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James-Jenks EM, Pinard CL. Topical Ocular Therapeutics in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:473-492. [PMID: 36813396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the administration of common topical ophthalmic medications, in relation to factors influencing absorption including composition of topical ophthalmic preparations, and potential systemic effects. Commonly prescribed, commercially available topical ophthalmic medications are discussed with respect to pharmacology, their indications for use, and adverse effects. Knowledge of topical ocular pharmacokinetics is essential for the management of veterinary ophthalmic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M James-Jenks
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Chantale L Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Ewald MM, Rankin AJ, Meekins JM, Magnin G, KuKanich B. Prednisolone and dexamethasone are systemically absorbed after topical application of ophthalmic suspensions in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:339-348. [PMID: 35038305 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.04.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify plasma concentrations of prednisolone and dexamethasone (peripheral and jugular) and cortisol following topical ophthalmic application of 1% prednisolone acetate and 0.1% dexamethasone to healthy adult dogs. ANIMALS 12 purpose-bred Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs received 1 drop of 1% prednisolone acetate (n = 6) or neomycin polymyxin B dexamethasone (ie, 0.1% dexamethasone; 6) ophthalmic suspension in both eyes every 6 hours for 14 days. Blood samples (peripheral and jugular) were collected on days 0, 1, 7, and 14 and analyzed for plasma prednisolone and dexamethasone concentrations. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured at the beginning of the study and following topical drug administration. RESULTS Both drugs demonstrated systemic absorption. Prednisolone was detected on days 1, 7, and 14 (median plasma concentration, 24.80 ng/mL; range, 6.20 to 74.00 ng/mL), and dexamethasone was detected on days 1, 7, and 14 (2.30 ng/mL; 0 to 17.70 ng/mL). Neither prednisolone nor dexamethasone were detected in plasma samples on day 0 (baseline). Sampling from the jugular vein resulted in higher plasma drug concentrations than from a peripheral vein when samples from each day were combined. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly lower than baseline following 14 days of treatment with topical prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prednisolone and dexamethasone are detected in the plasma of healthy dogs following topical ophthalmic administration 4 times/d with prednisolone concentrations being close to a physiologic dose of orally administered prednisolone. Additional research is needed to evaluate the systemic absorption of these medications in dogs with ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Ewald
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jessica M Meekins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Roberts JK, Meekins JM, Roush JK, Rankin AJ. Effects of topical instillation of 0.1% diclofenac sodium, 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine, and 0.03% flurbiprofen sodium on corneal sensitivity in ophthalmologically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 2020; 82:81-87. [PMID: 33369491 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of short-term and prolonged topical instillation of 0.1% diclofenac sodium, 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine, and 0.03% flurbiprofen sodium on corneal sensitivity (CS) in ophthalmologically normal cats. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES In the first of 2 study phases, each cat received 0.1% diclofenac sodium, 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine, 0.03% flurbiprofen sodium, and saline (0.9% NaCl; control) solutions (1 drop [0.05 mL]/eye, q 5 min for 5 treatments) in a randomized order with a 2-day washout period between treatments. For each cat, an esthesiometer was used to measure CS before treatment initiation (baseline) and at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the last dose. There was a 2-day washout period between phases. The second phase was similar to the first, except each treatment was administered at a dosage of 1 drop/eye, twice daily for 5 days and CS was measured before treatment initiation and at 15 minutes and 24 and 48 hours after the last dose. The Friedman test was used to evaluate change in CS over time. RESULTS None of the 4 treatments had a significant effect on CS over time in either study phase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that neither short-term nor prolonged topical instillation of 3 NSAID ophthalmic solutions had any effect on the CS of healthy cats. Given potential differences in cyclooxygenase expression between healthy and diseased eyes, further investigation of the effects of topical NSAID instillation in the eyes of cats with ocular surface inflammation is warranted.
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Pereira F, Santos B, Carboni T, Bender M, Driemeier D, Cunha A, Biajoli M, Mello F, Silva P, Pigatto J, Mello J. Systemic absortion and adverse effects of topical ocular use of ketorolac tromethamine and sodium diclofenac in New Zealand rabbits for 90 days. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The effect of the systemic absorption of 0.1% diclofenac sodium (DS) eyedrop was compared to that of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine (KT) in female New Zealand white rabbits treated on both eyes three times a day for 90 days. The rabbits were divided in three groups of six animals (n= 18): KT group, DS group, and control (Co) group, in which saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was instilled. Water and food consumption were measured daily, clinical examination was performed weekly, and blood samples were collected every 30 days for laboratory examination. The plasma was analyzed for the presence of KT and DS by solid-phase extraction (SPE) associated with mass spectrometry (MS). Systemic absorption of these drugs was confirmed by SPE-MS, allowing their separation and identification in the plasma. At the end of the treatment, the animals were euthanized and necropsied, and no macroscopic or microscopic changes were found. This observation confirmed the laboratory results, which were within normal reference standards for the species. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that treatment with eyedrops containing KT and DS for 90 days in healthy rabbits does not cause adverse systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.Q. Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - B. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - T. Carboni
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M. Bender
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - D. Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A.C.B. Cunha
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M.G. Biajoli
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F.B. Mello
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P.R. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Griggs AN, Yaw TJ, Haynes JS, Ben-Shlomo G, Tofflemire KL, Allbaugh RA. Bioavailability and biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:171-176. [PMID: 27167494 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if topical ophthalmic diclofenac sodium 0.1% solution alters renal parameters in the domestic chicken, and to determine if the drug is detectable in plasma after topical ophthalmic administration. ANIMALS Thirty healthy domestic chickens. PROCEDURES Over 7 days, six birds were treated unilaterally with one drop of artificial tear solution (group 1), 12 birds were treated unilaterally (group 2) and 12 bilaterally (group 3) with diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution. Treatments were provided every 12 h in all groups. Pre- and post-treatment plasma samples from all birds were evaluated for changes in albumin, total protein, and uric acid. Post-treatment samples of all birds, collected 15 min post-administration, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for diclofenac sodium detection. A randomly selected renal sample from each group was submitted for histopathologic review. RESULTS Changes in pre- and post-treatment plasma albumin were significant (P < 0.05) in groups 2 and 3, but not for group 1. Pre- and post-treatment changes in total protein and uric acid were not significant for any group. Diclofenac sodium was not detectable (limit of detection = 0.10 ng/mL) in plasma samples from birds in group 1. Post-treatment concentration of diclofenac in group 3 was statistically greater than group 2 (P = 0.0008). Histopathologic changes did not identify diclofenac-induced acute renal tubular necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Ophthalmic diclofenac sodium 0.1% administered topically every 12 h in one or both eyes for 7 days is detectable in systemic circulation in the domestic chicken, but does not cause overt significant changes in plasma uric acid or total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Griggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Taylor J Yaw
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Joseph S Haynes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Gil Ben-Shlomo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kyle L Tofflemire
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Lanuza R, Rankin AJ, KuKanich B, Meekins JM. Evaluation of systemic absorption and renal effects of topical ophthalmic flurbiprofen and diclofenac in healthy cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19 Suppl 1:24-9. [PMID: 26119523 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate systemic absorption and renal effects of topically applied ophthalmic flurbiprofen and diclofenac in healthy cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Twelve domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES Cats were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n = 6) and administered one drop (approximately 40 μL) of either flurbiprofen 0.03% or diclofenac 0.1% in both eyes four times daily (6 am, 12 pm, 6 pm, and 12 am) for 14 days. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 4, 8, 14, 16, and 17 and analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for flurbiprofen and diclofenac plasma concentrations. A complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistry, and urinalysis were analyzed at the beginning of the study (Day 0) and at the end of topical drug administration (Day 15). RESULTS Both drugs demonstrated systemic absorption. Flurbiprofen was detected (mean ± SD) at day 4 (237 ± 65 ng/mL), day 8 (396 ± 91 ng/mL), day 14 (423 ± 56 ng/mL), day 16 (350 ± 66 ng/mL), and day 17 (270 ± 62 ng/mL), and diclofenac was detected (mean ± SD) at day 4 (130 ± 44 ng/mL), day 8 (131 ± 25 ng/mL), day 14 (150 ± 36 ng/mL), and sporadically on day 16 [corrected]. Flurbiprofen plasma concentration decreased slowly over 48 h after the last dose. No clinically significant abnormalities were noted in the serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, or urine specific gravity at the end of topical drug administration compared to the beginning of the study. CONCLUSIONS Flurbiprofen and diclofenac were systemically absorbed after topical administration four times daily to both eyes of healthy cats. Flurbiprofen reached higher plasma concentrations compared to diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Lanuza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessica M Meekins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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