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Duclos AA, Guzmán Ramos PJ, Mooney CT. Virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection: a case report and first description in Ireland. Ir Vet J 2024; 77:1. [PMID: 38336785 PMCID: PMC10854173 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-024-00262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) infection is an emerging disease. It is distinct from classic oronasal calicivirus infection as it manifests with unique systemic signs including severe cutaneous ulcerations, limb oedema, and high mortality, even in adequately vaccinated cats. Devastating epizootic outbreaks with hospital-acquired infections have been described in the United States, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Australia with up to 54 cats affected in one outbreak and a mortality rate of up to 86%. This highly contagious and potentially fatal disease has not yet been reported in Ireland. CASE PRESENTATION An 11-month-old male neutered vaccinated domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 10-day history of lethargy, decreased appetite and progressively worsening pitting oedema in all four limbs. The signs were first noted after another kitten from a high-density cat shelter was introduced in to the household. Additional physical examination findings included marked pyrexia, and lingual and cutaneous ulcers. Virulent systemic feline calicivirus was diagnosed based on compatible history and clinical signs, exclusion of other causes, and calicivirus isolation by RT-PCR both in blood and oropharyngeal samples. Negative calicivirus RT-PCR in blood following resolution of the clinical signs further supported the diagnosis. CONCLUSION This case represents the first known case of VS-FCV infection in Ireland. Given the severity of the clinical signs, and the high risk for epizootic outbreaks, Irish veterinarians should be aware of the disease to ensure prompt diagnosis and implementation of adequate preventive measures, in order to limit the threat that this disease represents for the wider cat population and particularly given the risk of hospital-acquired VS-FCV infection. Virulent systemic calicivirus should be suspected in cats with pyrexia of unknown origin, oedema or ulceration affecting the limbs or the face, and exposure to rescue cats from high-density households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine A Duclos
- Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Pedro J Guzmán Ramos
- Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- Small Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Anderson JG, Rojas CA, Scarsella E, Entrolezo Z, Jospin G, Hoffman SL, Force J, MacLellan RH, Peak M, Shope BH, Tsugawa AJ, Ganz HH. The Oral Microbiome across Oral Sites in Cats with Chronic Gingivostomatitis, Periodontal Disease, and Tooth Resorption Compared with Healthy Cats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3544. [PMID: 38003162 PMCID: PMC10668797 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a chronic mucosal and gingival inflammatory disease in which pathogenesis remains unclear. Interactions between the host inflammatory process, the host immune response, and the oral microbiome are implicated in this pathogenesis. To begin to understand this disease and the impact of the microbiome to host inflammatory disease states, we collected sterile noninvasive plaque biofilm samples from ten distinct sites within the oral cavity in cats with stomatitis (n = 12), healthy cats (n = 9), and cats with tooth resorption or periodontitis (n = 11). Analysis of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the microbiomes of cats with FCGS presented marked dysbiosis at multiple oral sites. Additionally, microbiome beta diversity varied with oral condition, indicating that stomatitis, periodontitis, and/or tooth resorption influence the microbiome differently. Lastly, we found that the microbiomes of swabs taken from the oral cavity were comparable to those taken from plaque using endodontic paper points, validating this as another sampling method. Collectively, our work furthers our understanding of the dysbiosis and composition of bacteria in the oral microbiome in FCGS, with hopes of contributing to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this challenging condition in felines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G. Anderson
- Department of Oral Medicine, Penn Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie A. Rojas
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Elisa Scarsella
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Zhandra Entrolezo
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Guillaume Jospin
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
| | | | - Judy Force
- Dentistry for Animals, Aptos, CA 95003, USA
| | - Roxane H. MacLellan
- VCA Highlands Ranch Animal Specialty and Emergency Center, Highlands Ranch, CO 80126, USA;
| | - Mike Peak
- The Pet Dentist, Inc., Tampa, FL 33544, USA;
| | | | | | - Holly H. Ganz
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (C.A.R.); (E.S.); (Z.E.); (G.J.); (H.H.G.)
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3
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Peralta S, Grenier JK, Webb SM, Miller AD, Miranda IC, Parker JSL. Transcriptomic signatures of feline chronic gingivostomatitis are influenced by upregulated IL6. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13437. [PMID: 37596310 PMCID: PMC10439118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a relatively common and debilitating disease characterized by bilateral inflammation and ulceration of the caudal oral mucosa, alveolar and buccal mucosa, and varying degrees of periodontal disease. The etiopathogenesis of FCGS remains unresolved. In this study, we performed bulk RNA-seq molecular profiling of affected tissues derived from a cohort of client-owned cats with FCGS compared to tissues from unaffected animals, to identify candidate genes and pathways that can help guide future exploration of novel clinical solutions. We complemented transcriptomic findings with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays to better understand the biological significance of the results and performed RNA-seq validation of biologically relevant differentially expressed genes using qPCR assays to demonstrate technical reproducibility. Transcriptomic profiles of oral mucosal tissues in cats with FCGS are enriched with immune- and inflammation-related genes and pathways that appear to be largely influenced by IL6, and include NFKB, JAK/STAT, IL-17 and IFN type I and II signaling, offering new opportunities to develop novel clinical applications based on a more rational understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Clinical Programs Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Box 31, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Transcriptional Regulation and Expression Facility, Biotechnology Resource Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Suzin M Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ileana C Miranda
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John S L Parker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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4
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Soltero-Rivera M, Goldschmidt S, Arzi B. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis current concepts in clinical management. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231186834. [PMID: 37548475 PMCID: PMC10811996 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231186834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating disease for cats and a challenge for veterinarians and cat caregivers alike. Recent literature indicates that the disease is immune-mediated in nature and likely associated with a chronic viral infection in patients with higher alpha diversity of their subgingival microbiome. The immune-mediated nature of FCGS includes both local as well as systemic effects, and the transcriptomic analysis of affected patients supports these findings. TREATMENT OPTIONS Localized therapy in the form of surgical extraction of all, or nearly all, teeth continues to be the mainstay of treatment. For cats that do not respond to surgical management, medical management, in the form of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy, remains an option. Analgesia is of fundamental importance. Immunomodulation utilizing mesenchymal stromal cell therapy provides an alternative treatment avenue for refractory patients and likely targets the chronic viral infection present in this disease. The potential for treatment stratification and use of novel systemic treatment options may be revealed as the molecular pathways involved in this disease are better described. AIMS This review outlines current and emerging concepts linking available science pertaining to FCGS and clinical management of the disease. EVIDENCE BASE The article draws on the best evidence base at this juncture and is also driven by the authors' collective experience of working on the disease for over a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Goldschmidt
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; and Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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5
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Rivas IL, Soltero-Rivera M, Vapniarsky N, Arzi B. Stromal cell therapy in cats with feline chronic gingivostomatitis: current perspectives and future direction. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231185395. [PMID: 37548494 PMCID: PMC10811994 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231185395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a painful, immune-mediated, oral mucosal inflammatory disease in cats. The etiology of FCGS remains unclear, with evidence pointing potentially toward a viral cause. Full-mouth tooth extraction is the current standard of care, and cats that are non-responsive to extraction therapy may need lifelong medical management and, in some cases, euthanasia. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (adMSCs) have been demonstrated to have advantages in the treatment and potentially the cure of non-responsive FCGS in cats. Therefore, adMSCs have attracted a series of ongoing clinical trials in the past decade. AdMSC therapy immediately after full-mouth tooth extraction was not explored, and we postulate that it may benefit the overall success rate of FCGS therapy. Here, we aim to summarize the current knowledge and impact of adMSCs for the therapeutic management of FCGS and to suggest a novel modified approach to further increase the efficacy of FCGS treatment in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris L Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria Soltero-Rivera
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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6
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Peralta S, Grenier JK, Webb SM, Miller AD, Miranda IC, Parker JSL. Transcriptomic signatures of feline chronic gingivostomatitis are influenced by upregulated IL6. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2852140. [PMID: 37205490 PMCID: PMC10187381 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2852140/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a relatively common and debilitating disease characterized by bilateral inflammation and ulceration of the caudal oral mucosa, alveolar and buccal mucosa, and varying degrees of periodontal disease. The etiopathogenesis of FCGS remains unresolved. In this study, we performed bulk RNA-seq molecular profiling of affected tissues derived from a cohort of client-owned cats with FCGS compared to tissues from unaffected animals, to identify candidate genes and pathways that can help guide future exploration of novel clinical solutions. We complemented transcriptomic findings with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays to better understand the biological significance of the results and performed RNA-seq validation of selected differentially expressed genes using qPCR assays to demonstrate technical reproducibility. Transcriptomic profiles of oral mucosal tissues in cats with FCGS are enriched with immune- and inflammation-related genes and pathways that appear to be largely influenced by IL6 , and include NFKB, JAK/STAT, IL-17 and IFN type I and II signaling, offering new opportunities to develop novel clinical applications based on a more rational understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ileana C Miranda
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, The Rockefeller University
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7
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Soltero-Rivera M, Vapniarsky N, Rivas IL, Arzi B. Clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of early-onset gingivitis and periodontitis in cats (1997-2022). J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X221148577. [PMID: 36651926 PMCID: PMC10812046 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221148577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize the clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of early-onset gingivitis (EOG) and periodontitis in cats. METHODS The medical records database was searched for cats diagnosed with histologically confirmed EOG or periodontitis from 1997 to 2022. Information such as medical history, lifestyle factors, clinical presentation, radiographic and histopathologic features were included for 27 client-owned cats. Response to treatment and long-term follow-up was also recorded. RESULTS Moderate-to-severe periodontal disease was radiographically confirmed in 78% (21/27) of cats with moderate-to-severe EOG, compared with the evidence of periodontal disease noted in 30% (8/27) of cases during awake oral examination. Horizontal bone loss, along with missing teeth, were the predominant radiographic features noted in 89% (24/27) of cases. The predominant histopathologic feature was moderate-to-severe, erosive-to-ulcerative, neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with varying degrees of epithelial and stromal hyperplasia. Two cats developed feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS)-like lesions, and seven cats exhibited worsening of aggressive periodontitis (AP). Lack of improvement in the severity of gingivitis or clinical signs evident at the first follow-up appointment was significantly associated with progression of disease (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this study demonstrate the importance of oral evaluations in cats as early as 6 months of age. For cats exhibiting substantial gingivitis, an anesthetized evaluation, periodontal treatment and long-term monitoring are recommended. Given the high frequency of moderate-to-severe periodontitis encountered in these cats, clients should be informed about the potential need for tooth extractions. EOG may progress to AP. Finally, this study suggests that there could be a link between EOG and FCGS; however, further studies are needed to better characterize this condition and establish any potential link between the two entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soltero-Rivera
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Iris L Rivas
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Animal Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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8
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Soltero-Rivera M, Hart S, Blandino A, Vapniarsky N, Arzi B. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for feline chronic gingivostomatitis: Long term experience. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1171922. [PMID: 37168097 PMCID: PMC10165997 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1171922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) therapy has emerged as a potential treatment option for refractory FCGS. However, there is a lack of long-term data on the use of MSC therapy in cats. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of MSC therapy for FCGS and investigate potential factors associated with treatment outcomes. Methods This study was a retrospective evaluation of 38 client-owned cats with refractory FCGS who received MSC therapy. Medical records, histopathology, and the Stomatitis Activity Disease Index (SDAI) were reviewed. Correlations of the long-term follow-up success rates with SDAI and cell line type used were conducted. A client survey was also performed to assess side effect occurrence, quality-of-life following treatment, and overall treatment satisfaction. Results Long-term follow-up ranged from 2 to 9 years post-MSC treatment. The overall positive response rate to MSC treatment was 65.5%, with 58.6% of cats exhibiting permanent improvement or cure. Adverse effects occurring during or immediately after treatment were noted in 34.2% of cases, the majority being transient, self-resolving transfusion-like reactions. No long-term adverse events were noted. No significant correlation in outcome was detected between allogeneic and autologous MSC treatment (p = 0.871) or the severity of the SDAI at entry (p = 0.848) or exit (p = 0.166), or the delta SDAI between entry and exit (p = 0.178). The status 6 months (none to partial improvement vs. substantial improvement to resolution) post-therapy was a predictor of long-term response (value of p < 0.041). Most clients were satisfied with the treatment and outcomes, with 90.6% willing to pursue treatment again, given a similar situation. Discussion The results of this study support the use of both autologous and allogeneic MSC as an efficacious and safe therapeutic option for refractory FCGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soltero-Rivera
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Soltero-Rivera,
| | - Sterling Hart
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Blandino
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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9
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Febre M, Saulnier N, Roux P, Boutoille F, Girard N, Robert C, Rakic R, Rosset E, Maddens S. Placenta‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells as a treatment for refractory chronic gingivostomatitis in cats: eight cases (2018). J Small Anim Pract 2022; 64:296-305. [PMID: 36573276 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this case series was to collect preliminary data on safety and efficacy of treating cats suffering from refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis with a single intravenous therapy of cryopreserved placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We planned the prospective inclusion of cats suffering from refractory chronic gingivostomatitis in three veterinary clinics. All cats received a single infusion of 10×106 cryopreserved cells. Follow-up evaluations were done at day 15 and at 2-, 3- and 6-months following infusion. Clinical disease severity was evaluated by dental specialists using a published stomatitis disease activity index scoring system coupled with an owners' assessment questionnaire. RESULTS All eight cats attended all follow up visits. Cryopreserved ready-to-use placenta-derived cells administered systemically were safe and resulted in notable clinical improvement in all cats as reported by stomatitis disease activity index scoring and owner's survey. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Infusion of cryopreserved freshly thawed placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells appears to promote clinical and consequently behavioural benefits in cats with refractory chronic gingivostomatitis after having undergone full-mouth or premolar-molar tooth extraction. Future randomised studies are required to confirm safety and efficacy of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Febre
- Vetbiobank SASMarcy‐l'ÉtoileFrance
| | | | - P. Roux
- DentovetLausanne, SuisseSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | - R. Rakic
- Vetbiobank SASMarcy‐l'ÉtoileFrance
| | - E. Rosset
- CHUVAC—VetAgro sup‐campus vétérinaireMarcy‐l'ÉtoileFrance
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10
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Antiviral Effects of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome against Feline Calicivirus and Feline Herpesvirus Type 1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081687. [PMID: 36016308 PMCID: PMC9415135 DOI: 10.3390/v14081687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have excellent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities and therapeutic effects in some viral diseases. The therapeutic impact of MSCs mainly relies on the paracrine effects of various secreted substances. Feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV1) are common and highly prevalent pathogens causing upper respiratory diseases, and FCV is associated with gingivostomatitis in cats. Recently, feline MSC treatment has been reported to improve the clinical symptoms of feline chronic gingivostomatitis, but the antiviral effects of feline MSCs on FCV and FHV1 are not known. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of using feline MSC secretome as a conditioned medium on FCV and FHV1 viral replication in Crandell–Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells, and RNA sequencing was used to analyze how the CRFK cells were altered by the MSC secretomes. The feline MSC secretome did not inhibit FCV or FHV1 viral entry into the CRFK cells but had antiviral effects on the replication of both FCV and FHV1 in a dose-dependent manner.
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11
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Tasker S, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Addie DD, Lutz H, Thiry E, Radford AD, Möstl K. Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:937. [PMID: 35632680 PMCID: PMC9145992 DOI: 10.3390/v14050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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12
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Arzi B, Nolta JA, Vapniarsky N. The oromaxillofacial region as a model for a one-health approach in regenerative medicine. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:291-297. [PMID: 35175935 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a one-health approach in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum in the scientific and public communities in recent years. Knowledge derived from this approach informs innovative biomedical research, clinical trials, and practice. The ultimate goal is to translate regenerative strategies for curing diseases and improving the quality of life in animals and people. Building and fostering strong and enthusiastic interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration between teams with a wide range of expertise and backgrounds is the cornerstone to the success of the one-health approach and translational sciences. The veterinarian's role in conducting clinical trials in client-owned animals with naturally occurring diseases is critical and unique as it may potentially inform human clinical trials. The veterinary regenerative medicine and surgery field is on a steep trajectory of discoveries and innovations. This manuscript focuses on oromaxillofacial-region regeneration to exemplify how the concept of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration and the one-health approach influenced the authors' work experience at the University of California-Davis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Abstract
Severe oral inflammatory disease is not uncommon in the mouths of canine and feline patients. An approach to oral diagnosis is offered. This article discusses a brief review of important points in the oral diagnosis and management of main canine (canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CCUS), eosinophilic stomatitis, and Wegener's granulomatosis (WG)) and feline diseases (feline gingivostomatitis/caudal stomatitis, oral eosinophilic lesions, pyogenic granuloma, and autoimmune diseases with oral manifestations), and-whereby possible-information about the current understanding of disease pathogenesis and treatment is offered.
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14
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Current challenges to virus discovery by meta-transcriptomics. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:48-55. [PMID: 34592710 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Meta-transcriptomic next-generation sequencing has transformed virus discovery, dramatically expanding our knowledge of the known virosphere. Nevertheless, the use of meta-transcriptomics for virus discovery faces important challenges. As this technology becomes more widely adopted, the proportion of viral sequences in public databases with incorrect (e.g. mis-assignment of host) or limited information (e.g. lacking taxonomic classification) is likely to grow, limiting their utility in bioinformatic pipelines for virus discovery. In addition, we currently lack the bioinformatic tools that can accurately identify viruses showing little or no sequence similarity to database viruses or those that represent likely reagent contaminants. Herein, we outline some of the challenges to effective meta-transcriptomic virus discovery as well as their potential solutions.
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15
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Altered Proteomic Profile of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes from Cats with Severe Chronic Gingivostomatitis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082466. [PMID: 34438923 PMCID: PMC8388770 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a common pathology in cats, related to an aberrant immune response. The cause of FCGS remains elusive, despite extensive investigations. A multitude of conditions and infectious agents have been related, without proof of causation, as follows: virus, bacteria, environmental stress, hypersensitivity, etc. In recent years, therapies based on feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (fAd-MSC) have become an interesting alternative for the treatment of different complex pathologies in cats. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete a wide variety of therapeutic elements, such as bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes. It is essential to characterize these elements, to better understand their mechanisms of action. In this study, we show, for the first time, that the proteomic profile of fAd-MSC-derived exosomes, from calicivirus-positive patients with severe FCGS, is altered. Using bioinformatic tools, we have demonstrated the existence of different proteins in the exosomes from diseased patients, responsible for an altered biological effect. In addition, the exosomes do not only experience changes in their cargo, but are also produced in larger quantities. This study might contribute to the better prediction of the clinical outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell treatments in veterinary patients with immune-mediated diseases, such as FCGS. Abstract Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a pathology with a complicated therapeutic approach and with a prevalence between 0.7 and 12%. Although the etiology of the disease is diverse, feline calicivirus infection is known to be a predisposing factor. To date, the available treatment helps in controlling the disease, but cannot always provide a cure, which leads to a high percentage of refractory animals. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role in the homeostasis and reparation of different tissues and have the ability to modulate the immune system responses. This ability is, in part, due to the capacity of exosomes to play a part in intercellular cell communication. However, the precise role of MSC-derived exosomes and their alterations in immunocompromised pathologies remains unknown, especially in veterinary patients. The goal of this work was to analyze the proteomic profile of feline adipose tissue-derived MSCs (fAd-MSCs) from calicivirus-positive FCGS patients, and to detect possible modifications of the exosomal cargo, to gain better knowledge of the disease’s etiopathogenesis. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and functional enrichment analysis with Gene Ontology, exosomes isolated from the fAd-MSCs of five healthy cats and five calicivirus-positive FCGS patients, were pooled and compared. The results showed that the fAd-MSCs from cats suffering from FCGS not only had a higher exosome production, but also their exosomes showed significant alterations in their proteomic profile. Eight proteins were exclusively found in the exosomes from the FCGS group, and five proteins could only be found in the exosomes from the healthy cats. When comparing the exosomal cargo between the two groups, significant upregulation of 17 and downregulation of 13 proteins were detected in the FCGS group compared to the control group. These findings shed light on new perspectives on the roles of MSCs and their relation to this disease, which may help in identifying new therapeutic targets and selecting specific biomarkers.
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16
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Taechangam N, Kol A, Arzi B, Borjesson DL. Multipotent Stromal Cells and Viral Interaction: Current Implications for Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:214-227. [PMID: 34347271 PMCID: PMC8335712 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are widely utilized in therapy for their immunomodulatory properties, but their usage in infectious viral diseases is less explored. This review aimed to collate the current novel use of MSCs in virus-associated conditions, including MSC’s susceptibility to virus infection, antiviral properties of MSCs and their effects on cell-based immune response and implementation of MSC therapy in animal models and human clinical trials of viral diseases. Recent discoveries shed lights on MSC’s capability in suppressing viral replication and augmenting clearance through enhancement of antiviral immunity. MSC therapy may maintain a crucial balance between aiding pathogen clearance and suppressing hyperactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopmanee Taechangam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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