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Hennessee I, Barber E, Petro E, Lindemann S, Buss B, Santos A, Gade L, Lockhart SR, Sexton DJ, Chiller T, Toda M. Sporotrichosis Cluster in Domestic Cats and Veterinary Technician, Kansas, USA, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1053-1055. [PMID: 38666748 PMCID: PMC11060436 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a feline sporotrichosis cluster and zoonotic transmission between one of the affected cats and a technician at a veterinary clinic in Kansas, USA. Increased awareness of sporotrichosis and the potential for zoonotic transmission could help veterinary professionals manage feline cases and take precautions to prevent human acquisition.
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Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS, de Carvalho JA, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, de Camargo ZP. Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:776. [PMID: 35893145 PMCID: PMC9331723 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by Sporothrix species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. Sporothrix taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing important advances in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Molecular epidemiology reveals that S. brasiliensis remains highly prevalent during the cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outbreaks in South America and that the spread of S. brasiliensis occurs through founder effects. Sporothrix globosa and S. schenckii are cosmopolitan on the move, causing major sapronoses in Asia and the Americas, respectively. In this emerging scenario, one-health approaches are required to develop a creative, effective, and sustainable response to tackle the spread of sporotrichosis. In the 21st century, it has become vital to speciate Sporothrix, and PCR is the main pillar of molecular diagnosis, aiming at the detection of the pathogen DNA from clinical samples through multiplex assays, whose sensitivity reaches remarkably three copies of the target. The treatment of sporotrichosis can be challenging, especially after the emergence of resistance to azoles and polyenes. Alternative drugs arising from discoveries or repositioning have entered the radar of basic research over the last decade and point to several molecules with antifungal potential, especially the hydrazone derivatives with great in vitro and in vivo activities. There are many promising developments for the near future, and in this review, we discuss how these trends can be applied to the Sporothrix-sporotrichosis system to mitigate the advance of an emerging and re-emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil;
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
| | - Luana P. Borba-Santos
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
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Rediguieri BC, da Cruz Bahiense I, de Carvalho JA, Leite GR, Falqueto A, Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS. Clinical, Epidemiological, and Epizootic Features of Sporothrix brasiliensis in Espírito Santo, Brazil. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:124-134. [PMID: 35187612 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We verified the clinical-epidemiological, microbiological, and molecular aspects of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil, as well as demonstrated the degree of reliability of the cytopathological examination in diagnosis, when compared to fungal culture. From March 2019 to April 2020, 154 suspicious cats were evaluated by collecting data and biological samples. The Cohen's kappa coefficient and the Chi-square independence defined the degree of agreement and the accuracy parameters, respectively. The interobserver agreement was high (Kappa coefficient = 0.96). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive (positive and negative), and accuracy values were 95.0, 97.0, 99.1, 84.2, and 95.5%, respectively. All isolates evaluated were identified as Sporothrix brasiliensis by species-specific PCR. A digital image bank (Padlet) was created with different types of clinical forms and positive slide profiles. We concluded that the cytopathological technique used demonstrated a high degree of reliability. We report an overwhelming occurrence of S. brasiliensis during epizooties in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carneiro Rediguieri
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Isabela da Cruz Bahiense
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP 04.023-062, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Leite
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP 04.023-062, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil.
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4
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Nodular Lymphangitis (Sporotrichoid Lymphocutaneous Infections). Clues to Differential Diagnosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020056. [PMID: 29747448 PMCID: PMC6023502 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodular lymphangitis, also known as sporotrichoid lymphocutaneous infections, is characterized by suppurative inflammatory nodules along the lymphatic vessels. This manifestation is classic of sporotrichosis, however, other infections such as nocardiosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, leishmaniasis, among others, can also express this clinical pattern. Sporotrichosis, which often occurs in gardeners, remains the most recognized cause of nodular lymphangitis. The histopathological studies, as well as the culture are diagnostic standards of lesions that do not respond to empirical treatment. In this article, we will review the main causes of nodular lymphangitis or lymphocutaneous sporotrichoid infections.
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Silva JN, Miranda LHM, Menezes RC, Gremião IDF, Oliveira RVC, Vieira SMM, Conceição-Silva F, Ferreiro L, Pereira SA. Comparison of the Sensitivity of Three Methods for the Early Diagnosis of Sporotrichosis in Cats. J Comp Pathol 2018; 160:72-78. [PMID: 29729723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is caused by species of fungi within the Sporothrix schenckii complex that infect man and animals. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, an epidemic has been observed since 1998, with most of the cases being related to transmission from infected cats. Although the definitive diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis is made by fungal culture, cytopathological and histopathological examinations are used routinely, because the long culture period may delay treatment onset. However, alternative methods are desirable in cases of low fungal burden. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been described as a sensitive method for diagnosing human and canine sporotrichosis, but there are no reports of its application to cats. The aim of this study was to analyse the sensitivity of cytopathological examination (Quick Panoptic method), histopathology (Grocott silver stain) and anti-Sporothrix IHC by blinded comparisons, using fungal culture as the reference standard. Samples were collected from 184 cats with sporotrichosis that exhibited skin ulcers. The sensitivities of Grocott silver stain, cytopathological examination and IHC were 91.3%, 87.0% and 88.6%, respectively. Grocott silver stain showed the best performance. IHC showed high sensitivity, as did cytopathological examination and these may be considered as alternative methodologies. When the three methods were combined, the diagnosis was established in 180 (97.8%) out of 184 cases. Taken together, these findings indicate the need to implement these methods as routine tools for the early diagnosis of sporotrichosis in cats, notably when fungal culture is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L H M Miranda
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - R C Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I D F Gremião
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R V C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Clínica, INI/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4036/201A, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S M M Vieira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F Conceição-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365/Pavilhão 26/406C, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Ferreiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S A Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Cholinergic enzymes and inflammatory markers in rats infected by Sporothrix schenckii. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Scheufen S, Strommer S, Weisenborn J, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Thom N, Bauer N, Köhler K, Ewers C. Clinical manifestation of an amelanotic Sporothrix schenckii complex isolate in a cat in Germany. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheufen
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sellyn Strommer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jascha Weisenborn
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department of Mycology, J W Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Jessica N, Sonia RL, Rodrigo C, Isabella DF, Tânia MP, Jeferson C, Anna BF, Sandro A. Diagnostic accuracy assessment of cytopathological examination of feline sporotrichosis. Med Mycol 2015; 53:880-4. [PMID: 26092106 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis caused by pathogenic species of Sporothrix schenckii complex that affects humans and animals, especially cats. Its main forms of zoonotic transmission include scratching, biting and/or contact with the exudate from lesions of sick cats. In Brazil, epidemic involving humans, dogs and cats has occurred since 1998. The definitive diagnosis of sporotrichosis is obtained by the isolation of the fungus in culture; however, the result can take up to four weeks, which may delay the beginning of antifungal treatment in some cases. Cytopathological examination is often used in feline sporotrichosis diagnosis, but accuracy parameters have not been established yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of cytopathological examination in the diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis. The present study included 244 cats from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, mostly males in reproductive age with three or more lesions in non-adjacent anatomical places. To evaluate the inter-observer reliability, two different observers performed the microscopic examination of the slides blindly. Test sensitivity was 84.9%. The values of positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and accuracy were 86.0, 24.4, 2.02, 0.26 and 82.8%, respectively. The reliability between the two observers was considered substantial. We conclude that the cytopathological examination is a sensitive, rapid and practical method to be used in feline sporotrichosis diagnosis in outbreaks of this mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jessica
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 21040-900, Brasil Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Hernani Melo, 101-São Domingos, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130
| | - R L Sonia
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 21040-900, Brasil
| | - C Rodrigo
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 21040-900, Brasil
| | - D F Isabella
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 21040-900, Brasil
| | - M P Tânia
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 21040-900, Brasil
| | - C Jeferson
- Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Hernani Melo, 101-São Domingos, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130
| | - B F Anna
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 21040-900, Brasil
| | - A Sandro
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. 21040-900, Brasil
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Lloret A, Hartmann K, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Sporotrichosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:619-23. [PMID: 23813827 PMCID: PMC11148953 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Sporotrichosis is an important subcutaneous fungal infection of humans and animals in some endemic tropical and subtropical areas. Among domestic species, cats are the most frequently infected. INFECTION The primary mode of transmission is traumatic inoculation of fungal conidia from plants and soil. Contact with infected cats is the major mode of transmission to humans, especially in endemic areas like Brazil, where a large epidemic has occurred in the past decade. DISEASE SIGNS Most cases in cats are cutaneous, presenting as multiple ulcerated nodules and draining tracts in the skin. Lymphadenopathy, respiratory signs and systemic dissemination may also occur. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis is based on fungal detection by cytology and/or histology, and confirmation by culture. TREATMENT Treatment consists of at least 2 months' systemic antifungal therapy, with itraconazole as the first-choice agent. The prognosis is favourable provided there is good owner compliance and adverse drug effects do not occur. PREVENTION Contact with infected cats carries a high zoonotic risk. Cat owners travelling to endemic areas should be warned and advised to keep their cats indoors to prevent infection. Professionals must wear gloves when handling cats with skin nodules and ulcers and dealing with diagnostic samples.
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Chaves AR, de Campos MP, Barros MBL, do Carmo CN, Gremião IDF, Pereira SA, Schubach TMP. Treatment Abandonment in Feline Sporotrichosis - Study of 147 Cases. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:149-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Reis EG, Gremião IDF, Kitada AAB, Rocha RFDB, Castro VSP, Barros MBL, Menezes RC, Pereira SA, Schubach TMP. Potassium iodide capsule treatment of feline sporotrichosis. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:399-404. [PMID: 22388575 PMCID: PMC10822585 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12441317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. The most affected animal is the cat; it has played an important role in the zoonotic transmission of this disease, especially in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, since 1998. In order to evaluate the treatment of feline sporotrichosis with potassium iodide, an observational cohort was conducted in 48 cats with sporotrichosis at Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz. All cats received potassium iodide capsules, 2.5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg q24h. The cure rate was 47.9%, treatment failure was 37.5%, treatment abandonment was 10.4% and death was 4.2%. Clinical adverse effects were observed in 52.1% of the cases. Thirteen cats had a mild increase in hepatic transaminase levels during the treatment, six of them presented clinical signs suggestive of hepatotoxicity. Compared to previous studies with itraconazole and iodide in saturated solution, potassium iodide capsules are an alternative for feline sporotrichosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Reis
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Infectious Diseases. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7161403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Castro VSP, Pimentel VC, Da Silva AS, Thomé GR, Wolkmer P, Castro JLC, Costa MM, da Silva CB, Oliveira DC, Alves SH, Schetinger MRC, Lopes STA, Mazzanti CM. Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Serum and Lymphocytes of Rats Infected with Sporothrix schenckii. Mycopathologia 2011; 174:31-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Gremião I, Schubach T, Pereira S, Rodrigues A, Honse C, Barros M. Treatment of refractory feline sporotrichosis with a combination of intralesional amphotericin B and oral itraconazole. Aust Vet J 2011; 89:346-51. [PMID: 21864307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of intralesional amphotericin B in localised lesions for the treatment of 26 cats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with sporotrichosis refractory to oral itraconazole. DESIGN Uncontrolled intervention study. METHOD The 26 cats in this study were diagnosed with sporotrichosis, confirmed by isolation of Sporothrix schenckii, and presented residual localised skin lesions refractory to treatment with oral itraconazole for a minimum period of 8 weeks. The animals received weekly applications of intralesional amphotericin B in conjunction with oral itraconazole. In cases of owner unavailability, a maximum of 2 weeks between the infiltrations was accepted. RESULTS Twenty-two (84.6%) of the 26 treated cats achieved clinical remission, 16 (72.7%) of which were cured, and in the remaining six (27.3%) the lesions recurred at the same site. Lack of clinical response was observed in one animal and three owners abandoned treatment. CONCLUSION The proposed therapeutic regimen is an adjunctive treatment option for cats with sporotrichosis presenting as residual skin lesions refractory to itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idf Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Pereira SA, Menezes RC, Gremião IDF, Silva JN, Honse CDO, Figueiredo FB, da Silva DT, Kitada AAB, dos Reis EG, Schubach TMP. Sensitivity of cytopathological examination in the diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:220-3. [PMID: 21131220 PMCID: PMC10832817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is caused by Sporothrix schenckii. The cat is the animal species most affected by this mycosis and plays an important role in the zoonotic transmission of this disease. The definitive diagnosis is made by isolation of the fungus in culture; however, cytopathological examination is frequently used in cats. Medical records from cats treated at Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2004 and 2006 were reviewed. Criteria for inclusion were a diagnosis by isolation of S schenckii in culture and cytopathological examination of the same lesion as that used for collection of the culture material. Eight hundred and six cats were included in the study. Yeast-like structures suggestive of S schenckii were observed in 636 cases. The sensitivity of the method was 78.9%. Its practicality, low cost and sensitivity validate cytopathology as a safe technique for the presumptive diagnosis of sporotrichosis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro A Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
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Pereira SA, Passos SRL, Silva JN, Gremião IDF, Figueiredo FB, Teixeira JL, Monteiro PCF, Schubach TMP. Response to azolic antifungal agents for treating feline sporotrichosis. Vet Rec 2010; 166:290-4. [PMID: 20208075 DOI: 10.1136/vr.166.10.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of treatment with ketoconazole and itraconazole were compared in 773 sporotrichosis-infected cats over a four-year period (2002 to 2005). Five hundred and ninety-eight cats received oral ketoconazole and 175 received oral itraconazole. Treatment was successful in 238 (30.8 per cent) cats, of which 171 (28.6 per cent) of 598 received 13.5 to 27.0 mg/kg/day ketoconazole and 67 (38.3 per cent) of 175 received 8.3 to 27.7 mg/kg/day itraconazole. Adverse effects were reported in 306 (39.6 per cent) of the cats, 105 (13.6 per cent) died and 430 (55.6 per cent) dropped out of treatment or were still under treatment at the time of data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pereira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
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Honse CO, Rodrigues AM, Gremião IDF, Pereira SA, Schubach TMP. Use of local hyperthermia to treat sporotrichosis in a cat. Vet Rec 2010; 166:208-9. [PMID: 20154314 DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C O Honse
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas Institute of Clinical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil.
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Gremião IDF, Schubach TMP, Pereira SA, Rodrigues AM, Chaves AR, Barros MBL. Intralesional amphotericin B in a cat with refractory localised sporotrichosis. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:720-3. [PMID: 19553150 PMCID: PMC11132565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present report concerns a case of sporotrichosis in a 3-year-old male crossbred cat. After 9 months of oral itraconazole (20mg/kg) therapy, all skin lesions had resolved with the exception of a single nodular lesion located on the bridge of the nose. Therefore, a combined therapy that included intralesional (IL) amphotericin B (1mg/kg) was started. The lesion resolved completely after three weekly administrations of IL amphotericin B, given in concert with oral itraconazole. The cat remains well 1 year after discontinuing therapy, with no signs of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D F Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonosis in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Av Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil.
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de Miranda LHM, Quintella LP, dos Santos IB, Menezes RC, Figueiredo FB, Gremião IDF, Okamoto T, de Oliveira RVC, Pereira SA, Tortelly R, Schubach TMP. Histopathology of Canine Sporotrichosis: A Morphological Study of 86 Cases from Rio de Janeiro (2001–2007). Mycopathologia 2009; 168:79-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sparagano O, Foggett S. Diagnosis of clinically relevant fungi in medicine and veterinary sciences. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 66:29-52. [PMID: 19203647 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the most economically and epidemiologically important fungi affecting humans and animals. This paper will also summarize the different techniques, either molecular, based on nucleic acid and antibody analysis, or nonmolecular such as microscopy, culture, UV Wood's lamp, radiology, and spectroscopy used to identify species or group of fungi assisting clinicians to take the best control approach to clear such infections. On the molecular side, the paper will review results on genome sequencing which can help colleagues to identify their own DNA/RNA tests if they are interested in the diagnostic of fungi in medicine and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sparagano
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Figueiredo CC, Deccache PMS, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Morandi V. TGF-beta1 induces transendothelial migration of the pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii by a paracellular route involving extracellular matrix proteins. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:2910-2921. [PMID: 17768235 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/005421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii, is characterized by lymphocutaneous lesions. In immunocompromised hosts, this fungus may invade the bloodstream and disseminate to other tissues, such as lung and bone. Our group previously showed that S. schenckii yeasts adhere to endothelial monolayers and that this interaction is modulated by cytokines. Using 3.0 mum-pore culture inserts, the present work shows that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 led to a 80+/-26 % increase in fungal migration across endothelial monolayers and inhibited fungus internalization by 55+/-23.5 %, when compared to untreated cells. The major surface endothelial molecules recognized by S. schenckii were not modulated by TGF-beta1. These data suggested that a paracellular route is preferentially used by S. schenckii during the transmigration of cultured endothelial cells. It was further observed that TGF-beta1 increased the subendothelial matrix exposure and that anti-fibronectin (anti-FN) and anti-laminin (anti-LM) antibodies abolished the increase in S. schenckii association with endothelial monolayers induced by TGF-beta1. These antibodies also inhibited (38.2+/-4.29 % and 50.8+/-17.3 %, respectively) the adhesion of S. schenckii to freshly prepared native endothelial matrices. Furthermore, transendothelial migration of S. schenckii was blocked by anti-FN and anti-LM antibodies. These data indicate that TGF-beta1-induced S. schenckii adhesion to endothelial monolayers results from the increased exposure of the subendothelial extracellular matrix and that this event may contribute to the enhancement of transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Figueiredo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula M S Deccache
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica Morandi
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
This report describes a 23 year-old male florist gardener diagnosed with subcutaneous sporotrichosis caused by the dimorphic pathogenic soil fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The patient had several small skin lesions over the left upper arm with ascendant chains of enlarged lymph nodes.Sporothrix schenckii was detected from clinical samples by direct microscopy and culture and its ability to switch from mould to yeast form at 37 degrees C. The patient was successfully treated with long-term potassium iodide and advised to wear gloves and long sleeves when handling any kind of plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhassan Kazemi
- National Public Health Management Center (NPMC) and Immunology and Parasitology Department, Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran.
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Schubach A, de Lima Barros MB, Schubach TMP, Francesconi-do-Valle AC, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, Sued M, de Matos Salgueiro M, Fialho-Monteiro PC, Reis RS, Marzochi KBF, Wanke B, Conceição-Silva F. Primary Conjunctival Sporotrichosis. Cornea 2005; 24:491-3. [PMID: 15829813 DOI: 10.1097/01.ico.0000151504.26695.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe Sporothrix schenckii conjunctivitis in 2 owners of cats with sporotrichosis. METHODS Small case series and literature review. RESULTS Two women had been caring for their pet cats with sporotrichosis for 2 months but did not recall any traumatic injury such as scratches or bites. Each presented a conjunctival granulomatous lesion measuring 4 to 5 mm accompanied by local hyperemia, secretion, and edema, in addition to painful facial subcutaneous nodes and regional lymph node enlargement. Pyogenic material was collected from the conjunctival sac and from cutaneous lesions on the cats. In both the patients and their respective cats, fungal colonies were isolated and identified as S. schenckii. Treatment with oral itraconazole 100 mg/d for 3 months resulted in complete healing of lesions in both patients. Patients remained clinically cured 15 months after end of treatment. CONCLUSION Sporotrichosis is presently occurring as an emerging zoonosis in Rio de Janeiro, and some unusual clinical forms have been diagnosed in humans. The cases reported here suggest atraumatic exposure to cats infected by S. schenckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Schubach
- Serviço de Zoonoses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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