvertent synovial penetration of a novel injection technique for the equine navicular bursa between operators with three differing levels of experience in equine veterinary medicine (1 year, 8 years, >30 years). There was no significant difference in success rate between operators regardless of level of experience or hoof configuration, and inadvertent penetration of other synovial structures was highly unlikely. Thus, using the described technique, injection of the navicular bursa can be performed by individuals of various experience levels in equine veterinary practice, and can be achieved with a high success rate with little chance of inadvertent penetration of other synovial structures regardless of hoof configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton McInturff
- Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
| | - Gustavo Zanotto
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Dean Hendrickson
- Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, McCoy AM, Selberg KT. Recent advances in conservative and surgical treatment options of common equine foot problems. Vet J 2018; 237:9-15. [PMID: 30089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot problems are very common causes of lameness in horses. With the recent diagnostic advances to evaluate and treat foot pathology as well as to monitor response to therapy, it is now possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of many of these treatments. This review details some of the recent advances of the most common conservative and surgical treatment options for foot problems in horses, including an overview of evidence on the efficacy to support the use of these treatment options and on factors that may affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - A M McCoy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K T Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Perrin R, Diguet AC, Cantet P, Bailly C, Brogniez L, Dugdale A, Nisolle JF, Vandeweerd JM. Ex Vivo Assessment of an Ultrasound-Guided Injection Technique of the Navicular Bursa in the Horse. Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:450-456. [PMID: 26620874 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synovitis of the navicular bursa is common in performance horses. The objective of this study was to describe an ultrasound-guided technique to inject a distended navicular bursa and to evaluate its feasibility for use by a clinician not trained in the technique. Twenty distal limbs of horses of various breeds and sizes were used. To produce synovial distension, the navicular bursa of each limb was injected with contrast medium using a lateral approach and radiography was performed to confirm that the contrast medium was distending the bursa. The digit was positioned with the distal interphalangeal joint in hyperextension. A microconvex ultrasound probe was placed in the hollow of the pastern, palmar to the middle phalanx and the region was assessed in a transverse plane slightly oblique to the horizontal plane. The ultrasound probe was rotated to visualize both the lateral and medial recesses and to select which side was more distended to inject. A 21G 0.8 × 50 mm needle was inserted abaxially to the probe in the plane of the ultrasound beam into the proximal recess of this navicular bursa and a methylene blue solution was injected. Following injection, dissection was performed to assess whether the navicular bursa had been successfully injected. This ultrasound-guided technique was reliably performed with a success rate of 68%. The success of injection is influenced by hyperextension of the foot, quality of ultrasound images and degree of distension of the bursa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Perrin
- Clinique Desbrosse, 18-20 Rue des Champs, 78470, Saint Lambert, France
| | - A C Diguet
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit - Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (IVRU-NARILIS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - P Cantet
- Clinique Desbrosse, 18-20 Rue des Champs, 78470, Saint Lambert, France
| | - C Bailly
- Clinique Desbrosse, 18-20 Rue des Champs, 78470, Saint Lambert, France
| | - L Brogniez
- Clinique Desbrosse, 18-20 Rue des Champs, 78470, Saint Lambert, France
| | - A Dugdale
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J F Nisolle
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Mont Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Docteur Gaston-Therasse 1, 5530, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - J M Vandeweerd
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit - Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (IVRU-NARILIS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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