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Travail V, Fernandez Sanchez C, Costo JM, Valentine N, Conroy M, Lee V, Bouziopoulos D, Bateman K, Gatehouse E, Cruzado‐Perez J, Pollard D, Lamb V, Juvet F, Kelly D. Assessment of the likelihood of hypothyroidism in dogs diagnosed with and treated for hypothyroidism at primary care practices: 102 cases (2016-2021). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:931-941. [PMID: 38314891 PMCID: PMC10937491 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a possibility that an incorrect diagnosis of hypothyroidism could be made in euthyroid dogs, and the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the dog population remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To retrospectively assess the percentage of dogs diagnosed with, and treated for, hypothyroidism at first opinion practice which are likely to be hypothyroid and require levothyroxine supplementation. ANIMALS One hundred two client-owned dogs were included in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The computerized databases of 7 first opinion practices were searched to identify dogs treated with levothyroxine supplementation. Three European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine-Companian Animals (ECVIM-CA) diplomates independently assigned 1 of 4 clinical assessments to each case as follows: confirmed or likely hypothyroid, hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed, hypothyroidism considered unlikely, and no reason to suspect hypothyroidism. They commented as to whether or not they thought levothyroxine supplementation was appropriate. RESULTS The clinical assessments of "confirmed or likely hypothyroid"; "Hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed"; "Hypothyroidism considered unlikely"; and "No reason to suspect hypothyroidism" was assigned respectively by Clinician 1 to 38.2%, 5.9%, 3.9%, and 52% of cases, by Clinician 2 to 48%, 22.6%, 22.6%, 6.9% of cases, and by Clinician 3 to 55.9%, 11.8%, 13.7% and 18.6%. Clinician 1, Clinician 2, and Clinician 3 considered levothyroxine supplementation not indicated in 58.8%, 52.9%, and 45.1% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION These results support the concern that hypothyroidism might be overly and incorrectly diagnosed in first opinion practice, and that thyroid function testing should be performed only in those dogs with a high pretest probability of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Lamb
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsHampshireUK
| | | | - Darren Kelly
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsHampshireUK
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2
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Strey S, Mischke R, Rieder J. [Polyendocrine syndromes in dogs]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:313-325. [PMID: 37956663 DOI: 10.1055/a-2183-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS) refers to a combination of autoimmune endocrine disorders. It is rarely described in dogs. The most common combinations are hypoadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism, followed by diabetes mellitus, and less often hypoparathyroidism and orchitis. The diagnosis of the APS is based on the diagnosis of each endocrinopathy, as is the therapy, which involves the substitution of deficient hormones. If a patient was previously stable under treatment and is showing further signs (e.g. polyuria, polydipsia, or weight loss), the development of additional endocrinopathies like hypoadrenocorticism or diabetes mellitus should be considered. The diagnosis of the initially diagnosed endocrinopathy should also be critically questioned. This article summarizes some cases of our own animal hospital and selected cases published in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Strey
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
| | - Reinhard Mischke
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
| | - Johanna Rieder
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
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3
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Bugbee A, Rucinsky R, Cazabon S, Kvitko-White H, Lathan P, Nichelason A, Rudolph L. 2023 AAHA Selected Endocrinopathies of Dogs and Cats Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:113-135. [PMID: 37167252 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Canine and feline endocrinopathies reflect an endocrine gland disease or dysfunction with resulting hormonal abnormali ties that can variably affect the patient's wellbeing, quality of life, and life expectancy. These guidelines provide consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of four canine and feline endocrinopathies commonly encountered in clini cal practice: canine hypothyroidism, canine hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome), canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addi son's disease), and feline hyperthyroidism. To aid the general practitioner in navigating these common diseases, a stepwise diagnosis and treatment algorithm and relevant background information is provided for managing each of these diseases. The guidelines also describe, in lesser detail, the diagnosis and treatment of three relatively less common endo crinopathies of cats: feline hyperaldosteronism, feline hypothyroidism, and feline hyperadrenocorticism. Additionally, the guidelines present tips on effective veterinary team utilization and client communication when discussing endocrine cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bugbee
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Renee Rucinsky
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Sarah Cazabon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Heather Kvitko-White
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Patty Lathan
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Amy Nichelason
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Liza Rudolph
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Thyroid and Adrenal Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:207-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Bennaim M, Shiel RE, Evans H, Mooney CT. Free thyroxine measurement by analogue immunoassay and equilibrium dialysis in dogs with non-thyroidal illness. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kuijlaars M, Yool DA, Ridyard AE. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in a standard poodle with concurrent non‐endocrine immune‐mediated diseases. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Kuijlaars
- University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Glasgow UK
| | - Donald A. Yool
- University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Glasgow UK
| | - Alison E. Ridyard
- University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Glasgow UK
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Whole-genome genotyping and resequencing reveal the association of a deletion in the complex interferon alpha gene cluster with hypothyroidism in dogs. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:307. [PMID: 32299354 PMCID: PMC7160888 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothyroidism is a common complex endocrinopathy that typically has an autoimmune etiology, and it affects both humans and dogs. Genetic and environmental factors are both known to play important roles in the disease development. In this study, we sought to identify the genetic risk factors potentially involved in the susceptibility to the disease in the high-risk Giant Schnauzer dog breed. Results By employing genome-wide association followed by fine-mapping (top variant p-value = 5.7 × 10− 6), integrated with whole-genome resequencing and copy number variation analysis, we detected a ~ 8.9 kbp deletion strongly associated (p-value = 0.0001) with protection against development of hypothyroidism. The deletion is located between two predicted Interferon alpha (IFNA) genes and it may eliminate functional elements potentially involved in the transcriptional regulation of these genes. Remarkably, type I IFNs have been extensively associated to human autoimmune hypothyroidism and general autoimmunity. Nonetheless, the extreme genomic complexity of the associated region on CFA11 warrants further long-read sequencing and annotation efforts in order to ascribe functions to the identified deletion and to characterize the canine IFNA gene cluster in more detail. Conclusions Our results expand the current knowledge on genetic determinants of canine hypothyroidism by revealing a significant link with the human counterpart disease, potentially translating into better diagnostic tools across species, and may contribute to improved canine breeding strategies.
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8
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Lester M, O'Kell AL. Exploratory analysis of anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs receiving recombinant human insulin. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:236-240. [PMID: 32012274 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs treated with recombinant human insulin and to determine if insulin dosage or duration of treatment differed between anti-insulin antibody-positive and -negative diabetic dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Descriptive preliminary study using serum from 24 client-owned diabetic dogs treated for a minimum of 2 weeks with recombinant human insulin, and 24 client-owned healthy control dogs without diabetes. Sera were analysed by radioimmunoassay for anti-insulin antibodies. The proportion of antibody positive dogs was compared between groups by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Four diabetic (16.6%) and no control dogs were anti-insulin antibody positive. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that treatment with recombinant human insulin may induce anti-insulin antibodies in dogs, although this finding needs to be re-investigated in a larger study to investigate the impact of anti-insulin antibodies on glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lester
- Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - A L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
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9
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Investigation of adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction in dogs with ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212638. [PMID: 30811473 PMCID: PMC6392329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder mucocele formation is an emerging disease in dogs characterized by increased secretion of condensed granules of gel-forming mucin by the gallbladder epithelium and formation of an abnormally thick mucus that can culminate in obstruction of the bile duct or rupture of the gallbladder. The disease is associated with a high morbidity and mortality and its pathogenesis is unknown. Affected dogs have a significantly increased likelihood of concurrent diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia. Whether these endocrinopathies represent coincidental primary disease processes that exacerbate gallbladder mucocele formation in predisposed dogs or reflect a concurrent disruption of endocrine and lipid metabolism is unclear. In this study, we investigated a hypothesis that dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation would have a high prevalence of occult and atypical abnormalities in adrenal cortical and thyroid gland function that would suggest the presence of endocrine disruption and provide deeper insight into disease pathogenesis. We performed a case-control study of dogs with and without ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation and profiled adrenal cortical function using a quantitative mass spectrometry-based assay of serum adrenal-origin steroids before and after administration of synthetic cosyntropin. We simultaneously profiled serum thyroid hormone concentrations and evaluated iodine sufficiency by measurement of urine iodine:creatinine ratios (UICR). The studies were complemented by histological examination of archival thyroid tissue and measurements of thyroid gland organic iodine from dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation and control dogs. Dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation demonstrated an exaggerated cortisol response to adrenal stimulation with cosyntropin. A prevalence of 10% of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation met laboratory-based criteria for suspect or definitive diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. A significantly greater number of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation had basal serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) increases compared to control dogs. A high percentage of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation (26%) met laboratory-based criteria for diagnosis of hypothyroidism, but lacked detection of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation had significantly higher UICRs than control dogs. Examination of thyroid tissue from an unrelated group of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation did not demonstrate histological evidence of thyroiditis or significant differences in content of organic iodine. These findings suggest that dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation have a greater capacity for cortisol synthesis and pinpoint DHEAS elevations as a potential clue to the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. A high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with absent evidence for autoimmune thyroiditis suggest a disrupted thyroid hormone metabolism in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation although an influence of non-thyroidal illness cannot be excluded. High UICR in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation is of undetermined significance, but of interest for further study.
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10
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Kempker K, Güssow A, Cook AM, Rick M, Neiger R. [Alimentary thyrotoxcicosis in two dogs]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2017; 45:193-198. [PMID: 28368068 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Two dogs with increased thyroxin concentrations compatible with hyperthyroidism were referred for further examinations. One dog displayed clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. Based on history, clinical examination, laboratory evaluation and scintigraphy an alimentary thyrotoxicosis was identified. It was caused by feeding a BARF diet containing thyroidal tissue in one dog and by conventional dog food in the other patient. After changing the diet the clinical signs resolved in the affected dog. A control examination revealed thyroxin concentrations within the reference range in both dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Kempker
- Karsten Kempker, Klinik für Kleintiere - Innere Medizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 126, 35392 Gießen, E-Mail:
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11
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Ziglioli V, Panciera DL, Troy GC, Monroe WE, Boes KM, Refsal KR. Effects of Levothyroxine Administration and Withdrawal on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Euthyroid Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:705-710. [PMID: 28432797 PMCID: PMC5435074 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic supplementation can suppress the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis (HPTA) and make it difficult to assess thyroid function after withdrawal of levothyroxine. Objectives To determine whether the HPTA is suppressed after levothyroxine administration in euthyroid dogs and the time required for resolution of any suppression. Animals Twenty‐eight healthy euthyroid dogs. Methods A prospective, randomized study administering levothyroxine to euthyroid dogs for 8 weeks (group 1) or 16 weeks (group 2). Serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4) by equilibrium dialysis, thyroid stimulating hormone; thyrotropin (TSH), and 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) were measured every 4 weeks during supplementation and for 16 weeks after levothyroxine was discontinued. Results Mean serum concentrations of T4 and fT4 were significantly higher (P < .0001) and TSH was lower (P < .0001) in all dogs during levothyroxine administration compared to baseline. Mean serum concentrations of T4, fT4, and TSH in both groups, beginning 1 week after levothyroxine was discontinued, were significantly different (P < .01) compared to values during levothyroxine administration but not compared to baseline values (P > .3). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Assessing thyroid function tests 1 week after cessation of levothyroxine at 26 μg/kg once a day for up to 16 weeks will provide an accurate assessment of thyroid function in healthy euthyroid dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ziglioli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - D L Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - G C Troy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - W E Monroe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - K M Boes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - K R Refsal
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
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12
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Zeugswetter FK, Hittmair KM, Patzl M. Spuriously high thyroid hormone concentrations measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay attributable to anti‐iodothyronine antibodies in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian K Zeugswetter
- Department for Companion Animals and HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Katharina M Hittmair
- Department for Companion Animals and HorsesUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Martina Patzl
- Department for PathobiologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
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13
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Hanson JM, Tengvall K, Bonnett BN, Hedhammar Å. Naturally Occurring Adrenocortical Insufficiency--An Epidemiological Study Based on a Swedish-Insured Dog Population of 525,028 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:76-84. [PMID: 26683136 PMCID: PMC4913634 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring adrenocortical insufficiency (NOAI) in dogs is considered an uncommon disease with good prognosis with hormonal replacement treatment. However, there are no epidemiological studies with estimates for the general dog population. Objectives To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of NOAI in a large population of insured dogs. Animals Data were derived from 525,028 client‐owned dogs insured by a Swedish insurance company representing 2,364,652 dog‐years at risk (DYAR) during the period between 1995–2006. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Incidence rates, prevalences, and relative risks for dogs with NOAI (AI with no previous claim for hypercortisolism), were calculated for the whole dog population, and for subgroups divided by breed and sex. Mortality rates were calculated and compared in dogs with NOAI and the remaining dogs overall. Results In total 534 dogs were identified with NOAI. The overall incidence was 2.3 cases per 10,000 DYAR. The relative risk of disease was significantly higher in the Portuguese Water Dog, Standard Poodle, Bearded Collie, Cairn Terrier, and Cocker Spaniel compared with other breeds combined. Female dogs overall were at higher risk of developing AI than male dogs (RR 1.85; 95% CI, 1.55–2.22; P < .001). The relative risk of death was 1.9 times higher in dogs with NOAI than in dogs overall. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The data supports the existence of breed‐specific differences in incidence rates of NOAI in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Tengvall
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B N Bonnett
- B Bonnett Consulting, Georgian Bluffs, ON, Canada
| | - Å Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Boag AM, Christie MR, McLaughlin KA, Syme HM, Graham P, Catchpole B. Autoantibodies against Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme in Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) Affected with Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's Disease). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143458. [PMID: 26618927 PMCID: PMC4664467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hypoadrenocorticism likely arises from immune-mediated destruction of adrenocortical tissue, leading to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency. In humans with autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) or autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS), circulating autoantibodies have been demonstrated against enzymes associated with adrenal steroid synthesis. The current study investigates autoantibodies against steroid synthesis enzymes in dogs with spontaneous hypoadrenocorticism. Coding regions of canine CYP21A2 (21-hydroxylase; 21-OH), CYP17A1 (17-hydroxylase; 17-OH), CYP11A1 (P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme; P450scc) and HSD3B2 (3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 3βHSD) were amplified, cloned and expressed as 35S-methionine radiolabelled recombinant protein. In a pilot study, serum samples from 20 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism and four unaffected control dogs were screened by radio-immunoprecipitation assay. There was no evidence of reactivity against 21-OH, 17-OH or 3βHSD, but five dogs with hypoadrenocorticism showed immunoreactivity to P450scc compared with controls. Serum samples were subsequently obtained from 213 dogs diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism and 110 dogs from a hospital control population. Thirty control dogs were randomly selected to establish a threshold for antibody positivity (mean + 3 × standard deviation). Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were more likely to be P450scc autoantibody positive than hospital controls (24% vs. 1.2%, respectively; p = 0.0016). Sex was significantly associated with the presence of P450scc autoantibodies in the case population, with 30% of females testing positive compared with 17% of males (p = 0.037). Significant associations with breed (p = 0.015) and DLA-type (DQA1*006:01 allele; p = 0.017) were also found. This cross-sectional study indicates that P450scc autoantibodies are present in a proportion of dogs affected with hypoadrenocorticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair M. Boag
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Christie
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A. McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet M. Syme
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Graham
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Hegstad-Davies RL, Torres SMF, Sharkey LC, Gresch SC, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Davies PR. Breed-specific reference intervals for assessing thyroid function in seven dog breeds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:716-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715606953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured in serum from 693 healthy representatives from 7 dog breeds (Alaskan Malamute, Collie, English Setter, Golden Retriever, Keeshond, Samoyed, or Siberian Husky) to determine whether breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) are warranted. Veterinarians reviewed the health history, performed a physical examination, and approved laboratory data for the enrolled dogs. Many purebred dogs had T4 and FT4 concentrations that were at, or below, the lower limits previously determined for non–breed-specific RIs. Mean concentrations of T4, FT4, and TSH varied significantly among breeds. The range of mean concentration of T4 (19.7 nmol/L [1.53 µg/dL] in English Setters to 29.0 nmol/L [2.25 µg/dL] in Keeshonds) and FT4 (12.6 pmol/L [0.98 ng/dL] in English Setters to 20.2 pmol/L [1.57 ng/dL] in Samoyeds) was considerable. Median TSH values ranged from 6.10 mIU/L (0.07 ng/mL; Alaskan Malamute and Golden Retriever) to 17.6 mIU/L (0.26 ng/mL; Collie). Mean T4 and FT4 concentrations were higher in females. Increasing age was associated with decreasing T4 and FT4, and increasing TSH concentration. The substantial ranges across breeds of measures of central tendency (mean, median) for all hormones indicate that breed-specific RIs are warranted. RIs encompassing the central 95% of reference values for all breeds combined, and for individual breeds, were calculated using nonparametric (TSH) and robust (T4, FT4) methods. Use of breed-specific RIs in combination with careful attention to the potential for pre-analytical and analytical variability in test results will improve thyroid function assessment in these breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Hegstad-Davies
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Leslie C. Sharkey
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Sarah C. Gresch
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Claudia A. Muñoz-Zanzi
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Peter R. Davies
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
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Ziener ML, Dahlgren S, Thoresen SI, Lingaas F. Genetics and epidemiology of hypothyroidism and symmetrical onychomadesis in the Gordon setter and the English setter. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2015; 2:12. [PMID: 26401340 PMCID: PMC4579390 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders, whereas symmetrical onychomadesis is a rare claw disease in the general dog population. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of hypothyroidism and symmetrical onychomadesis in a birth cohort of 291 Gordon setters at eight years of age. Further, to describe the age at diagnosis of hypothyroidism in the 68 Gordon setters and 51 English setters included in the DLA study. Finally, to elucidate potential associations between dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II and hypothyroidism and/or symmetrical onychomadesis in the Gordon setter and the English setter. Results In the birth cohort of eight years old Gordon setters, 2.7 % had hypothyroidism and 8.9 % had symmetrical onychomadesis, but only one out of these 291 dogs (0.3 %) had both diseases. Mean age at diagnosis of hypothyroidism for dogs included in the DLA study was 6.4 years (95 % CI: 5.6-7.2 years) in the Gordon setters and 7.7 years (95 % CI: 7.2-8.2 years) in the English setters. The DLA alleles most associated with hypothyroidism in the Gordon setter and English setter were DLA-DQB1*00201 (OR = 3.6, 95 % CI: 2.1-6.4, p < 0.001) and DLA-DQA1*00101 (OR = 2.9, 95 % CI: 1.3-6.6, p < 0.001), respectively. In the Gordon setter, the haplotype DLA-DRB1*01801/DQA1*00101/DQB1*00802 was significantly associated with both symmetrical onychomadesis (OR = 2.9, 95 % CI: 1.7-5.2, p < 0.001) and with protection against hypothyroidism (OR = 0.3, 95 % CI: 0.2-0.5, p < 0.001). Conclusion Hypothyroidism is a complex disease where DLA genes together with other genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the Gordon setter, one DLA haplotype that was associated with protection against hypothyroidism was also associated with symmetrical onychomadesis. These findings indicate that closely linked genes, instead of or together with the DLA genes themselves, may be associated with hypothyroidism and symmetrical onychomadesis. In a breed where several autoimmune diseases are prevalent all possible associations between DLA genes and actual diseases need to be investigated before DLA is considered used as a tool for marker-assisted selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40575-015-0025-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Lund Ziener
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway ; Fredrikstad Animal Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Stina Dahlgren
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Istre Thoresen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Lingaas
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Bianchi M, Dahlgren S, Massey J, Dietschi E, Kierczak M, Lund-Ziener M, Sundberg K, Thoresen SI, Kämpe O, Andersson G, Ollier WER, Hedhammar Å, Leeb T, Lindblad-Toh K, Kennedy LJ, Lingaas F, Rosengren Pielberg G. A Multi-Breed Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Canine Hypothyroidism Identifies a Shared Major Risk Locus on CFA12. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134720. [PMID: 26261983 PMCID: PMC4532498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a complex clinical condition found in both humans and dogs, thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In this study we present a multi-breed analysis of predisposing genetic risk factors for hypothyroidism in dogs using three high-risk breeds—the Gordon Setter, Hovawart and the Rhodesian Ridgeback. Using a genome-wide association approach and meta-analysis, we identified a major hypothyroidism risk locus shared by these breeds on chromosome 12 (p = 2.1x10-11). Further characterisation of the candidate region revealed a shared ~167 kb risk haplotype (4,915,018–5,081,823 bp), tagged by two SNPs in almost complete linkage disequilibrium. This breed-shared risk haplotype includes three genes (LHFPL5, SRPK1 and SLC26A8) and does not extend to the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II gene cluster located in the vicinity. These three genes have not been identified as candidate genes for hypothyroid disease previously, but have functions that could potentially contribute to the development of the disease. Our results implicate the potential involvement of novel genes and pathways for the development of canine hypothyroidism, raising new possibilities for screening, breeding programmes and treatments in dogs. This study may also contribute to our understanding of the genetic etiology of human hypothyroid disease, which is one of the most common endocrine disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bianchi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Dahlgren
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan Massey
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Dietschi
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Kierczak
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martine Lund-Ziener
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katarina Sundberg
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stein Istre Thoresen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William E. R. Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Åke Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna J. Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Frode Lingaas
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerli Rosengren Pielberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Miller J, Popiel J, Chełmońska-Soyta A. Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Canine Hypothyroidism. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Broome MR, Peterson ME, Kemppainen RJ, Parker VJ, Richter KP. Exogenous thyrotoxicosis in dogs attributable to consumption of all-meat commercial dog food or treats containing excessive thyroid hormone: 14 cases (2008–2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:105-11. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Colucci R, Lotti F, Dragoni F, Arunachalam M, Lotti T, Benvenga S, Moretti S. High prevalence of circulating autoantibodies against thyroid hormones in vitiligo and correlation with clinical and historical parameters of patients. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:786-98. [PMID: 25059078 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies against thyroid hormones (THAbs) directed towards triiodothyronine (T3-Ab) and/or thyroxine (T4-Ab) are very rare in the general population. They are increased in some nonthyroidal autoimmune diseases, where they seem to predict autoimmune thyroid disorders (ATDs). So far, their presence in patients with vitiligo has not been evaluated, but it might have a possible predictive role. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of THAbs in a group of vitiligo patients and to correlate their presence with clinical and historical parameters. METHODS In total 79 patients with nonsegmental vitiligo and 100 controls were examined. Clinical characteristics of vitiligo and family and personal medical history were evaluated. Antinuclear autoantibodies, thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies were measured. IgM T3-Ab, IgG T3-Ab, IgM T4-Ab and IgG T4-Ab were assayed by a radioimmunoprecipitation technique. Fisher's test, Student's t-test and χ(2)-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Overall 77 of 79 patients (97%) had at least one type of THAb (11 T3-Ab, 10 T4-Ab, 56 both). In the control group, only one person (1%) had THAbs. In patients with vitiligo, T3-Abs were significantly associated with leucotrichia (IgM+IgG, P = 0.033; IgG, P = 0.039; IgM, P = 0.005) and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (IgM+IgG, P = 0.031; IgG, P = 0.058), while the absence of T3-Ab was related to personal history of cancer (IgM+IgG, P = 0.021; IgG, P = 0.039). T4-Abs were significantly associated with vitiligo activity (IgM+IgG, P < 0.001; IgM, P = 0.037) and duration (IgG, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The surprisingly high prevalence of THAb in patients with vitiligo and their associations suggest a possible pathogenetic role in the disease and stress the tight link between vitiligo and ATDs. Further evaluation in a larger group of patients and an adequate follow-up are needed to define their potential predictive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Colucci
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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21
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Thyroid Disorders in the Geriatric Veterinary Patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:707-25, vi-vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Blois SL, Dickie E, Kruth SA, Allen DG. Multiple endocrine diseases in dogs: 35 cases (1996–2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1616-21. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.12.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Piechotta M, Arndt M, Hoppen HO. Autoantibodies against thyroid hormones and their influence on thyroxine determination with chemiluminescence immunoassay in dogs. J Vet Sci 2010; 11:191-6. [PMID: 20706025 PMCID: PMC2924479 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against thyroxin (T4AA) and triiodothyronine (T3AA) are present in dogs with autoimmune thyroiditis and have been reported to interfere with immunoassays. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of autoantibodies and to determine whether interference occurs by T4AA, using a non-immunological method (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) for thyroxin (T4) measurement. Based on clinical symptoms, T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, 1,339 dogs were divided into six groups: Group 1: hypothyroid (n = 149); Group 2: subclinical thyroiditis (n = 110); Group 3: suspicious for non thyroidal illness (n = 691); Group 4: biochemical euthyroid (n = 138); Group 5: hypothyroid dogs under substitution therapy (n = 141); Group 6: healthy dogs (n = 110). The incidence of T4AA and T3AA, determined using radiometric assay, was low (0.5% and 3.8%) and higher in hypothyroid dogs compared to dogs suspicious for hypothyroidism (Group 2-4) (p < 0.05). T4AA was not detected in dogs with normal T4 and elevated TSH. T4 concentrations of T4AA positive samples determined using HPLC were comparable to results obtained by chemiluminescence immunoassay. These findings indicate that the probability of interference of T4AA leading to falsely elevated T4 concentration in the T4 assay seems to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Pancotto T, Rossmeisl JH, Panciera DL, Zimmerman KL. Blood-brain-barrier disruption in chronic canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:485-93. [PMID: 20874830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of hypothyroidism have been associated with cerebrovascular complications. Reports of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities are rare in hypothyroid dogs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if chronic hypothyroidism causes blood-brain-barrier (BBB) abnormalities that are detectable using indirect CSF biomarkers. METHODS The study included 18 normal, euthyroid, female mixed-breed dogs. Hypothyroidism was induced by (131) iodine administration in 9 dogs; 9 served as untreated controls. Evaluations included physical and neurologic examination, complete CSF analysis, serum and CSF protein electrophoresis, measurement of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and serum S-100B concentrations, and calculation of CSF albumin quota (AQ) and were conducted at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS At baseline, differences between groups were not detected for any variable. Throughout the study, controls dogs remained free of neurologic disease and had test variables that remained within reference intervals. Two hypothyroid dogs developed CNS signs during the study, and evidence of cerebrovascular disease was found at necropsy. At 12 and 18 months, the CSF total protein, VEGF, S-100B, and fractional albumin concentrations, and AQ were significantly higher (P<.04) in hypothyroid dogs than controls. Among test variables assayed in serum or plasma, the only significant difference was a higher S-100B concentration in hypothyroid dogs (P=.003) at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS BBB integrity is disrupted in chronic hypothyroidism. Significant increases in CSF concentrations of VEGF and S100-B in hypothyroid dogs indicate dysfunction in both endothelial and glial elements of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pancotto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Shiel RE, Sist M, Nachreiner RF, Ehrlich CP, Mooney CT. Assessment of criteria used by veterinary practitioners to diagnose hypothyroidism in sighthounds and investigation of serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy Salukis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:302-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Carter GR, Scott-Moncrieff JC, Luescher AU, Moore G. Serum total thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations in dogs with behavior problems. J Vet Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pinilla M, Shiel RE, Brennan SF, McAllister H, Mooney CT. Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy in greyhounds suspected of primary hypothyroidism. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:224-9. [PMID: 19400473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of hypothyroidism in greyhounds remains controversial and its investigation is complicated by the low circulating thyroid hormone concentrations typically found in healthy dogs of this breed. Quantitative measurement of thyroidal technetium-99m pertechnetate ((99m)TcO4-) uptake is known to be useful in assessing thyroid function in other breeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate thyroid scintigraphy as a method of assessing thyroid function in greyhounds suspected of primary hypothyroidism. Twenty greyhounds (eight females, 12 males) were studied. Thirteen had bald thigh syndrome and seven poor performance and low total T4. Total T4 concentrations were decreased in 18 (90%), and free T4 in two (10%) dogs. All canine thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations were within the reference interval. Thyroidal (99m)TcO4- uptake values (mean +/- SD, 0.76 +/- 0.26%) were within the reference limits published for euthyroid dogs (0.39-1.86%) making hypothyroidism highly unlikely. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing data between dogs with bald thigh syndrome (13 dogs) and the remaining dogs (seven dogs). Seventeen (85%) dogs had higher uptake in the left thyroid gland than in the right that might reflect an anatomic feature of the greyhound breed. Calculation of percent thyroidal uptake of (99m)TcO4- is more accurate than thyroid: salivary gland ratios because of high variability in salivary gland uptake. Percent thyroidal uptake of (99m)TcO4- should be used when assessing thyroid function scintigraphically in the greyhound breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pinilla
- Veterinary Surgery, School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Cerundolo R, Michel KE, Reisner IR, Phillips L, Goldschmidt M, Court MH, Shrestha B, Hao Q, Refsal K, Oliver JW, Biourge V, Shofer FS. Effects of dietary soy isoflavones on health, steroidogenesis, and thyroid gland function in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:353-60. [PMID: 19254147 PMCID: PMC2698128 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a soy-based diet on general health and adrenocortical and thyroid gland function in dogs. Animals-20 healthy privately owned adult dogs. PROCEDURES In a randomized controlled clinical trial, dogs were fed a soy-based diet with high (HID; n = 10) or low (LID; 10) isoflavones content. General health of dogs, clinicopathologic variables, and serum concentrations of adrenal gland and thyroid gland hormones were assessed before treatment was initiated and up to 1 year later. Differences between groups with respect to changes in the values of variables after treatment were assessed by means of a Student t test (2 time points) and repeated-measures ANOVA (3 time points). RESULTS No differences were detected between the 2 groups with respect to body condition and results of hematologic, serum biochemical, and urine analyses. Most serum concentrations of hormones did not change significantly after treatment, nor were they affected by diet. However, the mean change in serum concentration of total thyroxine was higher in the HID group (15.7 pmol/L) than that in the LID group (-1.9 pmol/L). The mean change in estradiol concentration after ACTH stimulation at 1 year after diets began was also higher in the HID group (19.0 pg/mL) than that in the LID group (-5.6 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Phytoestrogens may influence endocrine function in dogs. Feeding soy to dogs on a long-term basis may influence results of studies in which endocrine function is evaluated, although larger studies are needed to confirm this supposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Cerundolo
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathy E. Michel
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilana R. Reisner
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lucy Phillips
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael H. Court
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Binu Shrestha
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Qin Hao
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kent Refsal
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jack W. Oliver
- Clinical Endocrinology Service, Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Frances S. Shofer
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Davison L, Walding B, Herrtage M, Catchpole B. Anti-Insulin Antibodies in Diabetic Dogs Before and After Treatment with Different Insulin Preparations. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1317-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Seavers A, Snow DH, Mason KV, Malik R. Evaluation of the thyroid status of Basenji dogs in Australia. Aust Vet J 2008; 86:429-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy in the dog. Rather than being a comprehensive review of all possible thyroid function tests, the focus in this article is on the logical progression of test choice, highlighting total thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin (TSH), and antithyroid antibodies. This article includes extensive discussion of the current status of the canine TSH assay and the potential for improving this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C Ferguson
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Kennedy LJ, Barnes A, Short A, Brown JJ, Seddon J, Fleeman L, Brkljacic M, Happ GM, Catchpole B, Ollier WER. Canine DLA diversity: 3. Disease studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69 Suppl 1:292-6. [PMID: 17445220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are many millions of dogs worldwide, and these dogs have many different functions. The most obvious use is providing companionship, but there are also many working dogs, including guide dogs for the blind, hearing dogs, guard dogs and farm dogs, to mention a few. The health and welfare of these dogs is of great concern to dog owners, dog breeders and to those who use dogs in their work. Dogs spontaneously develop many diseases that are very similar to their human counterparts. Dogs may, therefore, provide exceptional animal models for such diseases. Identifying genetic markers in the dog may be easier than in humans, and may then provide useful information about genes that can be transferred to humans. This study looked for associations between DLA and two autoimmune diseases of the dog, diabetes and hypothyroidism. DLA associations were found for both of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Espineira MD, Mol J, Peeters M, Pollak Y, Iversen L, Dijk J, Rijnberk A, Kooistra H. Assessment of Thyroid Function in Dogs with Low Plasma Thyroxine Concentration. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Favrot C, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Reusch CE. Evaluation of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone to test thyroid function in dogs suspected of having hypothyroidism. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:2012-6. [PMID: 17144802 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of recombinant human (rh) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in dogs with suspected hypothyroidism. ANIMALS 64 dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism. PROCEDURES Dogs received rhTSH (75 microg/dog, IV) at a dose independent of their body weight. Blood samples were taken before and 6 hours after rhTSH administration for determination of total serum thyroxine (T(4)) concentration. Dogs were placed into 1 of 3 groups as follows: those with normal (ie, poststimulation values indicative of euthyroidism), unchanged (ie, poststimulation values indicative of hypothyroidism; no thyroid gland stimulation), or intermediate (ie, poststimulation values between unchanged and normal values) post-TSH T(4) concentrations. Serum canine TSH (cTSH) concentration was determined in prestimulation serum (ie, before TSH administration). RESULTS 14, 35, and 15 dogs had unchanged, normal, and intermediate post-TSH T(4) concentrations, respectively. Basal T(4) and post-TSH T(4) concentrations were significantly different among groups. On the basis of basal serum T(4) and cTSH concentrations alone, 1 euthyroid (normal post-TSH T(4), low basal T(4), and high cTSH concentrations) and 1 hypothyroid dog (unchanged post-TSH T(4) concentration and low to with-in reference range T(4) and cTSH concentrations) would have been misinterpreted as hypothyroid and euthyroid, respectively. Nine of the 15 dogs with intermediate post-TSHT(4) concentrations had received medication known to affect thyroid function prior to the test, and 2 of them had severe nonthyroidal disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The TSH-stimulation test with rhTSH is a valuable diagnostic tool to assess thyroid function in selected dogs in which a diagnosis of hypothyroidism cannot be based on basal T(4) and cTSH concentrations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Endocrine diseases in the dog commonly manifest with dermatological lesions. Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy and usually presents with alopecia in areas of wear, seborrhea, and recurrent infections. Common clinical signs associated with hyperadrenocorticism include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. The most common dermatological manifestation of hyperadrenocorticism is bilaterally symmetrical alopecia sparing the head and distal extremities. Pyoderma is a common finding associated with immunosuppression. Less commonly, calcinosus cutis may occur. Sex hormone excess, primarily hyperestrogenism and hyperandrogenism, may also be associated with dermatological signs. Usually, dogs are intact, and the excess production is due to testicular or ovarian neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Frank
- Diplomate American College of Veterinary Dermatology, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996-4544, USA.
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37
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Kennedy LJ, Quarmby S, Happ GM, Barnes A, Ramsey IK, Dixon RM, Catchpole B, Rusbridge C, Graham PA, Hillbertz NS, Roethel C, Dodds WJ, Carmichael NG, Ollier WER. Association of canine hypothyroidism with a common major histocompatibility complex DLA class II allele. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:82-6. [PMID: 16774545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dogs exhibit a range of immune-mediated conditions including a lymphocytic thyroiditis which has many similarities to Hashimoto's thyroiditis in man. We have recently reported an association in Doberman Pinschers between canine hypothyroidism and a rare DLA class II haplotype that contains the DLA-DQA1*00101 allele. We now report a further series of 173 hypothyroid dogs in a range of breeds where a significant association with DLA-DQA1*00101 is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Willi B, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Reusch CE. Comparison of the biological activity of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone with bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone and evaluation of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy dogs of different breeds. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1169-72. [PMID: 16817738 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether use of recombinant human (rh) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) induces equivalent stimulation, compared with bovine TSH (bTSH), and to evaluate activity of rhTSH in dogs of various large breeds. ANIMALS 18 healthy research Beagles and 20 healthy client-owned dogs of various breeds with body weight > 20 kg. PROCEDURES The 18 Beagles were randomly assigned to 3 groups, and each dog received either 75 microg of rhTSH, IM or IV, or 1 unit of bTSH, IM, respectively, in a crossover design. The 20 client-owned dogs received 75 microg of rhTSH, IV. Blood samples were taken before and 6 hours after TSH administration for determination of total serum thyroxine (T(4)) concentration. Additional blood samples were taken after 2 and 4 hours in Beagles that received rhTSH, IM. RESULTS There was a significant increase in T(4) concentration in all dogs, but there were no differences between values obtained after administration of bTSH versus rhTSH or IV versus IM administration of rhTSH. Although there was a significant difference in age and body weight between Beagles and non-Beagles, there was no difference in post-TSH simulation T(4) concentration between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated an equivalent biological activity of rhTSH, compared with bTSH. Use of 75 microg of rhTSH, IV, did not induce a different magnitude of stimulation in large-breed dogs, compared with Beagles. Euthyroidism was confirmed if post-TSH simulation T(4) concentration was > or = 2.5 microg/dL and at least 1.5 times basal T(4) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Scott-Moncrieff JC, Glickman NW, Glickman LT, HogenEsch H. Lack of Association between Repeated Vaccination and Thyroiditis in Laboratory Beagles. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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van Geffen C, Bavegems V, Duchateau L, De Roover K, Daminet S. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in trained and non-trained healthy whippets. Vet J 2006; 172:135-40. [PMID: 16772138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous factors including non-thyroidal systemic diseases and drug administration can significantly alter canine thyroid function test results. Furthermore, the importance of breed specific variations has probably been underestimated. In this study, total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), canine endogenous thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH) serum concentrations and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) were determined in a population of healthy whippets and compared to a control group of different breeds. Mean TT4 values were significantly lower in the whippets but no significant differences were seen between whippets and control dogs for FT4 and for cTSH. The prevalence of serum TgAA in the whippets was 2%, and this was not significantly different from the controls. The results suggest a breed variation for TT4, but not for FT4, cTSH and TgAA serum concentrations in whippets. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were also compared between trained and non-trained whippets and it was concluded that regular training did not seem to have any significant influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy van Geffen
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Abstract
An 18-month-old boxer was presented for investigation of profound lethargy, and primary hypothyroidism was diagnosed. A strong antithyroglobulin antibody titre was also present, indicating lymphocytic (immune-mediated) thyroiditis as the cause of hypothyroidism. A concurrent protein-losing glomerulonephropathy was also detected, although the aetiology could not be determined at initial presentation. Thyroid replacement and dietary therapy were prescribed. The dog improved clinically for approximately 12 months when it was re-presented with poorly controlled hypothyroidism and renal failure. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of lymphocytic-plasmacytic thyroiditis, in conjunction with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mansfield
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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Cerundolo R, Mauldin EA, Goldschmidt MH, Beyerlein SL, Refsal KR, Oliver JW. Adult-onset hair loss in Chesapeake Bay retrievers: a clinical and histological study. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:39-46. [PMID: 15725104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ten Chesapeake Bay retriever (CBRS) dogs with hair loss were recruited in collaboration with the American Chesapeake Club. All dogs had nonpruritic, noninflammatory, regionalized hair loss affecting the same areas of the body in male and female dogs. Hormonal investigations showed increased adrenal and sex steroid concentration in seven cases. Histopathology revealed follicular hyperkeratosis and plugging, follicular atrophy, and occasional melanin clumping with malformed hair shafts. This study suggests that hair loss in CBRS is a breed syndrome in which young adult dogs have hair loss characterized by unusual histological features and abnormal steroid production. A familial predisposition seems likely and selective breeding might reduce the occurrence of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cerundolo
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Brömel C, Pollard RE, Kass PH, Samii VF, Davidson AP, Nelson RW. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland in Healthy, Hypothyroid, and Euthyroid Golden Retrievers with Nonthyroidal Illness. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Thyroid disorders are common in older pets. They often present a diagnostic challenge, and reaching a definitive diagnosis can be difficult or impossible in some cases. It is important for the veterinary practitioner to be familiar with the historical, physical examination, and clinicopathologic data findings in each of these diseases and to become comfortable with the treatment, monitoring, and prognosis associated with thyroid diseases in geriatric pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Meeking
- Internal Medicine and Emergency/Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Evason MD, Carr AP, Taylor SM, Waldner CL. Alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy sled dogs before and after athletic conditioning. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:333-7. [PMID: 15027682 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of athletic conditioning on thyroid hormone concentrations in a population of healthy sled dogs. ANIMALS 19 healthy adult sled dogs. PROCEDURE Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (fT4), free T3 (fT3), and autoantibodies directed against T3, T4, and thyroglobulin were measured in sled dogs that were not in training (ie, nonracing season) and again after dogs had been training at maximum athletic potential for 4 months. RESULTS Analysis revealed significant decreases in T4 and fT4 concentrations and a significant increase in TSH concentration for dogs in the peak training state, compared with concentrations for dogs in the untrained state. Serum concentrations of T4 and fT4 were less than established reference ranges during the peak training state for 11 of 19 and 8 of 19 dogs, respectively; fT4 concentration was greater than the established reference range in 9 of 19 dogs in the untrained state. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Decreased total T4 and fT4 concentrations and increased serum concentrations of TSH were consistently measured during the peak training state in healthy sled dogs, compared with concentrations determined during the untrained state. Although thyroid hormone concentrations remained within the established reference ranges in many of the dogs, values that were outside the reference range in some dogs could potentially lead to an incorrect assessment of thyroid status. Endurance training has a profound impact on the thyroid hormone concentrations of competitive sled dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Evason
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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47
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Scott-Moncrieff JC, Azcona-Olivera J, Glickman NW, Glickman LT, HogenEsch H. Evaluation of antithyroglobulin antibodies after routine vaccination in pet and research dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221:515-21. [PMID: 12184701 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether routine vaccination induces antibodies against bovine thyroglobulin and autoantibodies against canine thyroglobulin in dogs. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 20 healthy research Beagles and 16 healthy pet dogs. PROCEDURE For the research Beagles, 5 dogs were vaccinated with a multivalent vaccine and a rabies vaccine, 5 dogs received only the multivalent vaccine, 5 dogs received only the rabies vaccine, and 5 dogs were unvaccinated controls. The multivalent vaccine was administered at 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 26, and 52 weeks of age and every 6 months thereafter. The rabies vaccine was administered at 16 and 52 weeks of age and then once per year. Blood was collected from all dogs at 8, 16, and 26 weeks of age and then 4 times yearly. Assays for antibodies directed against bovine and canine thyroglobulin were performed prior to and 2 weeks after each yearly vaccination. For the pet dogs, blood was collected prior to and 2 weeks after 1 vaccination. RESULTS In the research Beagles, there was a significant increase in anti-bovine thyroglobulin antibodies in all vaccinated dogs, compared with control dogs. There was a significant increase in anti-canine thyroglobulin antibodies in the 2 groups of dogs that received the rabies vaccine but not in the group that received the multivalent vaccine alone. In the pet dogs, there was a significant increase in anti-canine thyroglobulin antibodies after vaccination but no significant change in anti-bovine thyroglobulin antibodies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Recent vaccination may result in increased anti-canine thyroglobulin antibodies. Whether these antibodies have a deleterious effect on canine thyroid function is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Catharine Scott-Moncrieff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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48
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Abstract
Observations in people and animals demonstrate relationships between thyroid and reproductive functions. Thyroid issues of importance to small animal reproduction are twofold. First, some thyroid disorders, such as lymphocytic thyroiditis and some forms of congenital hypothyroidism, appear to be heritable. Those traits might be considered undesirable. If so, to eliminate the trait affected animals would not be selected as breeding stock. Second, thyroid disorders may adversely affect fertility, pregnancy, or neonatal health. If a causal relationship existed between thyroid and reproductive disorders, correction of one would be expected to result in resolution of the other. This is often not the case. Although animals and people with thyroid disorders may also have reproductive disorders, usually disorders other than thyroid disease are the cause of reproductive abnormalities. It appears that euthyroidism supports optimal reproductive performance, but clinically significant reproductive dysfunction is manifested only under certain uncommon conditions of thyroid disease in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri A Johnson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA
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