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Foster JD. Nephrology in Veterinary Medicine. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1641-1649. [PMID: 37840194 PMCID: PMC10695652 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary nephrology is a specialized field of veterinary medicine providing a high level of care for animals with all types of kidney disease. Veterinarians complete extensive training to become board-certified in veterinary nephrology-urology. Companion animal nephrology is the most advanced field; however, all species are afflicted by a variety of renal disorders. Most naturally occurring animal kidney diseases have similar disorders found in people; where veterinary research is lacking, clinical management is often modified from standard of care in people. Veterinarians have become adept at scaling down procedures to safely perform them on dogs and cats weighing only a few kilograms. Advanced diagnostics (renal biopsy, cystoscopy, fluoroscopic studies, etc. ) and therapeutics (renal replacement therapy, interventional endourology, etc. ) are commonly performed within the practice of veterinary nephrology-urology. Collaboration between veterinary and human nephrologists may advance both disciplines and improve care for people and animals alike.
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Degenhardt L, Dorsch R, Hartmann K, Dörfelt R. Serum amyloid A in cats with renal azotemia. Vet World 2023; 16:1673-1681. [PMID: 37766698 PMCID: PMC10521177 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1673-1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The concentration of the feline acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) increases in cats with acute inflammatory diseases. However, it is unclear whether SAA concentration increases in cats with azotemic kidney disease or whether it can aid in differentiating acute kidney injury (AKI) from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Similarly, whether SAA concentration can be used as a prognostic marker is also unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the SAA concentrations in cats with azotemic kidney disease and determine whether SAA concentrations can be used to differentiate between AKI, CKD, and "acute on CKD" (AoC). In addition, we evaluated whether SAA concentration could serve as a prognostic parameter. Moreover, we determined the correlations between SAA concentration and temperature; creatinine, urea, and albumin concentrations; leukocyte count; and urine protein/creatinine (UP/C). Materials and Methods Forty-eight client-owned azotemic cats (creatinine >250 μmol/L) were included in this prospective study. Cats with pre- and post-renal azotemia were excluded from the study. The causes of azotemia were differentiated into AKI, CKD, and AoC. The SAA concentrations were analyzed through turbidimetric immunoassay at the time of admission. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square, Fisher's exact, and Spearman correlation tests. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Serum amyloid A concentration increased in 5/12 cats with AKI, 7/22 cats with CKD, and 9/14 cats with AoC (p = 0.234). The median SAA concentration in cats with AKI, CKD, and AoC whose SAA concentration was ≥5 mg/L was 174 mg/L (10-281 mg/L), 125 mg/L (6-269 mg/L), and 143 mg/L (7-316 mg/L), respectively (p = 0.697), with no significant differences observed between the groups. The median SAA concentration did not differ significantly between survivors (125 mg/L, 10-316 mg/L) and non-survivors (149 mg/L, 6-281 mg/L; p = 0.915) with SAA concentration ≥5 mg/L. Conclusion Serum amyloid A concentration increased in 44% of the cats with azotemia. However, it cannot be used to differentiate AKI from CKD or as a prognostic marker. Serum amyloid A concentration was correlated with neutrophil count, albumin concentration, and UP/C, and the presence of comorbidities may influence SAA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Degenhardt
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - René Dörfelt
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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To A, Davila C, Stroope S, Walton R. Case report: Resolution of oligo-anuric acute kidney injury with furosemide administration in a cat following lily toxicity. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1195743. [PMID: 37476822 PMCID: PMC10354244 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1195743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the successful outcome of a case of oligo-anuric acute kidney injury in a cat secondary to lily ingestion. Case summary A 12-week-old intact male domestic short-hair cat weighing 1.64 kg (3.6 lb) presented with a 12-h duration of vomiting and lethargy after exposure to lilies of the genera Lilium species 24 h prior to presentation. Severe azotemia (Creatinine 5.8 mg/dL, BUN > 100 mg/dL) and hyperkalemia (9.36 mmol/L) were noted on the day of presentation. Treatment of hyperkalemia was instituted with calcium gluconate, lactated ringers solution, dextrose, regular short-acting insulin, albuterol, and sodium bicarbonate, Oliguria to anuria was highly suspected based on a lack of urine production 21 h after hospitalization with intravenous fluid administration and a static bladder size. The cat was administered 4 mg/kg of furosemide, and urinated at 6 h following administration and continued to produce over 6 ml/kg/h of urine in the next 24 h. Two days following furosemide administration, the cat's hyperkalemia and azotemia resolved. The cat was discharged after 4 days of hospitalization, and a recheck revealed no persistent azotemia or hyperkalemia. Unique information Anuric acute kidney injury secondary to lily toxicity is associated with a poor prognosis, and the only treatment modality previously described is hemodialysis. The cat in this report was successfully managed with medical intervention and furosemide administration, with complete resolution of the acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- An To
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Veterinary Centers of America (VCA) West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Claudia Davila
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Veterinary Centers of America (VCA) West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Stroope
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Veterinary Centers of America (VCA) West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Walton
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Veterinary Centers of America (VCA) West Los Angeles Animal Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Toxicology Case Presentations. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 53:175-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhou J, An R, Huang X. Genus Lilium: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113852. [PMID: 33485985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Lilium (family Liliaceae) is native to China and is mainly distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere such as Eastern Asia, Europe, and North America. There are about 109 species of this genus and 55 species in China. In America, the bulbs were used as food. In Europe, the petals and bulbs of Lilium candidum uesd as pectoral poultices, wound-healing remedy and a treatment for mastitis and shingles, the bulbs of L. martagon were used to treat every liver disease. In India, the bulbs are used medicinally as galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and revitalizing tonic. In Asia, bulbs of this genus are often used to treat coughs, lung diseases, burns and swellings. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this work was to summarize traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, which provided a theoretical basis for the further study of Lilium plants and their applications in medicine, food and other industries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Online scientific databases including Science Direct, American chemical society (ACS), Wiley Online Library, the Web of Science, China national knowledge internet (CNKI) and others were searched to identify eligible studies. More data were obtained from other Chinese medicine books. RESULTS The literature survey revealed diverse traditional uses of the genus Lilium, mainly for the treatment of lung deficiency, hemostasis, anxiety, palpitations, asthma and vomiting. Over 180 compounds have been isolated and identified from the genus Lilium, including steroidal saponins, polysaccharides, phenolic glycerides, flavonoids and alkaloids. Different extracts and monomer compounds were so far evaluated for number of pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, antidepressant and hepatoprotective activities. CONCLUSIONS Lilium spp. are of much significance as ornamental flowers, but also have potential to treat various diseases, especially anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, most of the studies on pharmacological effects are still in in vitro, and further studies on mechanism-based pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro are needed in the future. At present, there are limited researches on its safety and toxicological effects, which should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Renfeng An
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Bertero A, Fossati P, Caloni F. Indoor Companion Animal Poisoning by Plants in Europe. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:487. [PMID: 32851047 PMCID: PMC7427442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor plant poisoning poses serious threats to companion animals. One of the major reasons of this kind of hazard can be identified in the increased amount of time that the pets spend indoor, sharing the domestic environment with their owners. In this review, the toxic houseplants most commonly associated with companion animal poisoning in Europe and well-documented in the literature are emphasized. An analysis of the major and emerging plant species accountable for companion animal poisoning is proposed, in order to provide a framework of the factors influencing these incidents. Indeed, knowing the way substances may induce toxic effects in companion animals can be useful in allowing easier diagnosis and treatment processes. In conclusion, the Authors argue that a better characterization of the phenomenon, as well as of its extent, would be allowed by the availability of a centralized system for the data collection. Furthermore, better information and awareness on the issue may help developing a focused corrective approach to prevent indoor pet poisoning in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fossati
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety "Carlo Cantoni" (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Segev G, Bruchim Y, Berl N, Cohen A, Aroch I. Effects of fenoldopam on kidney function parameters and its therapeutic efficacy in the management of acute kidney injury in dogs with heatstroke. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1109-1115. [PMID: 29575360 PMCID: PMC5980265 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in dogs, but evidence of efficacy of its treatment is lacking. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of fenoldopam in the management of AKI. Animals Forty dogs with naturally occurring heatstroke. Methods Dogs were prospectively enrolled and divided into treatment and the placebo groups (fenoldopam, constant rate infusion [CRI] of 0.1 µg/kg/min or saline, respectively). Urine production (UP) was measured using a closed system. Urinary clearances were performed at 4, 12, and 24 hours after presentation to estimate the effect of fenoldopam on UP, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and sodium fractional excretion (NaFE). Results At presentation, severity of heatstroke, based on a previously developed scoring system, was similar between the study groups, but was significantly worse in nonsurvivors compared with survivors. Fenoldopam administration was not associated with hypotension. Overt AKI was diagnosed, based on the International Renal Interest Society guidelines in 22/40 (55%) of the dogs. Overall, 14/40 dogs (35%) died, with no significant (P = .507) mortality rate difference between the fenoldopam (6/20 dogs; 30%) and placebo (8/20; 40%) groups. The proportion of dogs with AKI did not differ between the fenoldopam and the placebo groups (9/20; 45% versus 13/20; 65%, respectively; P = .204). There were no differences in UP, GFR, and NaFE between the fenoldopam and the placebo groups. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Fenoldopam CRI at 0.1 µg/kg/min did not have a clinically relevant effect on kidney function parameters in dogs with severe heatstroke‐associated AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Segev
- Department of Small Animals Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Bruchim
- Department of Small Animals Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noga Berl
- Department of Small Animals Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adar Cohen
- Department of Small Animals Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Department of Small Animals Medicine, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ozaki K, Hirabayashi M, Nomura K, Narama I. Suspected lily toxicosis in a meerkat (Suricata suricatta): a case report. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:485-487. [PMID: 29311434 PMCID: PMC5880830 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lilies are considered nephrotoxic only to domestic cats, which belong to the family Felidae of the suborder Feliformia. However, a 7-month-old female meerkat, belonging to the family Herpestidae of the suborder
Feliformia, presented with oliguria, seizure, tachypnea, self-biting, and nystagmus after it ingested lilies. The meerkat died approximately 40 hr after lily ingestion. Gross and histopathologic lesions consistent with
acute renal failure were conspicuous in the animal. The renal lesions were acute tubular necrosis, corresponding to the typical pathological changes of lily toxicosis in cats. In addition, massive hepatocyte necrosis and
pulmonary congestion/edema were observed. These findings suggest that lily toxicosis in meerkats is characterized by pulmonary and hepatic failure, in addition to the renal failure observed in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyokazu Ozaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotohge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | | | - Koji Nomura
- Marupi Lifetech Co., Ltd., 103 Fushio-cho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-0011, Japan
| | - Isao Narama
- Laboratory of Pathology, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotohge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Legatti SAM, El Dib R, Legatti E, Botan AG, Camargo SEA, Agarwal A, Barretti P, Paes AC. Acute kidney injury in cats and dogs: A proportional meta-analysis of case series studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190772. [PMID: 29370180 PMCID: PMC5784898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Risk of mortality in the setting of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cats and dogs remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incidence of mortality in cats and dogs with AKI based on etiology (i.e. infectious versus non-infectious; receiving dialysis versus conservative treatment). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and LILACS were searched up to July 2016. Articles were deemed eligible if they were case series studies evaluating the incidence of all-cause mortality in cats and dogs with AKI, regardless of etiology or the nature of treatment. RESULTS Eighteen case series involving 1,201animalsproved eligible. The pooled proportions for overall mortality were: cats53.1% [95% CI 0.475, 0.586; I2 = 11,9%, p = 0.3352]; dogs 45.0% [95% CI 0.33, 0.58; I2 = 91.5%, P < 0.0001]. A non-significant increase in overall mortality risk was found among dialysed animals relative to those managed with conservative treatment, independent of animal type and the etiology of their AKI. The pooled proportions for overall mortality according to etiology, regardless of treatment type, were: AKI due infectious etiology for cats and dogs, 19.2% [95% CI 0.134, 0.258; I2 = 37.7%, P = 0.0982]; AKI due non-infectious etiology for cats and dogs, 59.9% [95% CI 0.532, 0.663; I2 = 51.0%, P = 0.0211]. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest higher rates of overall mortality in cats and dogs with AKI due to non-infectious etiologies relative to infectious etiologies, and showed non-significant differences in terms of higher rates associated with dialysis compared to conservative management. Further investigations regarding optimal time to initiate dialysis and the development of clinical models to prognosticate the course of disease and guide optimal treatment initiation for less severe cases of AKI in cats and dogs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Almeida Moreira Legatti
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unesp – Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina El Dib
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp – Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- McMaster Institute of Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Emerson Legatti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unesp – Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andresa Graciutti Botan
- Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Unesp – Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo
- Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Unesp – Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnav Agarwal
- Schoolof Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pasqual Barretti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp – Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Paes
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unesp – Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hassdenteufel E, Lehmann H, Schneider M, Moritz A. [Emergency management of intoxications in the dog and cat]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:438-449. [PMID: 27849101 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Intoxications may lead to life-threatening emergencies. While stabilising the patient, therapy should focus on a rapid and effective elimination of the toxin. General measures for decontamination (gastrointestinal, dermal, ocular) aim to effectively decrease the absorption of the poisonous substance. Further classification of the substance and its properties can assist with the choice of specific treatment options, including dialysis and specific antidotal therapy. In recent years, treatment with lipid emulsions for enhanced elimination of lipophilic substances has become an important therapeutic option. In affected patients, it can rapidly improve clinical signs while side effects and complications are rarely encountered with this form of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hassdenteufel
- Dr. Esther Hassdenteufel, Klinik für Kleintiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 126, 35392 Gießen, E-Mail:
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Rumbeiha WK, Francis JA, Fitzgerald SD, Nair MG, Holan K, Bugyei KA, Simmons H. A Comprehensive Study of Easter Lily Poisoning in Cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:527-41. [PMID: 15586568 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with 3 objectives in mind: first, to identify the toxic fraction (aqueous or organic) in leaves and flowers; second, to identify diagnostic marker(s) of toxicosis in cats; and, third, to evaluate the morphologic effects of intoxication. The study was conducted in 2 phases. Phase 1 was to identify which extract, organic or aqueous, was nephrotoxic and also to determine the appropriate dose for use in the phase 2 studies. Results indicated that only the aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers were nephrotoxic and pancreotoxic. To identify the proximate toxic compound, cats in the phase 2 study were orally exposed to subfractions of the aqueous flower extract, 1 subfraction per cat. Results confirmed vomiting, depression, polyuria, polydipsia, azotemia, glucosuria, proteinuria, and isosthenuria as toxic effects of the Easter lily plant. Another significant finding in serum was elevated creatinine kinase. Significant histologic kidney changes included acute necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules and degeneration of pancreatic acinar cells. Renal ultrastructural changes included swollen mitochondria, megamitochondria, edema, and lipidosis. Subfraction IIa3 of the aqueous floral extract contained most of the toxic compound(s). These studies reproduced the clinical disease, identified the most toxic fraction of the Easter lily, and helped characterize the clinical pathology, histopathology, and ultrastructural pathology associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lansing, Michigan 48910-8104, USA
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Brown N, Segev G, Francey T, Kass P, Cowgill LD. Glomerular filtration rate, urine production, and fractional clearance of electrolytes in acute kidney injury in dogs and their association with survival. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:28-34. [PMID: 25594609 PMCID: PMC4858109 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in dogs. Few studies have assessed sequential changes in indices of kidney function in dogs with naturally occurring AKI. Objective To document sequential changes of conventional indices of renal function, to better define the course of AKI, and to identify a candidate marker for recovery. Animals Ten dogs with AKI. Methods Dogs were prospectively enrolled and divided into surviving and nonsurviving dogs. Urine production was measured with a closed system for 7 days. One and 24‐hour urinary clearances were performed daily to estimate solute excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Solute excretion was calculated as an excretion ratio (ER) and fractional clearance (FC) based on both the 1‐ and 24‐hour urine collections. Results Four dogs survived and 6 died. At presentation, GFR was not significantly different between the outcome groups, but significantly (P = .03) increased over time in the surviving, but not in the nonsurviving dogs. Fractional clearance of Na decreased significantly over time (20.2–9.4%, P < .0001) in the surviving, but not in the nonsurviving dogs. The ER and FC of solutes were highly correlated (r, 0.70–0.95). Conclusion and Clinical Impact Excretion ratio might be used in the clinical setting as a surrogate marker to follow trends in solute excretion. Increased GFR, urine production, and decreased FC of Na were markers of renal recovery. The FC of Na is a simple, noninvasive, and cost‐effective method that can be used to evaluate recovery of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brown
- Internal Medicine Service, Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush West, NSW, Australia
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Segev G, Palm C, LeRoy B, Cowgill LD, Westropp JL. Evaluation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of kidney injury in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1362-7. [PMID: 24020513 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and often fatal disorder in dogs. HYPOTHESIS Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)/creatinine ratio is a sensitive and specific biomarker of AKI in dogs. ANIMALS Ninety-four dogs. METHODS Prospective study. Dogs were classified as follows: (1) healthy dogs, (2) dogs with lower urinary tract disorders, (3) dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), (4) dogs with azotemic International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) AKI Grades II-V, and (5) dogs with IRIS AKI Grade I (nonazotemic). Urinary NGAL was quantitated in each dog using an ELISA assay and concentrations were expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine concentration from the same specimen, and designated the urinary NGAL/creatinine ratio (UNCR). RESULTS There was a significant difference in UNCR among the study groups (P < .001). Both the azotemic and nonazotemic AKI groups had higher UNCR when compared with all other groups (P < .001 for all pairs). There was a statistically significant difference in UNCR between dogs diagnosed with CKD compared with dogs with lower urinary tract diseases (P = .005) as well as between dogs with CKD and healthy dogs (P = .001). Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis of UNCR as an indicator of azotemic and nonazotemic AKI had an area under the ROC curve of 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE NGAL/creatinine ratio is a sensitive and specific marker of AKI. It can be used to screen patients at risk for AKI and can be utilized to diagnose milder forms of AKI potentially earlier in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Segev
- School of Veterinary Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Segev G, Nivy R, Kass PH, Cowgill LD. A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in cats and development of a novel clinical scoring system for predicting outcome for cats managed by hemodialysis. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:830-9. [PMID: 23679089 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information regarding acute kidney injury (AKI) in cats is limited, and there are no reliable tools to objectively assess disease severity and predict outcome. OBJECTIVES To assess clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, etiology, and outcome of cats with AKI, and to develop models using clinical metrics and empirically derived scores to predict outcome. ANIMALS One hundred and thirty-two client-owned cats. METHODS Retrospective study. Bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables predictive of 30-day survival. Continuous variables outside the reference range were divided into quartiles to yield quartile-specific odds ratios (OR) for survival. Models were developed incorporating weighting factors assigned to each quartile based on the OR. A predictive score for each model was calculated for each cat by summing all weighting factors. A second, multivariable logistic regression model was created from actual values of the same variables. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to determine the models' performance. Models were further tested using a subset of cases not used in initial assessment. RESULTS Fifty five of 132 cats (42%) remained dialysis-independent for at least 30 days after discharge, and the remaining 77 cats either died (n = 37, 28%) or were euthanized (n = 40, 30%). The most common etiology was ureteral obstruction (n = 46, 35%). Higher scores were associated with decreased probability of survival (P < .001). Models correctly classified outcomes in 75-77% of the cases and 84-89% of the cases in the subsequent evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Models can provide objective guidance in assessing AKI prognosis and severity, but should be validated in other cohorts of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Segev
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Eatroff AE, Langston CE, Chalhoub S, Poeppel K, Mitelberg E. Long-term outcome of cats and dogs with acute kidney injury treated with intermittent hemodialysis: 135 cases (1997-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 241:1471-8. [PMID: 23176239 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.11.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term outcome for small animal patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) treated with intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 42 cats and 93 dogs treated with IHD for AKI. PROCEDURES Medical records of cats and dogs treated with IHD for AKI from January 1997 to October 2010 were reviewed. Standard methods of survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier product limit curves were used. The log-rank, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to determine whether outcome, number of IHD treatments, or duration of hospitalization was different when dogs and cats were classified according to specific variables. RESULTS The overall survival rate at the time of hospital discharge was 50% (21/42) for cats and 53% (49/93) for dogs. The overall survival rate 30 days after hospital discharge was 48% (20/42) for cats and 42% (39/93) for dogs. The overall survival rate 365 days after hospital discharge was 38% (16/42) for cats and 33% (31/93) for dogs. For all-cause mortality, the median survival time was 7 days (95% confidence interval, 0 to 835 days) for cats and 9 days (95% confidence interval, 0 to 55 days) for dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cats and dogs with AKI treated with IHD have survival rates similar to those of human patients. Although there was a high mortality rate prior to hospital discharge, those patients that survived to discharge had a high probability of long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Eatroff
- Bobst Hospital, The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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17
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Bennett AJ, Reineke EL. Outcome following gastrointestinal tract decontamination and intravenous fluid diuresis in cats with known lily ingestion: 25 cases (2001–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1110-6. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.8.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Monaghan K, Nolan B, Labato M. Feline acute kidney injury: 1. Pathophysiology, etiology and etiology-specific management considerations. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:775-84. [PMID: 23087003 PMCID: PMC11112174 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12464458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequently recognized disease process in cats that requires immediate and aggressive intervention. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiologic processes underlying AKI and familiarity with the most common etiologies are essential for providing the most effective and timely therapy. Possessing this knowledge will also allow a more accurate prognosis to be given, and afford the best chance of a favorable outcome. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline patients often present with vague signs of AKI, which may delay treatment and adversely affect the prognosis. Their response to injury and treatment is often different to that of other species. AUDIENCE This two-part review article is directed at small animal practitioners as well as specialists. Part 1 reviews mechanisms underlying AKI in the cat, as well as etiologies and treatments related to some specific causes of AKI. EVIDENCE BASE The veterinary literature is limited with regards to the pathophysiology of AKI unique to the cat. However, there are numerous feline studies evaluating causes of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Monaghan
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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19
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Lee YJ, Chan JPW, Hsu WL, Lin KW, Chang CC. Prognostic factors and a prognostic index for cats with acute kidney injury. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:500-5. [PMID: 22489875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of acute kidney injury (AKI) range from mild to fatal in cats; however, prognosis factors have been rarely studied. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To find the clinical factors significantly correlated with the outcome among cats with AKI and to develop a simple prognostic index. ANIMALS Seventy cats with AKI were recruited. METHODS Demographic and clinicopathological data obtained from 70 cats with AKI were retrospectively collected. Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact were applied to determine the factors associated with survival in cats with AKI. Using logistic regression, the statistically significant factors associated with prognosis were identified and a new prediction model was generated. RESULTS The overall case fatality rate was 64% (45/70). The results showed that nonsurviving cats had significantly lower levels of PCV, WBC, RBC, LDH and albumin, a lower albumin/globulin ratio, lower blood glucose, and a reduced body temperature, as well as being older. Serum urea and creatinine concentrations were not statistically significant as prognostic factors, but a decrease in these 2 variables in 3 days was significantly related to a reduction in death. A summary prognostic index including body temperature and LDH and albumin concentrations had area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for predicting death of 0.86 (P < .05) and a cut-off value of 0.82, a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 90%. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis in cats with AKI is quite different from that found for human and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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20
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Slater MR, Gwaltney-Brant S. Exposure Circumstances and Outcomes of 48 Households with 57 Cats Exposed to Toxic Lily Species. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:386-90. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of Lilium or Hemerocallis spp. by cats can result in renal failure. The objectives of this study were to determine the foreknowledge of lily toxicity of owners of cats that were exposed to lilies and to obtain historical, clinical and outcome information on the exposures. A survey was done of cat owners reporting indoor exposures to lilies to the Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) during April 2009. Forty eight individuals, (57 cats) were included. Sixty nine percent of cat owners said they could recognize a lily and 27% knew that lilies were toxic prior to their cats’ exposures. Most lilies were obtained from grocery or other stores, and were purchased by the owners or as gifts to the cat owners. Owners who were unaware of lily toxicity frequently left the flowers where the cats had access to them, whereas in households where the toxicity was known the cats actively sought out the flowers. Of the cats in this study 93% received prompt veterinary care, and 87% either developed no signs or had brief signs that resolved. Five percent had evidence of renal insufficiency at final follow-up and another 5 percent of cats were euthanized due to renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Slater
- Animal Health Services, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Urbana, IL
| | - Sharon Gwaltney-Brant
- Animal Health Services, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Urbana, IL
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21
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Abstract
Hemodialysis is a life-saving medical modality that cleanses the blood using an artificial kidney, called a dialyzer. Hemodialysis uses contact between the patient's blood and the semipermeable membrane of the extracorporeal dialyzer to remove compounds such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolytes, minerals, anions, cations, certain drugs and toxins, and excess fluid from the bloodstream. The extracorporeal dialyzer distinguishes hemodialysis from peritoneal dialysis, which uses a patient's peritoneum as the dialysis membrane. There are 2 main types of hemodialysis: intermittent hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy. This article focuses on intermittent hemodialysis for acute and chronic kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Anne Bloom
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Queensland School of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Hospital, Therapies Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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22
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Munafo JP, Gianfagna TJ. Quantitative analysis of steroidal glycosides in different organs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:995-1004. [PMID: 21235207 DOI: 10.1021/jf1036454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The bulbs of the Easter lily ( Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) are regularly consumed in Asia as both food and medicine, and the beautiful white flowers are appreciated worldwide as an attractive ornamental. The Easter lily is a rich source of steroidal glycosides, a group of compounds that may be responsible for some of the traditional medicinal uses of lilies. Since the appearance of recent reports on the role steroidal glycosides in animal and human health, there is increasing interest in the concentration of these natural products in plant-derived foods. A LC-MS/MS method performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for the quantitative analysis of two steroidal glycoalkaloids and three furostanol saponins, in the different organs of L. longiflorum. The highest concentrations of the total five steroidal glycosides were 12.02 ± 0.36, 10.09 ± 0.23, and 9.36 ± 0.27 mg/g dry weight in flower buds, lower stems, and leaves, respectively. The highest concentrations of the two steroidal glycoalkaloids were 8.49 ± 0.3, 6.91 ± 0.22, and 5.83 ± 0.15 mg/g dry weight in flower buds, leaves, and bulbs, respectively. In contrast, the highest concentrations of the three furostanol saponins were 4.87 ± 0.13, 4.37 ± 0.07, and 3.53 ± 0.06 mg/g dry weight in lower stems, fleshy roots, and flower buds, respectively. The steroidal glycoalkaloids were detected in higher concentrations as compared to the furostanol saponins in all of the plant organs except the roots. The ratio of the steroidal glycoalkaloids to furostanol saponins was higher in the plant organs exposed to light and decreased in proportion from the aboveground organs to the underground organs. Additionally, histological staining of bulb scales revealed differential furostanol accumulation in the basal plate, bulb scale epidermal cells, and vascular bundles, with little or no staining in the mesophyll of the bulb scale. An understanding of the distribution of steroidal glycosides in the different organs of L. longiflorum is the first step in developing insight into the role these compounds play in plant biology and chemical ecology and aids in the development of extraction and purification methodologies for food, health, and industrial applications. In the present study, (22R,25R)-spirosol-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside, (22R,25R)-spirosol-5-en-3β-yl O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[6-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside, (25R)-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside, (25R)-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-glucopyranoside, and (25R)-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)furost-5-ene-3β,22α,26-triol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-glucopyranoside were quantified in the different organs of L. longiflorum for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Munafo
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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23
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Cooper RL, Labato MA. Peritoneal dialysis in cats with acute kidney injury: 22 cases (2001-2006). J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:14-9. [PMID: 21155891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been described for use in animals with acute kidney injury refractory to fluid therapy. However, no study has examined the use of PD in a large group of cats. HYPOTHESIS PD is an important adjunctive therapy to treat acute kidney injury in cats. ANIMALS The medical records of 22 cats with acute kidney injury that had received PD were examined. Animals were excluded if acute uremia was a result of postrenal causes such as uroabdomen or urethral obstruction. METHODS Medical records were reviewed for the following: indication for PD, outcome, number of cycles performed, survival time, and predialysis and postdialysis results for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, potassium, chloride, sodium, phosphorus, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine output. RESULTS Indications for PD include acute-on-chronic kidney injury, acute kidney injury caused by toxins, bilateral ureteroliths, bilateral ureteral ligation as a complication of ovariohysterectomy, and unknown causes. The median survival time for all cats on PD was 4 days, although the median survival time for the cats that were discharged was 774 days. The most common complications were dialysate retention and sequestration of dialysate SC. There was a significant (P < .05) decrease between predialysis and postdialysis results for BUN, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, total protein, and albumin concentrations. There was a significant (P < .05) difference in survival times between sexes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE PD is an effective option for treatment of cats with acute kidney injury refractory to fluid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Cooper
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Renal replacement therapies (RRT) are increasingly used for the treatment of acute and chronic kidney diseases as well as intoxications and accidental drug overdoses. These therapies offer a mechanism for the removal of toxic substances from the patient's blood and supplement the standard detoxification protocols. If instituted early, RRT can have a significant effect on the course of the toxicity; however, this process is not selective for the removal of only harmful products and can also result in the clearance of medications intended for therapeutic use.
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26
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Grave TW, Boag AK. Feline toxicological emergencies: when to suspect and what to do. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:849-60. [PMID: 20974402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Confirmed or suspected intoxications with a wide variety of agents represent a small but important group of feline emergency cases. Generally it is thought that toxicities are less common in cats compared with dogs, with a higher proportion relating to dermal as opposed to oral exposure. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Once toxicity is suspected or diagnosed, it must be recognised that treatment regimes may need modification compared with those established for dogs. Different drugs or different dosages may be warranted and the choice of available drugs may be reduced. EVIDENCE BASE This review draws on published studies, case reports and clinical experience to summarise key features of the general management of the intoxicated feline patient before describing some of the more serious and common intoxications in more detail. AUDIENCE The focus throughout the review is on the peculiarities of feline metabolism and how they may impact on presentation and treatment. The aim is to assist companion animal and feline practitioners, who are in the frontline when it comes to managing these emergency cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W Grave
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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27
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28
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Berny P, Caloni F, Croubels S, Sachana M, Vandenbroucke V, Davanzo F, Guitart R. Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 2: Companion animals. Vet J 2009; 183:255-9. [PMID: 19553146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the second in a series of three review articles on animal poisoning in Europe and focuses on cases in pet animals and horses in five European countries (Belgium, France, Greece, Italy and Spain) reported over the last decade. In the participating countries, dogs were the most commonly poisoned species, particularly younger animals. The majority of cases in companion animals resulted from exposure to insecticides, although rodenticides (especially anticoagulants and strychnine) posed a significant risk. In all five countries, horses and cats appeared to be more susceptible to plant toxins. Intoxications with herbicides, metals, household products and drugs for veterinary and human use were reported sporadically. The review demonstrates the importance of increased awareness so as to minimise poisoning episodes and emphasises the need to establish a European system for the recording of poisoning data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Berny
- Pharmacie-Toxicologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 av. Bourgelat, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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29
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Dorval P, Boysen SR. Management of acute renal failure in cats using peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective study of six cases (2003-2007). J Feline Med Surg 2008; 11:107-15. [PMID: 18693055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the use and success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the management of acute renal failure (ARF) in cats is lacking. The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe the indications, efficacy, complications and outcome of cats undergoing PD for ARF. Six cats that underwent PD for treatment of ARF of various etiologies were included. PD effectively replaced renal function in all cats and allowed renal recovery in 5/6 cats. Five cats were discharged and one cat died. Complications were reported in all cats and included subcutaneous edema (n=5), hyperglycemia (n=4), dialysate retention (n=3), and hypoalbuminemia (n=3). A novel technique consisting of a Blake surgical drain and an intermittent closed suction system was used, which appears to be a viable option for PD in cats. Although complications are common, PD is an effective renal replacement therapy for ARF in cats and carries a reasonable prognosis in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Dorval
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 1525 Rue des Veterinaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, CP 5000, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6.
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30
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Worwag S, Langston CE. Acute intrinsic renal failure in cats: 32 cases (1997-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:728-32. [PMID: 18312180 DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.5.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine patient demographics, clinicopathologic findings, and outcome associated with naturally acquired acute intrinsic renal failure (ARF) in cats. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 32 cats with ARF. PROCEDURES Cats were considered to have ARF if they had acute onset of clinical signs (< 7 days), serum creatinine concentration > 2.5 mg/dL (reference range, 0.8 to 2.3 mg/dL) and BUN > 35 mg/dL (reference range, 15 to 34 mg/dL) in conjunction with urine specific gravity < 1.025 or with anuria or increasing serum creatinine concentration despite fluid therapy and normal hydration status, and no signs of chronic renal disease. Cases were excluded if cats had renal calculi or renal neoplasia. RESULTS Causes of ARF included nephrotoxins (n = 18 cats), ischemia (4), and other causes (10). Eighteen cats were oliguric. For each unit (mEq/L) increase in initial potassium concentration, there was a 57% decrease in chance of survival. Low serum albumin or bicarbonate concentration at initial diagnosis was a negative prognostic indicator for survival. Initial concentrations of BUN, serum creatinine, and other variables were not prognostic. Seventeen (53%) cats survived, of which 8 cats had resolution of azotemia and 9 cats were discharged from the hospital with persistent azotemia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that survival rates of cats with ARF were similar to survival rates in dogs and that residual renal damage persisted in approximately half of cats surviving the initial hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Worwag
- Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10021, USA
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31
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Berg RI, Francey T, Segev G. Resolution of Acute Kidney Injury in a Cat After Lily (Lilium lancifolium) Intoxication. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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32
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Milewski LM, Khan SA. An overview of potentially life-threatening poisonous plants in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2005.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Eubig PA, Brady MS, Gwaltney-Brant SM, Khan SA, Mazzaferro EM, Morrow CMK. Acute Renal Failure in Dogs After the Ingestion of Grapes or Raisins: A Retrospective Evaluation of 43 Dogs (1992-2002). J Vet Intern Med 2005; 19:663-74. [PMID: 16231710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of records from the AnTox database of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control Center identified 43 dogs that developed increased blood urea nitrogen concentration, serum creatinine concentration, or both as well as clinical signs after ingesting grapes, raisins, or both. Clinical findings, laboratory findings, histopathological findings, treatments performed, and outcome were evaluated. All dogs vomited, and lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea were other common clinical signs. Decreased urine output, ataxia, or weakness were associated with a negative outcome. High calcium x phosphorus product (Ca x P), hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalcemia were present in 95%, 90%, and 62% of the dogs in which these variables were evaluated. Extremely high initial total calcium concentration, peak total calcium concentration, initial Ca x P, and peak Ca x P were negative prognostic indicators. Proximal renal tubular necrosis was the most consistent finding in dogs for which histopathology was evaluated. Fifty-three percent of the 43 dogs survived, with 15 of these 23 having a complete resolution of clinical signs and azotemia. Although the mechanism of renal injury from grapes and raisins remains unclear, the findings of this study contribute to an understanding of the clinical course of acute renal failure that can occur after ingestion of grapes or raisins in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Eubig
- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Abstract
A review of common emergencies of the urinary system is presented, with a focus on initial stabilization and treatment. Urethral obstruction, uroperitoneum, and acute renal failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Rieser
- VCA Newark Animal Hospital, 1360 Marrows Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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35
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Stokes JE, Forrester SD. New and unusual causes of acute renal failure in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34:909-22, vi. [PMID: 15223208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a source for easy reference, summarizing in one location newly recognized and unusual causes of acute renal failure (ARF) in dogs and cats. Several of the causes discussed in this article have been described previously. New or unusual causes of ARF in dogs and cats include infectious diseases (leptospirosis,borreliosis, and babesiosis), nephrotoxicants (aminoglycosides,vitamin D, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and plant material (lilies and raisins/grapes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Stokes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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