1
|
Yoshida K, Kobatake Y, Takashima S, Nishii N. Evaluation of muscle mass and intramuscular fatty infiltration in dogs with hypercortisolism and their association with prognosis. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1334-1344. [PMID: 38622799 PMCID: PMC11099730 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy and intramuscular fatty infiltration, as well as their association with prognosis, have not been quantified in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism (HC). OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate muscle atrophy and IM fatty infiltration in dogs with HC and determine their prognostic impact. ANIMALS Fifty-three dogs with HC and 66 control dogs without HC. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Medical records and computed tomography images obtained between 2014 and 2021 were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used to analyze the effect of muscle atrophy and IM fatty infiltration on the prognosis of dogs with HC. RESULTS Dogs with HC showed lower visually measured cross-sectional area (VCSA) and cross-sectional area based on attenuation (HCSA) than control dogs (median [interquartile range {IQR}]: 50.3 mm2/mm [36.2-67.8] vs 66.7 mm2/mm [48.0-85.9]; P < .001; 30.4 mm2/mm [13.7-57.2] vs 54.8 mm2/mm [39.7-71.5]; P < .001, respectively). Dogs with HC had lower epaxial muscle attenuation (L3HU) than control dogs (median [IQR]: 21.2 Hounsfield [HU] [12.4-28.2] vs 33.2 HU [22.6-43.6]; P < .001). Dogs with HC with lower HCSA or L3HU had shorter survival (median [IQR]: 670 days [222-673] vs 949 days [788-1074], P < .01; 523 days [132-670] vs 949 days [756-1074], P < .01, respectively) but not lower VCSA (median [IQR]: 673 days [132-788] vs 949 days [523 to not applicable]; P = .30). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypercortisolism in dogs causes muscle atrophy and IM fatty infiltration and is associated with poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yoshida
- Joint Department of Veterinary MedicineThe United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu UniversityGifuJapan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Joint Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu UniversityGifuJapan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu UniversityGifuJapan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Joint Department of Veterinary MedicineThe United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu UniversityGifuJapan
- Joint Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu UniversityGifuJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verga SA, Pandeya SR, Kowal JB, Cochran RJ, Lim S, Sabol JC, Coates JR, Rutkove SB. Electrical impedance myography in healthy dogs: Normative values, repeatability, and the impact of age. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1025528. [PMID: 36619959 PMCID: PMC9811316 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Convenient tools to assess canine skeletal muscle health would be useful for a variety of applications, including standard veterinary assessments of dog fitness, as well as studies of muscle deterioration due to age or disease. One technology that can be applied conveniently to awake dogs with minimal restraint is electrical impedance myography (EIM). In EIM, a weak electrical current is applied via surface electrodes to a muscle of interest and consequent impedance characteristics of the muscle are obtained, providing insight into muscle condition and composition. In this study, we assessed a total of 73 dogs (42 males and 31 females), of varied neutering status and breed, ages 0.6 to 13.5 years. We identified age-dependent reference values for the 100 kHz phase value in three pelvic limb muscles, caudal sartorius, cranial tibial, and gastrocnemius. While phase values were generally higher in males than females, the difference did not reach significance. In general, values declined on average with age at about 0.5 degrees/year, but with the decline being most substantial in the oldest dogs. Limited reproducibility assessment of the technique suggested good repeatability with variation in values between measurements being under 5%. These results show that EIM has the potential for the assessment of canine muscle health and may find value in aging muscle research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Verga
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarbesh R. Pandeya
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph B. Kowal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Randall J. Cochran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Stefanie Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Julianna C. Sabol
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Joan R. Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Seward B. Rutkove
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Seward B. Rutkove
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Müller A, Forterre F, Vidondo B, Stoffel MH, Hernández-Guerra Á, Plessas IN, Schmidt MJ, Precht C. Evaluation of Paraspinal Musculature in Small Breed Dogs with and without Atlantoaxial Instability Using Computed Tomography. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2022; 35:305-313. [PMID: 35672019 PMCID: PMC9578766 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in paraspinal musculature between dogs with and without atlantoaxial instability (AAI) using computed tomography scans. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective multicentre study evaluating transverse reconstructed computed tomography scans of 83 small breed dogs (34 with and 49 without AAI) for the cross-sectional paraspinal musculature area at three levels (Occiput/C1, mid-C1, mid-C2). Ratio of moments, dorsal-to-ventral muscle-area ratios (d-v-ratio) and ratios of the dorsal and ventral musculature to C2 height (d-C2-ratio and v-C2-ratio) were evaluated for differences between groups using multivariate analysis of variance (p < 0.05) taking the head-neck position into account. RESULTS Dogs with AAI showed a significantly lower d-v-ratio at levels 2 and 3, d-C2-ratio at level 2 and ratio of moments at all levels. When head-neck positions were analysed separately, ratio of moments was significantly lower in affected dogs at level 1 and 2. Also lower was d-C2-ratio at level 2, but only in flexed positioning. The head-neck position had a significant influence on ratio of moments and d-v-ratio at all three levels and on d-C2-ratio at level 1. CONCLUSION Significant changes in muscle area were observed only for the hypaxial muscles at the C1 level, indicating a limited role of muscular adaption in AAI patients. Our results confirm an altered ratio of moments in dogs with AAI. The head-neck position has a significant impact and should be taken into account when evaluating spinal musculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annina Müller
- Tierarztpraxis Emmevet AG, Hasle-Rüegsau, Switzerland.,Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franck Forterre
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ángel Hernández-Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ioannis N Plessas
- Davies Veterinary Specialists Limited, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Precht
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McKenzie BA, Chen FL, Gruen ME, Olby NJ. Canine Geriatric Syndrome: A Framework for Advancing Research in Veterinary Geroscience. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:853743. [PMID: 35529834 PMCID: PMC9069128 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.853743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is the single most important risk factor for disease, disability, and ultimately death in geriatric dogs. The effects of aging in companion dogs also impose significant financial and psychological burdens on their human caregivers. The underlying physiologic processes of canine aging may be occult, or early signs of aging may be ignored because of the misconception that biological aging is natural and therefore inevitable. The ability to detect, quantify, and mitigate the deleterious processes of canine aging would greatly enhance veterinary preventative medicine and animal welfare. In this paper we propose a new conceptual framework for aging in dogs, the Canine Geriatric Syndrome (CGS). CGS consists of the multiple, interrelated physical, functional, behavioral, and metabolic changes that characterize canine aging as well as the resulting clinical manifestations, including frailty, diminished quality of life, and age-associated disease. We also identify potential key components of a CGS assessment tool, a clinical instrument that would enable veterinarians to diagnose CGS and would facilitate the development and testing of interventions to prolong healthspan and lifespan in dogs by directly targeting the biological mechanisms of aging. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms and phenotype of aging in dogs that must be bridged before a CGS assessment tool can be deployed. The conceptual framework of CGS should facilitate identifying these gaps and should stimulate research to better characterize the processes and effects of aging in dogs and to identify the most promising preventative strategies to target these.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances L. Chen
- Cellular Longevity Inc., dba Loyal, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Margaret E. Gruen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Natasha J. Olby
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee N, Yun M, Yoon J. Comparison of cross-sectional area and fat infiltration of suboccipital muscles between normal dogs and dogs with atlantoaxial instability. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:46. [PMID: 35042533 PMCID: PMC8764805 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is primarily a congenital neurological disorder affecting young toy-breed dogs. So far, most studies have focused on bones and ligaments related to AAI, and there are no studies on the suboccipital muscles (SOMs) that occupy a large area from the occipital bone to C2 in dogs. This study evaluated the cross-sectional area (CSA) and fat infiltration of the SOMs using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), specifically, T1-weighted images, in normal dogs (≤ 5 kg) and AAI dogs. The relationship between the severity of the neurological symptoms of AAI (group A and group B) and the values from MRI was also assessed. Results AAI dogs had significantly smaller CSA (P = 0.029) and greater fat infiltration (P = 0.044) of the SOMs compared to normal dogs. AAI dogs with mild neurological symptoms for a long period (group A) had greater fat infiltration than AAI dogs with severe neurological symptoms (group B) (P = 0.035). Conclusions The muscle changes are most likely due to spinal cord compression resulting from instability; however, the possibility that chronic changes of the muscle may play an additional role in maintaining stability in this region cannot be excluded. This study provides fundamental quantitative information of the SOMs in normal and AAI dogs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Beale CC, Secrest SA. MRI assessment of epaxial myosteatosis in dogs with intervertebral disc extrusions and associations with patient factors and outcome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:687-696. [PMID: 34510632 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat infiltration of skeletal muscle (myosteatosis) is a characteristic of reduced muscle quality. Objectives of this retrospective, observer agreement, methods comparison, cross-sectional study were to compare epaxial myosteatosis of dogs with surgically confirmed intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) using a visual semi-quantitative method and quantitative 2-point Dixon fat-water chemical-shift separation MRI method. Thoracolumbar MRI studies of 86 dogs were reviewed. Assessed locations were the site of extrusion and the adjacent intervertebral disc space immediately cranial. A visual fat score (VFS) was assigned to fat infiltration of the epaxial muscles. Quantitative assessment of fat infiltration was determined by calculating a muscle-fat fraction (MFF). There was moderate agreement between the two reviewers for VFS assessment (weighted Kappa 0.60, 95%CI 0.53-0.66) with moderate to strong correlation between scoring methods (P ≤ .001). Both VFS (P = .023, P = .02) and MFF (P = .041, P = .043) were significantly correlated with neurologic grade at presentation for the erector spinae muscle group at both sites. Higher VFS in the multifidus muscle increased the odds of a successful outcome when assessed at the extrusion site (odds ratio and 95%CI 4.3 (1.02-78.7), P = .0461). In summary, the visual and Dixon method of epaxial muscle-fat assessment are feasible in dogs with IVDE with moderate to strong correlation. Increased VFS of myosteatosis in the multifidus muscle at the extrusion site significantly increased the odds of a successful outcome. Further studies are indicated to assess the utility of myosteatosis as an MRI imaging biomarker in the preoperative imaging assessment of dogs with IVDE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea C Beale
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A Secrest
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Interval Exercise Training on Serum Biochemistry and Bone Mineral Density in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092528. [PMID: 34573494 PMCID: PMC8468388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, six male beagle dogs underwent 12 weeks of interval exercise following the Frequency, Intensity, Time/duration, Type, Volume, and Progression (FITT-VP) training principle. The heart rate (HR) response was measured during the entire exercise period, and changes in bone mineral density (BMD), muscle volume (MV), and hematology and serum biomarkers were evaluated at the pre-exercise training period and post-exercise training period. We showed that exercise training increased BMD in the femur and serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP), aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase levels. In addition, our data suggest a positive correlation between BMD and TALP, demonstrating that increased TALP might be an important contributing factor for enhancing BMD with physical training in dogs. Abstract Exercise has been suggested as a powerful intervention for health care and fitness management in humans; however, few studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise training in dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise training on heart rate (HR), bone mineral density (BMD), muscle volume (MV), and hematological and serum biomarkers in dogs. Six healthy beagles completed the interval treadmill exercise, developed on the basis of the FITT principle, two times a week for 12 weeks. To evaluate the physiological parameters, the HR values were analyzed using the Polar H10 system during the entire exercise period. At pre-and post-exercise, quantitative computed tomography and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. The interval exercise resulted in a normal HR response and no adverse behavioral or physiological effects on the dogs. We showed that exercise improved BMD in the femur (541.6 ± 16.7 vs. 610.2 ± 27.8 HA, p < 0.01) and increased serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP; 68.6 ± 9.2 vs. 81.3 ± 17.2, p < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (23.5 ± 1.0 vs. 33.5 ± 1.6, p < 0.01), and creatine kinase (114.8 ± 5.3 vs. 214.0 ± 20.8, p < 0.01) levels. There was a positive relationship between BMD and TALP (femur: r = 0.760, p = 0.004; vertebrae: r = 0.637; p = 0.025). Our findings suggest that interval exercise training is beneficial to increase BMD in the femur, and an increased TALP level would be a concomitant mechanism for enhancing BMD with exercise in dogs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Freeman LM, Michel KE, Zanghi BM, Vester Boler BM, Fages J. Usefulness of muscle condition score and ultrasonographic measurements for assessment of muscle mass in cats with cachexia and sarcopenia. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:254-259. [PMID: 32101040 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare muscle condition scores (MCSs) and muscle ultrasonographic measurements in cats with and without muscle loss and to evaluate repeatability and reproducibility of MCS assessment. ANIMALS 40 cats of various ages, body condition scores (BCSs), and MCSs. PROCEDURES A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Body weight, BCS, MCS, epaxial muscle height (EMH), vertebral epaxial muscle score (VEMS), and forelimb epaxial muscle score (FLEMS) were assessed in each cat. The MCS for each cat was assessed 3 separate times by each of 5 raters. RESULTS The MCS was significantly correlated with EMH (r = 0.59), VEMS (r = 0.66), and FLEMS (r = 0.41). For MCS, the overall value of the κ coefficient for interrater agreement (reproducibility) was 0.43 and the overall value of the κ coefficient for intrarater agreement (repeatability) ranged from 0.49 to 0.76. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasonographic measurements of muscle may be useful for assessing muscle loss in individual cats over time. However, for the cats of this study, no advantage was observed for assessment of VEMS or FLEMS over EMH. Substantial repeatability and moderate reproducibility were shown when MCS was used for assessment of muscle mass in cats. Prospective ultrasonographic studies are warranted to evaluate the usefulness of MCS and EMH assessment for evaluation of changes in muscle mass of cats over time.
Collapse
|