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Cerna P, Dow S, Wheat W, Chow L, Hawley J, Lappin MR. Comparison of Antiviral Immune Responses in Healthy Cats Induced by Two Immune Therapeutics. Pathogens 2024; 13:602. [PMID: 39057828 PMCID: PMC11280254 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective immunotherapeutic agents for use in cats are needed to aid in the management of intractable viral diseases, including feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) infection. The objectives of this study were to compare two different immune stimulants for antiviral activity in cats: (1) TLR 2/6-activating compound polyprenyl immunostimulant; (PI) and (2) liposome Toll-like receptor 3/9 agonist complexes (LTCs) to determine relative abilities to stimulate the induction of type I (IFN-α, IFN-β) and type II (IFN-γ) interferon immune responses in vitro and to study the effects of treatment on immune responses in healthy cats. METHODS Cytokine and cellular immune responses to PI and LTC were evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy cats incubated with LTC and PI at indicated concentrations using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays and ELISA assays. The effects of the immune stimulants on inhibiting FIPV replication were assessed using a feline macrophage cell line (fcwf-4). Cytokine and cellular immune responses to PI and LTC were evaluated in blood samples from healthy cats treated with PI and LTC, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ELISA assays. RESULTS In the in vitro studies, both compounds triggered the upregulated expression of IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β genes in cat PBMC, whereas treatment with LTC induced significantly greater expression of IFN-α and IFN-γ on Day 1 and IL-1b on Day 3. There was significant protection from FIPV-induced cytopathic effects when fcwf-4 cells were treated with conditioned medium from LTC-activated leukocytes. In the healthy cat study (in vivo), both PI and LTC increased the mRNA signal for IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β above baseline at multiple time points with statistically greater increases in the LTC group on either Day 1 (IFN-α, IFN-γ) or Day 3 (IL-1β). In addition, RANTES increased over time in cats treated with the LTC. CONCLUSIONS Both LTC and PI protocols induced immune-enhancing effects, suggesting a possible clinical use for the management of chronic infectious diseases like FIP. Activating the TLR 3 and 9 pathways (LTC) induced superior broad interferon production in vitro than the activation of the TLR 2 and 6 pathways (PI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Cerna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (W.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (W.W.); (J.H.)
| | | | | | | | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (W.W.); (J.H.)
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Troia R, Mascalzoni G, Agnoli C, Lalonde-Paul D, Giunti M, Goggs R. Cytokine and Chemokine Profiling in Cats With Sepsis and Septic Shock. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:305. [PMID: 32548135 PMCID: PMC7273843 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition associated with an exacerbated production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that can promote a hyperactive response to infection or induce immunoparalysis. Data regarding the immune response to sepsis in cats are scarce. Establishing the profiles of cytokines and chemokines in feline sepsis to characterize the nature of the immune responses to sepsis might enable individualized treatments to be developed and targeted. Objective: To evaluate the cytokine and chemokine network in cats with sepsis and septic shock, and to investigate the associations of these analytes with disease severity and outcome. Methods: Blood samples prospectively collected at presentation of cats with sepsis and septic shock to two veterinary teaching hospitals were analyzed. Forty healthy cats were included as controls. A 19-plex feline cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead assay system was used to measure analytes in citrated plasma samples. Cytokine concentrations were compared between groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons. Cytokine concentrations were compared between survivors and non-survivors with the Mann-Whitney U test. Odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression. A multivariable logistic regression model for prediction of septic shock was constructed. Results: The study enrolled 35 septic cats. Many cytokines were undetectable in both sick and healthy control cats and were excluded from subsequent analyses. Comparisons of cytokine concentrations among healthy controls, cats with sepsis (n = 12) and cats with septic shock (n = 23) revealed that sick cats (sepsis or septic shock) had significantly higher plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, KC-like, and RANTES compared to healthy controls. The combination of MCP-1, Flt-3L, and IL-12 was predictive of septic shock. None of the cytokines analyzed was predictive of outcome in this study population. Conclusion: Plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, KC-like, and RANTES are increased in cats with sepsis and may play important roles in pathogenesis. Multivariable modeling suggested that analysis of cytokines might aid differentiation of septic shock from sepsis. None of the cytokines analyzed was predictive of outcome. Measurement of these cytokines might enable future studies to better diagnose and characterize feline sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Troia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Mascalzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Denise Lalonde-Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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O'Halloran C, McCulloch L, Rentoul L, Alexander J, Hope JC, Gunn-Moore DA. Cytokine and Chemokine Concentrations as Biomarkers of Feline Mycobacteriosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17314. [PMID: 30470763 PMCID: PMC6251861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is an emerging zoonotic disease of domestic cats and timely, accurate diagnosis is currently challenging. To identify differential cytokine/chemokine concentrations in serum/plasma of cats, which could be diagnostic biomarkers of infection we analysed plasma/serum from 116 mycobacteria-infected cats, 16 healthy controls and six cats hospitalised for unrelated reasons was analysed using the Milliplex MAP Feline Cytokine Magnetic Bead multiplex assay. Three cytokines; sFAS, IL-13 and IL-4 were reduced while seven; GM-CSF, IL-2, PDGF-BB, IL-8, KC, RANTES and TNF-α were elevated in mycobacteria-infected cats compared to healthy controls. However, IL-8 and KC concentrations were not significantly different from cats hospitalised for other reasons. Elevations in TNF-α and PDGF-BB may have potential to identify M. bovis and M. microti infected cats specifically while GM-CSF, IL-2 and FLT3L were increased in MTBC infected cats. This study demonstrates potential use of feline tuberculosis as a spontaneously occurring model of this significant human disease. Cytokine profiling has clear diagnostic potential for mycobacteriosis of cats and could be used discriminate tuberculous from non-tuberculous disease to rapidly inform on zoonotic risk. Future work should focus on the in-field utility of these findings to establish diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK. conor.o'
| | - L McCulloch
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - L Rentoul
- MilliporeSigma (a Division of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 3050, Spruce Street, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Alexander
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, UK
| | - J C Hope
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - D A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
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Parys M, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kruger JM. Serum Cytokine Profiling in Cats with Acute Idiopathic Cystitis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:274-279. [PMID: 29356123 PMCID: PMC5787166 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a common lower urinary tract disorder of domestic cats that resembles interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) in humans. Diagnosis of FIC is based on clinical signs and exclusion of other disorders because of a lack of specific pathologic findings or other objective biomarkers. Cytokines are potential noninvasive biomarkers to define the presence, severity, and progression of disease, and response to treatment. OBJECTIVES The objective of this pilot study was to determine concentrations of selected cytokines in serum from healthy cats and cats with acute FIC. ANIMALS Serum samples from 13 healthy cats and from 12 cats with nonobstructive acute FIC were utilized. METHODS Multiplex analysis of 19 cytokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL12, CXCL8, Flt3L, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12 (p40), IL-13, IL-18, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, PDGF-BB, SCF, sFas, and TNF-α) was performed with a commercially available feline-specific multiplex bead-based assay. RESULTS Mean serum concentrations of IL-12 (p40; P < 0.0001), CXCL12 (P = 0.002), IL-18 (P = 0.032), and Flt3L (P = 0.0024) were significantly increased in FIC cats compared to healthy cats. GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-2, and PDGF-BB were undetectable or detected in an insufficient number of cats to allow meaningful comparisons. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We have identified increased serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines CXCL12, IL-12, IL-18, and Flt3L in FIC-affected cats. These findings suggest potential candidates for noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic outcome monitoring of affected cats and provide additional insight into the etiopathogenesis of FIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Parys
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - V Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - J M Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Gruen ME, Messenger KM, Thomson AE, Griffith EH, Aldrich LA, Vaden S, Lascelles BDX. Evaluation of serum cytokines in cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 183:49-59. [PMID: 28063477 PMCID: PMC5522727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative joint disease is common in cats, with signs of pain frequently found on orthopedic examination and radiographs often showing evidence of disease. However, understanding of the pathophysiology of degenerative joint disease and associated pain remains limited. Several cytokines have been identified as having a role in pain in humans, but this has not been investigated in cats. The present study was performed to use a multiplex platform to evaluate the concentration of 19 cytokines and chemokines in serum samples obtained from cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain. Samples from a total of 186 cats were analyzed, with cats representing a range of severity on radiographic and orthopedic evaluations and categorized by degenerative joint disease scores and pain scores. Results showed that cats with higher radiographic degenerative joint disease scores have higher serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-8, while cats with higher orthopedic exam pain scores have higher concentrations of IL-8, IL-2, and TNF-α; increased concentration of IL-8 in degenerative joint disease and pain may be confounded by the association with age. Discriminant analysis was unable to identify one or more cytokines that distinguish between groups of cats classified based on degenerative joint disease score category or pain score category. Finally, cluster analysis driven by analyte concentrations shows separation of groups of cats, but features defining the groups remain unknown. Further studies are warranted to investigate any changes in cytokine concentrations in response to analgesic therapies, and further evaluate the elevations in cytokine concentrations found here, particularly focused on studies of local cytokines present in synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Andrea E Thomson
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Emily H Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, 2311 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Lauren A Aldrich
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Shelly Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Center for Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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