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Bulnes F, Argüelles D, Buzón A, García-Álamo K, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Hernández E, Mozos E. Concomitant melanoma and keratoma affecting the equine digit: clinical, pathological, and long-term follow-up findings. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:444. [PMID: 39354566 PMCID: PMC11443843 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This case report details a long-term follow-up of a hoof melanoma with dermo-epidermal activity (resembling Spreading Superficial Melanoma (SSM)) in a bay horse with a history of a right front hoof keratoma. Melanomas involving the horse's foot are seldom reported and usually diagnosed as anaplastic melanomas based on signalment and post-mortem examination. The clinical-pathological characteristics of the foot melanoma in this bay horse are consistent with SSM-like described in humans, which is considered an intermediate malignant tumour attending their biological behaviour. However, a definitive diagnosis is limited by the single case and the lack of references in horses. CASE PRESENTATION A 12-year-old bay Andalusian gelding underwent keratoma removal on the lateral aspect of the hoof wall. A partial resection of the hoof wall was performed for this purpose. Additionally, a plaque-like, hyperkeratotic pigmented lesion, 2 × 2X0,4 cm in size, was observed at the lateral aspect of the coronary band and was also resected for histopathological examination. Microscopically, a melanocytic tumour, characterised by small nests of large polygonal or epithelioid cells infiltrating the basal and suprabasal epidermis, the dermo - epidermal junction, and the superficial dermis, was observed. The neoplastic cells exhibited large euchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, moderate pleomorphism and 4 mitotic figures per 2,37mm2; variable amounts of dark granules (melanin) were present in the cytoplasm, as well as in numerous peritumoral macrophages. The immunophenotype of the tumour cells was PNL2 + + + , S100 + + , AE1/AE3-. A diagnosis of melanoma with dermo-epidermal junction and marked intraepidermal activity (consistent with superficial spreading melanoma) was made. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed, revealed no further invasion into surrounding structures. Treatment was based on surgical resection and multiple local chemotherapy sessions with cisplatin were applied. The biopsies obtained after treatment showed partial regression of the tumour and different stages of healing. After 26 months of follow-up, there was no signs of malignant spreading into surrounding structures including the pedal bone and distal metastasis but a dark - coloured area persists over the lateral aspect of the coronary band. CONCLUSIONS This case presents a concomitant keratoma and melanoma with dermo - epidermal activity, resembling a spreading superficial melanoma. After a follow - up of 26 months the horse remains healthy and sound providing new information for clinicians and pathologists. Despite the poor prognosis associated with foot malignant melanocytic tumours, it is important that an early and accurate diagnosis is reached through different diagnostic modalities such as advanced imaging techniques and histopathology. Additionally, these findings demonstrate that the current classification and prognosis for equine foot melanomas are insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bulnes
- Department of Large Animal, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Argüelles
- Department of Large Animal, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Antonio Buzón
- Department of Large Animal, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Karelia García-Álamo
- Department of Large Animal, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Hernández
- Department of Large Animal, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Mozos
- Department of Anatomy, Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Samuels A, Burns TA. Lymphoma & Myeloproliferative Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00058-0. [PMID: 39266412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma and myeloproliferative diseases in horses are relatively uncommon. The clinical signs, prognosis, and treatment options depend upon the anatomic location and subtype. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding prevalence, pathogenesis of different subtypes, antemortem diagnostic tests, response to treatment, and standardized treatment protocols. However, treatment options are available, accessible on the farm, and could improve quality of life and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Samuels
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Hollis AR. What Is the Evidence Behind Sarcoid Treatments? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00055-5. [PMID: 39183073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous nature of sarcoids, robust data regarding the selection of treatment modalities are scarce, with many treatments having little or no published data to support their use. Treatment options are numerous and vary with the location and type of sarcoid, treatment accessibility, and the financial status of the owner. Many treatments are expensive and time-consuming, and some have health and safety implications. It is this author's belief that, based on the limited evidence base, appropriate treatment options vary with the location and type of the sarcoid, and no one treatment is universally appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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4
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Hollis AR. Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Horses: An Update of the Aetiopathogenesis and Treatment Options. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00056-7. [PMID: 39168748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas are a very common tumor type in horses, and are found in a variety of dermatologic and non-dermatologic locations. Metastasis is common, even at the first presentation of the disease, and a full staging workup is therefore strongly recommended to direct treatment and assist with prognostication. Wide surgical excision remains the treatment of choice in most cases, but recurrence is common, and adjunctive therapy may be indicated to improve the long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Malalana F. Chemotherapeutics in Equine Practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00053-1. [PMID: 39155164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancerous cells through the use of cytotoxic drugs. Whilst the use of systemic (intravenous) chemotherapy in equine practice is generally limited to the management of lymphoma, cytotoxic drugs are commonly used in the treatment of accessible skin tumors, either by topical application in the form of ointments or injected intralesionally. These drugs should be employed with caution due to the risk of serious adverse effects. In addition, extreme caution should be followed when preparing, handling, administering, and disposing them, due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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6
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Zscherpe P, Kalbitz J, Weber LA, Paschke R, Mäder K, von Rechenberg B, Cavalleri JMV, Meißner J, Klein K. Potent drug delivery enhancement of betulinic acid and NVX-207 into equine skin in vitro - a comparison between a novel oxygen flow-assisted transdermal application device and microemulsion gels. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:202. [PMID: 38755639 PMCID: PMC11097577 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray horses are predisposed to equine malignant melanoma (EMM) with advancing age. Depending on the tumor's location and size, they can cause severe problems (e.g., defaecation, urination, feeding). A feasible therapy for EMM has not yet been established and surgical excision can be difficult depending on the location of the melanoma. Thus, an effective and safe therapy is needed. Naturally occurring betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene and its synthetic derivate, NVX-207 (3-acetyl-betulinic acid-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-propanoate) are known for their cytotoxic properties against melanomas and other tumors and have already shown good safety and tolerability in vivo. In this study, BA and NVX-207 were tested for their permeation potential into equine skin in vitro in Franz-type diffusion cell (FDC) experiments after incubation of 5 min, 30 min and 24 h, aiming to use these formulations for prospective in vivo studies as a treatment for early melanoma stages. Potent permeation was defined as reaching or exceeding the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of BA or NVX-207 for equine melanoma cells in equine skin samples. The active ingredients were either dissolved in a microemulsion (ME) or in a microemulsion gel (MEG). All of the formulations were transdermally applied but the oil-in-water microemulsion was administered with a novel oxygen flow-assisted (OFA) applicator (DERMADROP TDA). RESULTS All tested formulations exceeded the IC50 values for equine melanoma cells for BA and NVX-207 in equine skin samples, independently of the incubation time NVX-207 applied with the OFA applicator showed a significant time-dependent accumulation and depot-effect in the skin after 30 min and 24 h (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS All tested substances showed promising results. Additionally, OFA administration showed a significant accumulation of NVX-207 after 30 min and 24 h of incubation. Further in vivo trials with OFA application are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Zscherpe
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Kalbitz
- Biosolutions Halle GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Lisa A Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- BioCenter, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Equine Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre for Equine Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni), Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Karina Klein
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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de Souza GG, Lacerda ZA, de Moura FBC, Contel IJ, de Oliveira SL, Ferrari LC, Apolonio EVP, Alonso JDM, Alves ALG, Rocha NS. Enteric associated T-cell lymphoma in a mule. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 135:105050. [PMID: 38527562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A 25-year-old female mule weighing 336 kg was referred with a history of lethargy, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, and constipation in the previous 24 hours. On admission, decreased intestinal borborygmi and distended small intestinal loops were detected by auscultation and rectal palpation, respectively. On rectal examination a firm, irregular surface, and pedunculated mass were detected in the middle-caudal region of the abdomen. Transrectal ultrasonography revealed the mass was highly vascularized with heterogeneous tissue density. On exploratory celiotomy two neoplastic masses were observed, one in the jejunoileal junction obstructing the intestinal flow and the second in the dorsal part of the jejunal mesentery, unable to be exposed and resected. An enterectomy was conducted, and the intestinal mass was removed. The mass was pale with hemorrhagic areas and 12 cm in diameter. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a diagnosis of enteric associated T cell lymphoma subtype 2. The mule died suddenly 43 days later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna G de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Zara A Lacerda
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B C de Moura
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil.
| | - Isabeli J Contel
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Shéron L de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-81, Brazil
| | - Lorena C Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-81, Brazil
| | - Emanuel V P Apolonio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-81, Brazil
| | - Juliana de M Alonso
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-81, Brazil
| | - Ana Liz G Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-81, Brazil
| | - Noeme S Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618-81, Brazil
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8
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Fesmire CC, Peal B, Ruff J, Moyer E, McParland TJ, Derks K, O’Neil E, Emke C, Johnson B, Ghosh S, Petrella RA, DeWitt MR, Prange T, Fogle C, Sano MB. Investigation of integrated time nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation against spontaneous equine melanoma. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1232650. [PMID: 38352036 PMCID: PMC10861690 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1232650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Integrated time nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation (INSPIRE) is a novel tumor ablation modality that employs high voltage, alternating polarity waveforms to induce cell death in a well-defined volume while sparing the underlying tissue. This study aimed to demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of INSPIRE against spontaneous melanoma in standing, awake horses. Methods A custom applicator and a pulse generation system were utilized in a pilot study to treat horses presenting with spontaneous melanoma. INSPIRE treatments were administered to 32 tumors across 6 horses and an additional 13 tumors were followed to act as untreated controls. Tumors were tracked over a 43-85 day period following a single INSPIRE treatment. Pulse widths of 500ns and 2000ns with voltages between 1000 V and 2000 V were investigated to determine the effect of these variables on treatment outcomes. Results Treatments administered at the lowest voltage (1000 V) reduced tumor volumes by 11 to 15%. Higher voltage (2000 V) treatments reduced tumor volumes by 84 to 88% and eliminated 33% and 80% of tumors when 500 ns and 2000 ns pulses were administered, respectively. Discussion Promising results were achieved without the use of chemotherapeutics, the use of general anesthesia, or the need for surgical resection in regions which are challenging to keep sterile. This novel therapeutic approach has the potential to expand the role of pulsed electric fields in veterinary patients, especially when general anesthesia is contraindicated, and warrants future studies to demonstrate the efficacy of INSPIRE as a solid tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C. Fesmire
- Bioelectricity Lab, UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Bridgette Peal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Ruff
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Moyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Thomas J. McParland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kobi Derks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Erin O’Neil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Carrie Emke
- Clinical Studies Core, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Brianna Johnson
- Clinical Studies Core, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Shatorupa Ghosh
- Bioelectricity Lab, UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ross A. Petrella
- Bioelectricity Lab, UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Matthew R. DeWitt
- Bioelectricity Lab, UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Timo Prange
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Callie Fogle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Michael B. Sano
- Bioelectricity Lab, UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Pimenta J, Prada J, Pires I, Cotovio M. Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Immunohistochemical Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:48. [PMID: 38200779 PMCID: PMC10778310 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently available treatments for equine melanocytic tumors have limitations, mainly due to mass localization and dimension, or the presence of metastases. Therefore, a search for new therapies is necessary. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed by several tumors, blocking T cell-mediated elimination of the tumor cells by binding to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). A novel therapeutic approach using PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in human melanoma resulted in tumor regression and prolonged tumor-free survival. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in equine melanocytic tumors. A total of 77 melanocytic tumors were classified as benign or malignant and evaluated by extension of labeling. A total of 59.7% of the tumors showed >50% of immunolabeled cells. Regarding malignant tumors, 24/38 tumors presented >50% of labeled cells, 13 tumors presented between 25-50% and one tumor presented <10%. Regarding benign tumors, 22/39 tumors presented >50% of labeled cells, nine tumors presented 25-50%, three tumors presented 10-25%, two tumors presented <10% and three tumors did not present expression. Our results suggest that PD-L1 blockade may be a potential target for immunotherapy in equine melanocytic tumors and that future clinical research trials into the clinical efficacy of the anti-PD-L1 antibody are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pimenta
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG—Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Cotovio
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.P.); (I.P.); (M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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Equine Melanocytic Tumors: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020247. [PMID: 36670786 PMCID: PMC9855132 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult grey horses have a high incidence of melanocytic tumors. This article narratively reviews the role of some genetic features related to melanoma formation in horses, such as STX17 mutation, ASIP or MITF alterations, and the link between the graying process and the development of these tumors. A clear system of clinical and pathological classification of melanocytic tumors in naevus, dermal melanoma, dermal melanomatosis and anaplastic malignant melanoma is provided. Clinical and laboratorial methods of diagnosing are listed, with fine needle aspiration and histopathology being the most relevant. Relevance is given to immunohistochemistry, describing potentially important diagnostic biomarkers such as RACK1 and PNL2. Different therapeutical options available for equine practitioners are mentioned, with surgery, chemotherapy and electroporation being the most common. This article also elucidatesnew fields of research, perspectives, and new therapeutic targets, such as CD47, PD-1 and COX-2 biomarkers.
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11
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Hollis AR. Management of equine sarcoids. Vet J 2023; 291:105926. [PMID: 36334801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common cutaneous neoplasm of the horse, arising as a result of a neoplastic proliferation of fibroblasts associated with infection with bovine papillomavirus, most notably types 1 and 2. Although they do not metastasise, they are locally invasive and aggressive, and can lead to important welfare concerns, interfere with tack and therefore impede athleticism, and undoubtedly lead to a reduction in the value of affected horses. This review discusses the evidence behind the most commonly used treatments for equine sarcoids. The most commonly used treatments are discussed. No one treatment is universally successful, and there are many treatments with varying level of scientific evaluation and reported success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Cambridge Equine Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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12
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Yi Z, Gao Y, Yu F, Zhu Y, Liu H, Li J, Murua Escobar H. Interventions for treatment of cutaneous melanoma in horses: a structured literature review. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:347-360. [PMID: 36329228 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several therapies have been developed to treat equine cutaneous melanoma, but formal comparisons among different treatment options are currently unavailable. It was our intent to assess the efficacy of different treatment protocols and the quality of the studies based on the original published data, and summarize the knowledge concerning the outcome after equine cutaneous melanoma management. This structured review followed PRISMA procedure to search for treatment protocols on equine cutaneous melanoma published from 1960 until June 2021. Studies were assessed for the risk of bias. A descriptive analysis was performed, considering the disease control rate, the recurrence rate of the tumor, comorbidities, need for anesthesia, and horses' welfare. Twenty-three studies were included, from which the treatment outcomes of 173 horses were assessed. The homogeneity of the included trials was low. The percentages of each treatment arm achieving a partial response and curative effects accounted for 93.1% (surgical intervention), 90% (medication), and 39.4% (immunotherapies), respectively. A variable efficacy of different therapies of equine cutaneous melanoma was observed. Surgical intervention performed the best from the perspective of local antitumor effects alone. This literature review and descriptive analysis can serve as a source to assist in designing quality therapy research and can potentially aid in providing a clinical treatment reference for equine cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Yi
- Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqian Liu
- Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Equine Clinical Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, 100094, Beijing, China.
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine III, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst Heydemann Street No. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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Adair JE, Riggs GL. Treatment of Recurrent Multifocal Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) with Intralesional Carboplatin in Poloxamer 407. J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:200-205. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Safak T, Yilmaz O, Risvanli A, Akdeniz-Incili C. Hematological, serum biochemical results, and treatment approach of an Arabian mare with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva - case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A 20-year-old Arabian mare, was brought to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic with the complaint of an unknown wound in the genital area. Although the mare's general condition was good, examination of the genital area revealed a wide-open wound in the vulva and posterior vagina, characterized by fibrotic growth. The biopsy sample was sent to the pathology laboratory. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was made after histopathological examination. Blood samples for serum biochemistry and hematological tests were collected from the jugular vein. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are generally used to diagnose diseases in animals and humans. Hematological and serum biochemical findings are important with genital SCC. Therefore, the findings of these values are given in this case report.
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15
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Weber LA, Delarocque J, Feige K, Kietzmann M, Kalbitz J, Meißner J, Paschke R, Cavalleri JMV. Effects of Topically Applied Betulinic Acid and NVX-207 on Melanocytic Tumors in 18 Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113250. [PMID: 34827981 PMCID: PMC8614291 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanomas are skin tumors of the pigment-producing melanocytes. Equine melanomas are among the most frequently diagnosed tumors affecting grey horses. The melanocytic tumors progress to malignancy in more than two-thirds of cases. Previous laboratory experiments and studies with horses utilizing the naturally occurring betulinic acid (BA) and its derivative NVX-207 showed promising results with respect to the topical (epicutaneous) treatment of equine melanoma. Therefore, the aim of this feasibility study was to gain first insights into the effect and safety of BA and NVX-207 in eighteen horses with early-stage melanocytic tumors after a 13-week-long topical application. The topical treatment was convenient and safe. Compared to a placebo, the data suggest a positive treatment effect from topical application of BA and NVX-207 on equine melanomas toward the end of the treatment period. However, the time period studied was too short to conclusively prove this. Further advancement of the investigational medicinal products studied herein could lead to an effective, topical and marketable novel drug which helps to relieve suffering and, consequently, improve the welfare of equine skin cancer patients. Abstract The naturally occurring betulinic acid (BA) and its derivative NVX-207 induce apoptosis in equine melanoma cells in vitro. After topical application, high concentrations of the substances can be reached in healthy equine skin. With the aim to investigate the effect and safety of topically applied BA and NVX-207 in horses with melanocytic tumors, the longitudinal, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study protocol included eighteen Lipizzaner mares with early-stage cutaneous melanoma assigned to three groups. Melanocytic lesions were topically treated either with a placebo, 1% BA or 1% NVX-207 twice a day for 91 days. Caliper measurements, clinical examinations and blood tests were performed to assess the effects and safety of the medication. The topical treatment was convenient and safe. The volumes of tumors treated with BA were significantly reduced over time as compared to tumors treated with the placebo from day 80 of the study. Although treatment with NVX-207 seemed to decrease tumor volume, these results did not reach statistical significance. The findings must be regarded as preliminary due to the limited group size and need to be replicated in a larger cohort with modified pharmaceutical test formulations. Accordingly, the treatment protocol cannot yet be recommended in its current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.A.W.); (J.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.A.W.); (J.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (L.A.W.); (J.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Jutta Kalbitz
- Biosolutions Halle GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.-M.V.C.)
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Jessika-M. V. Cavalleri
- Equine Internal Medicine, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.-M.V.C.)
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16
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Billi T, Karadima V, Tyrnenopoulou P, Apostolopoulou EP, Brellou GD, Diakakis N. Surgical excision of a malignant metastatic melanoma located in a skeletal muscle of the lateral thorax of a horse. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:297-302. [PMID: 32991055 PMCID: PMC8025616 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 20-year-old grey Warmblood gelding that had history of dermal melanomatosis. OBJECTIVE To report surgical treatment of a 6-cm large malignant metastatic melanoma located in the cutaneous trunci muscle of the left lateral thorax of a horse. METHODS A 20-year-old grey Warmblood gelding was referred for evaluation of a large, rapidly growing, thoracic mass. Clinical examination revealed an ovoid, firm, non-painful, movable mass, approximately 6 cm in diameter, located in the cutaneous trunci muscle of the left lateral thorax. Multiple melanocytic nodules were also found at the perianal region and ventral tail. Rectal examination, ultrasonography and endoscopy of the respiratory tract revealed no melanomas internally. Haematological and biochemical values were within normal limits. Surgical excision of both the thoracic mass and perianal nodules was the treatment of choice. Histopathology of the distant thoracic mass confirmed the diagnosis of malignant metastatic melanoma secondary to the perineal lesions that were confirmed as dermal melanomatosis. RESULTS The horse recovered uneventfully. Up until 3 years post surgery there was no tumour regrowth at the excision sites. CONCLUSION Surgical excision of the metastatic melanoma was performed and considered successful, with no gross evidence of tumour reoccurrence. Despite the fact that surgical excision is considered a treatment option regarding equine dermal melanomatosis, there is no previously published study proposing surgical removal of distant malignant metastatic melanocytic masses. This is the first report of a successful surgical excision of a large (6 cm) metastatic melanocytic tumour from the skeletal muscle of the lateral thorax of a horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Billi
- Faculty of Health SciencesEquine UnitSchool of Veterinary MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Vasiliki Karadima
- Faculty of Health SciencesEquine UnitSchool of Veterinary MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Panagiota Tyrnenopoulou
- Faculty of Health SciencesEquine UnitSchool of Veterinary MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Emmanouela P. Apostolopoulou
- Faculty of Health SciencesLaboratory of PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Georgia D. Brellou
- Faculty of Health SciencesLaboratory of PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Nikolaos Diakakis
- Faculty of Health SciencesEquine UnitSchool of Veterinary MedicineAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
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Saw WS, Anasamy T, Foo YY, Kwa YC, Kue CS, Yeong CH, Kiew LV, Lee HB, Chung LY. Delivery of Nanoconstructs in Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shang Saw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Theebaa Anasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Yiing Yee Foo
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Yee Chu Kwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Management and Science University Shah Alam Selangor 40100 Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Subang Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Hong Boon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
- School of Biosciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Taylor's University Subang Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia
| | - Lip Yong Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Sullins
- Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine Glendale Arizona USA
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19
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Weber LA, Funtan A, Paschke R, Delarocque J, Kalbitz J, Meißner J, Feige K, Kietzmann M, Cavalleri JMV. In vitro assessment of triterpenoids NVX-207 and betulinyl-bis-sulfamate as a topical treatment for equine skin cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241448. [PMID: 33151949 PMCID: PMC7643960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoid (ES) is the most prevalent skin tumor in equids worldwide. Additionally, aging grey horses frequently suffer from equine malignant melanoma (EMM). Current local therapies targeting these skin tumors remain challenging. Therefore, more feasible topical treatment options should be considered. In order to develop a topical therapy against ES and EMM, betulinyl-bis-sulfamate and NVX-207, derivatives of the naturally occurring betulin and betulinic acid, respectively, were evaluated for their antiproliferative (crystal violet staining assay), cytotoxic (MTS assay) and apoptotic (AnnexinV staining, cell cycle investigations) effects on primary ES cells, EMM cells and equine dermal fibroblasts in vitro. The more potent derivative was assessed for its in vitro penetration and permeation on isolated equine skin within 30 min and 24 h using Franz-type diffusion cells and HPLC analysis. Betulinyl-bis-sulfamate and NVX-207 inhibited the proliferation and metabolism in ES cells, EMM cells and fibroblasts significantly (p < 0.001) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. NVX-207 had superior anticancer effects compared to betulinyl-bis-sulfamate. Both compounds led to the externalization of phosphatidylserines on the cell membrane and DNA fragmentation, demonstrating that the effective mode of action was apoptosis. After 48 h of treatment with NVX-207, the number of necrotic cells was less than 2% in all cell types. Detected amounts of NVX-207 in the different skin layers exceeded the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations calculated by far. Even though data obtained in vitro are auspicious, the results are not unconditionally applicable to the clinical situation. Consequently, in vivo studies are required to address the antitumoral effects of topically applied NVX-207 in ES and EMM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Annabel Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Funtan
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Pettersson CM, Broström H, Humblot P, Bergvall KE. Topical treatment of equine sarcoids with imiquimod 5% cream or Sanguinaria canadensis and zinc chloride - an open prospective study. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:471-e126. [PMID: 33016520 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids are the most prevalent skin neoplasm in horses worldwide. Although several treatments are available, none are consistently effective and recurrence is common. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% cream and Sanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride for treatment of equine sarcoids and investigate possible systemic effects on distant untreated sarcoids. ANIMALS/TUMOURS Twenty-five client-owned horses with a total of 164 tumours were included in the study. Fifty-seven tumours were treated and 107 tumours were left untreated. METHODS AND MATERIALS Skin biopsy samples were collected from a minimum of one tumour per horse and the rest were diagnosed based on clinical appearance as likely sarcoids. Imiquimod 5% (A) was applied three times weekly, while Sanguinaria canadensis + zinc chloride (X) was applied every fourth day after a six day daily initiation phase. Treatment continued until clinical remission or for a maximum of 45 weeks, with a long follow-up period (mean 34 months). Skin biopsy samples of sarcoid lesions were re-taken before treatment termination and at follow-up if the owner gave consent. RESULTS Complete remission was recorded in 84.4% (A) and 75.0% (X) of the tumours. Relapse was recorded in 7.3% (A) and 21.4% (X). Spontaneous remission was observed in 1.9% of untreated tumours. No systemic effect on untreated tumours was detected. During treatment varying degrees of local inflammatory reaction were common. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both treatments were considered effective and safe. Smaller tumours responded more favourably to treatment. Relapse rate was low and not observed in sarcoids with repeat biopsies before treatment termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina M Pettersson
- District and Official Veterinarian, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Rådmansgatan 55, Kristinehamn, 681 34, Sweden
| | - Hans Broström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Patrice Humblot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Kerstin E Bergvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agriculture, Box 7054, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
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21
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Evaluation of Locally Injected Mycobacterium Cell Wall Fraction in Horses with Sarcoids. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:103102. [PMID: 32534762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A reformulation of Mycobacterium cell wall fraction immunotherapeutic can be used to successfully treat sarcoids in horses. Sarcoids are reported to be the most common equine skin tumors with tumor type and location influencing the choice of treatment. Wide surgical excision is curative for many tumors, but may not always be feasible. Previous studies have reported sarcoid regression after injection with mycobacterial cell wall immunotherapeutics. A new formulation of the Mycobacterium phlei cell wall fraction immunostimulant (Immunocidin Equine) was used to treat cutaneous tumors in horses. Equids with skin tumors diagnosed as sarcoids were enrolled in the study. Sarcoids were injected at the initial visit with Immunocidin Equine and subsequently at approximately 2-week intervals. Of 17 cases, nine cases were completely resolved at the end of the study period evaluation or at the time of final follow-up (52.9%). Three cases were reported as improved (smaller), but not resolved (17.6%). Three cases were discontinued from the study as the respective masses were growing larger or not resolving (17.6%). One case (5.8%) with two masses had resolution of one mass, whereas the other tumor had a small regrowth 5 months after the last treatment. One case (5.8%) was lost to follow-up. All cases had mild to moderate swelling of the injection site, and some cases had discharge after the second, third, or fourth injections. No serious systemic side effects or complications were encountered during the study.
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22
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Weber LA, Meißner J, Delarocque J, Kalbitz J, Feige K, Kietzmann M, Michaelis A, Paschke R, Michael J, Pratscher B, Cavalleri JMV. Betulinic acid shows anticancer activity against equine melanoma cells and permeates isolated equine skin in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:44. [PMID: 32024502 PMCID: PMC7003431 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine malignant melanoma (EMM) is a frequently occurring dermoepidermal tumor in grey horses. Currently available therapies are either challenging or inefficient. Betulinic acid (BA), a naturally occurring triterpenoid, is a promising compound for cancer treatment. To evaluate the potential of BA as a topical therapy for EMM, its anticancer effects on primary equine melanoma cells and dermal fibroblasts and its percutaneous permeation through isolated equine skin were assessed in vitro. RESULTS BA showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects on both primary equine melanoma cells and fibroblasts in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentrations were obtained 96 h after the beginning of drug exposure (12.7 μmol/L and 23.6 μmol/L for melanoma cells eRGO1 and MelDuWi, respectively, in cytotoxicity assay). High concentrations of the compound were reached in the required skin layers in vitro. CONCLUSION BA is a promising substance for topical EMM treatment. Further clinical studies in horses are necessary to assess safety and antitumoral effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Weber
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Kalbitz
- Biosolutions Halle GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anne Michaelis
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Michael
- Skinomics GmbH, Weinbergweg 23, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- University Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Kay G, McNeil P, Knottenbelt D, Tligui N. Locally invasive melanoma in the internal laminae of the hoof of a bay mule. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Kay
- American Fondouk Fez Morocco
| | - P. McNeil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology University of GlasgowGlasgow UK
| | - D. Knottenbelt
- School of Veterinary Medicine Weipers Centre Equine Hospital University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - N. Tligui
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Institut Agricole et Veterinaire Hassan11 Rabat Morocco
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Abstract
All gray horses inherited a single gene mutation, STX17G, that unbalances melanocyte behavior to cause graying and propensities to develop vitiligo and melanoma. The coat color genes ASIPa and MC1RE add risk such that relative likelihood of melanoma based on pregraying coat color is black > bay > chestnut. Melanomas begin at about 4 years. Locoregional control of melanoma masses depends on surgical removal and/or intralesional chemotherapy (possibly with adjunctive hyperthermia or electroporation). Systemic treatment is not evidence based but immunomodulators (cimetidine, levamisole) and vaccines can be tried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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25
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Peters‐Kennedy J, Lange CE, Rine SL, Hackett RP. Equus caballus papillomavirus
8 (Ec
PV
8) associated with multiple viral plaques, viral papillomas, and squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:470-474. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Peters‐Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Anatomic Pathology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. E. Lange
- Microbiology and Immunology Department Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Metabiota INC Nanaimo British Columbia Canada
| | - S. L. Rine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Section of Anatomic Pathology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. P. Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca New York USA
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Abstract
Treatment options for animals with cancer are rapidly expanding, including in exotic animal medicine. Limited information is available about treatment effects in exotic pet species beyond individual case reports. Most cancer treatment protocols in exotic animals are extrapolated from those described in humans, dogs, and cats. This review provides an update on cancer treatment in exotic animal species. The Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance accumulates clinical cases in a central location with standardized clinical information, with resources to help clinicians find and enter their cases for the collective good of exotic clinicians and their patients.
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Abstract
Periocular neoplasia is common in horses. Treatment of the periocular skin and ocular adnexal structures can be technically challenging. Common neoplastic conditions, a treatment algorithm, surgical principles, and therapeutic modalities are reviewed. Regardless of the type of neoplasia found or the treatment that is applied, success is most likely when the neoplastic tumor is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Estell
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 17690 Old Waterford Road, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA.
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Poore L, Smit Y, Duncan N, Williams J. Surgical resection of a squamous cell carcinoma in the perianal region of a 25‐year‐old crossbred American Paint gelding using sharp surgical excision, laser excision and chemotherapy. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Poore
- The Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Y. Smit
- The Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - N. Duncan
- Section of Pathology Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - J. Williams
- Section of Pathology Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
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Hess TA, Drinkhouse ME, Prey JD, Miller JM, Fettig AA, Carberry CA, Brenn SH, Bailey DB. Analysis of platinum content in biodegradable carboplatin-impregnated beads and retrospective assessment of tolerability for intralesional use of the beads in dogs following excision of subcutaneous sarcomas: 29 cases (2011–2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:448-456. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.4.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Groom LM, Sullins KE. Surgical excision of large melanocytic tumours in grey horses: 38 cases (2001-2013). EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Groom
- Marion DuPont Scott Equine Medical Centre; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Leesburg Virginia USA
| | - K. E. Sullins
- Marion DuPont Scott Equine Medical Centre; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Leesburg Virginia USA
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32
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Apprich V, Licka T, Zipfl N, Tichy A, Gabriel C. Equine Hoof Canker: Cell Proliferation and Morphology. Vet Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817695515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hoof canker is described as progressive pododermatitis of the equine hoof with absent epidermal cornification and extensive proliferation of the dermal papillary body; however, in-depth research on the type of proliferative activity has not yet been reported. The aim of the present study was to determine cell-specific proliferation patterns together with morphological analysis of hoof canker tissue. Tissues removed during surgery from 19 horses presented for treatment of canker were compared with similar postmortem tissues of healthy hooves of 10 horses. Morphological alterations visible in light microscopy were assessed semiquantitatively and graded for severity. Proliferative activity was evaluated by means of anti-PCNA (proliferative cell nuclear antigen) and anti-Ki67 immunohistochemistry. Histologically, canker tissue showed 5 major morphological alterations–the presence of lacunae, vacuoles, giant cells, hemorrhage, and inflammation–not seen in control tissue. Also, there was a notable koilocytotic appearance of keratinocytes in canker tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased levels of PCNA protein expression in keratinocytes and fibroblasts of canker tissue compared with control tissue. In control tissue, keratinocytes showed higher levels of Ki67 compared with canker tissue, while the dermal fibroblasts of both groups showed similar levels of Ki67, indicating similar proliferative activity of less than 3% of total dermal fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to previous reports, there is no evidence for increased proliferative activity of the dermal papillary body associated with hoof canker. Increased levels of PCNA protein expression and morphological alterations indicate that dysregulation of keratinocyte differentiation constitutes a key event in equine hoof canker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Apprich
- Equine University Clinic, Large Animal Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - T. Licka
- Equine University Clinic, Large Animal Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - N. Zipfl
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - C. Gabriel
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Cheff DM, Hall MD. A Drug of Such Damned Nature.1 Challenges and Opportunities in Translational Platinum Drug Research. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4517-4532. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian M. Cheff
- NCATS Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- NCATS Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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Abstract
A 4-year-old thoroughbred cross mare was referred to the University of Edinburgh Veterinary School Equine Hospital for treatment of a soft tissue tumor on the buccal gingival margin of the rostral right maxillary cheek teeth. The lesion was initially surgically excised and diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma via histopathology. Adjunctive treatment with intralesional cisplatin chemotherapy was begun. The tumor recurred and was repeatedly treated with intralesional cisplatin injections and additional surgical resection over the course of 14 weeks. Despite the initial poor response to treatment, no further regrowth of the tumor occurred 3 months following its final treatment. The horse remained free of visible evidence of tumor nearly 5 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apryle Horbal
- 1 University Veterinary Specialists, 2810 Washington Road, McMurray, PA, USA
| | - Padraic M Dixon
- 2 Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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35
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Worley DR, Hansen RJ, Wittenburg LA, Chubb LS, Gustafson DL. Docetaxel Accumulates in Lymphatic Circulation Following Subcutaneous Delivery Compared to Intravenous Delivery in Rats. Anticancer Res 2017; 36:5071-5078. [PMID: 27798866 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circulatory pathway for particles deposited outside of blood capillaries has not been well characterized for non-traditionally-delivered chemotherapeutics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood and lymph pharmacokinetics of docetaxel (5 mg/kg) and carboplatin (14 and 28 mg/kg) following subcutaneous (s.c.) versus intravenous (i.v.) delivery were determined in a rodent model with catheterizations of both the thoracic lymphatic duct and jugular vein for prolonged synchronous blood and lymph sampling. RESULTS Subcutaneous docetaxel demonstrates preferential lymphatic accumulation based on the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC0-24h) whereas i.v. docetaxel resulted in a greater plasma maximum concentration measured (Cmax). The apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) in lymph for docetaxel is greater following i.v. or s.c. delivery compared to t1/2 in blood. Carboplatin demonstrates a dose-dependent increase in plasma Cmax regardless of delivery route; the total carboplatin exposure over 24 h in lymph and plasma are comparable. CONCLUSION Subcutaneous docetaxel achieves lymphatic accumulation greater than that of i.v. delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna R Worley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A. .,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | - Ryan J Hansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | - Luke A Wittenburg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | - Laura S Chubb
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A.,Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
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36
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Tozon N, Kramaric P, Kos Kadunc V, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Electrochemotherapy as a single or adjuvant treatment to surgery of cutaneous sarcoid tumours in horses: a 31-case retrospective study. Vet Rec 2016; 179:627. [PMID: 27758950 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cisplatin as a single or adjuvant treatment for sarcoids in equids. Different treatment options with different success rates were proposed. Thirty-one horses and one donkey with different clinical type, size and location of tumours were treated with ECT as a single treatment (18 animals with 52 tumour nodules) or as adjuvant treatment with marginal surgical excision (14 animals with 18 tumour nodules). In animals treated only with ECT with cisplatin, complete response was obtained in 48/52 (92.3 per cent) nodules and partial response in the other 4 nodules (7.7 per cent). In most cases, one to three sessions, only in two cases four and in one case five sessions, every 4 weeks were needed to obtain the measurable response. During the observation time, only in one case was the recurrence noted 60 months after treatment. Complete response in all 18 tumour nodules treated with surgery and adjuvant ECT was obtained and only one recurrence was noted after 14 months during the observation time. The results of this study show that ECT with cisplatin is an effective, safe, and simple local treatment of sarcoids in equids. According to the tumour size and location, single or combined treatment should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tozon
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Kramaric
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - V Kos Kadunc
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Sersa
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Cemazar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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37
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Shrader TC, Carpenter JW, Cino-Ozuna AG, Andrews GA. Malignant Melanoma of the Syrinx and Liver in an African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus erithacus). J Avian Med Surg 2016; 30:165-71. [PMID: 27315385 DOI: 10.1647/2014-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 20-year-old, female African grey parrot ( Psittacus erithacus erithacus) was examined because of ataxia and weakness. Radiographs were unremarkable, and results of a complete blood cell count revealed leukocytosis and heterophilia. Because of poor response to therapy with meloxicam, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin; deteriorating condition; and poor prognosis, the parrot was euthanatized. Postmortem examination revealed 2 dark red nodules in the liver. No grossly visible mass was observed in the syrinx. Histologic examination of the liver and syrinx revealed similar foci of round, oval, and polygonal cells exhibiting severe pleomorphism, with poorly demarcated cytoplasmic borders and moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm containing brown to black granules (melanin). The mitotic index was 15. The presence of melanin pigment is consistent with a diagnosis of melanoma at both sites. The multifocal distribution and intravascular invasion indicate metastasis; however, the site of origin was unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of melanoma in an avian syrinx.
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Knottenbelt DC. Integumentary Disorders Including Cutaneous Neoplasia in Older Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016; 32:263-81. [PMID: 27329491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few skin diseases specifically or exclusively affect older horses and donkeys. Hypertrichosis (hirsutism) associated with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is probably the most recognized and best understood exception and is the most common age-related skin condition in equids. Many other conditions are known to be more serious in older horses. Horses affected with immune-compromising conditions can be more severely affected by infectious diseases of the skin or heavy and pathologically significant parasitism. Neoplasia of the skin is probably more prevalent and worse in older horses, although many of the more serious skin tumors develop initially at a younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Knottenbelt
- Equine Internal Medicine, University of Glasgow, Weipers Equine Centre Bearsden Road, Glasgow G611QH, Scotland.
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Liebscher G, Vanchangiri K, Mueller T, Feige K, Cavalleri JMV, Paschke R. In vitro anticancer activity of Betulinic acid and derivatives thereof on equine melanoma cell lines from grey horses and in vivo safety assessment of the compound NVX-207 in two horses. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 246:20-9. [PMID: 26772157 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene, and its derivatives are promising compounds for cancer treatment in humans. Melanoma is not only a problem for humans but also for grey horses as they have a high potential of developing melanoma lesions coupled to the mutation causing their phenotype. Current chemotherapeutic treatment carries the risk of adverse health effects for the horse owner or the treating veterinarian by exposure to antineoplastic compounds. Most treatments have low prospects for systemic tumor regression. Thus, a new therapy is needed. In this in vitro study, Betulinic acid and its two derivatives B10 and NVX-207, both with an improved water solubility compared to Betulinic acid, were tested on two equine melanoma cell lines (MelDuWi and MellJess/HoMelZh) and human melanoma (A375) cell line. We could demonstrate that all three compounds especially NVX-207 show high cytotoxicity on both equine melanoma cell lines. The treatment with these compounds lead to externalization of phosphatidylserines on the cell membrane (AnnexinV-staining), DNA-fragmentation (cell cycle analysis) and activation of initiator and effector caspases (Caspase assays). Our results indicate that the apoptosis is induced in the equine melanoma cells by all three compounds. Furthermore, we succeed in encapsulating the most active compound NVX-207 in 2-Hydroxyprolyl-β-cyclodextrine without a loss of its activity. This formulation can be used as a promising antitumor agent for treating grey horse melanoma. In a first tolerability evaluation in vivo the formulation was administered every one week for 19 consecutive weeks and well tolerated in two adult melanoma affected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liebscher
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - K Vanchangiri
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Th Mueller
- Department of Hematology/ Oncology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - K Feige
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Horses, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - J-M V Cavalleri
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Horses, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Paschke
- Biozentrum, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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40
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Compston PC, Turner T, Wylie CE, Payne RJ. Laser surgery as a treatment for histologically confirmed sarcoids in the horse. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:451-6. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Turner
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Edinburgh UK
| | - C. E. Wylie
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - R. J. Payne
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Newmarket Suffolk UK
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41
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:132. [PMID: 26063232 PMCID: PMC4464139 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0422-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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42
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Mählmann K, Feige K, Juhls C, Endmann A, Schuberth HJ, Oswald D, Hellige M, Doherr M, Cavalleri JMV. Local and systemic effect of transfection-reagent formulated DNA vectors on equine melanoma. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:107. [PMID: 25967290 PMCID: PMC4429833 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Equine melanoma has a high incidence in grey horses. Xenogenic DNA vaccination may represent a promising therapeutic approach against equine melanoma as it successfully induced an immunological response in other species suffering from melanoma and in healthy horses. In a clinical study, twenty-seven, grey, melanoma-bearing, horses were assigned to three groups (n = 9) and vaccinated on days 1, 22, and 78 with DNA vectors encoding for equine (eq) IL-12 and IL-18 alone or in combination with either human glycoprotein (hgp) 100 or human tyrosinase (htyr). Horses were vaccinated intramuscularly, and one selected melanoma was locally treated by intradermal peritumoral injection. Prior to each injection and on day 120, the sizes of up to nine melanoma lesions per horse were measured by caliper and ultrasound. Specific serum antibodies against hgp100 and htyr were measured using cell based flow-cytometric assays. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements was performed to identify statistically significant influences on the relative tumor volume. For post-hoc testing a Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test was performed to compare the relative volumes on the different examination days. An ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyse changes in body temperature over time. A one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in body temperature between the groups. A p–value < 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests applied. Results In all groups, the relative tumor volume decreased significantly to 79.1 ± 26.91% by day 120 (p < 0.0001, Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Affiliation to treatment group, local treatment and examination modality had no significant influence on the results (ANOVA for repeated measurements). Neither a cellular nor a humoral immune response directed against htyr or hgp100 was detected. Horses had an increased body temperature on the day after vaccination. Conclusions This is the first clinical report on a systemic effect against equine melanoma following treatment with DNA vectors encoding eqIL12 and eqIL18 and formulated with a transfection reagent. Addition of DNA vectors encoding hgp100 respectively htyr did not potentiate this effect. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0414-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mählmann
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Mareu Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marcus Doherr
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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44
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Surjan Y, Donaldson D, Ostwald P, Milross C, Warren-Forward H. A Review of Current Treatment Options in the Treatment of Ocular and/or Periocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Horses: Is There a Definitive “Best” Practice? J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- K. W. Montgomery
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina USA
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46
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Spugnini EP, Baldi A. Electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology: from rescue to first line therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1121:247-56. [PMID: 24510829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9632-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is a delivery technique that is gaining popularity among the veterinary community due to its low cost, ease of application, and flexibility. It combines the administration of pharmaceutical compounds such as chemotherapy agents, antisense, and plasmids to the application of permeabilizing pulses. This chapter reviews the veterinary results obtained through the delivery of anticancer drugs (electrochemotherapy) and genes (electro-gene therapy).
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48
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Giuliano EA, Johnson PJ, Delgado C, Pearce JW, Moore CP. Local photodynamic therapy delays recurrence of equine periocular squamous cell carcinoma compared to cryotherapy. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17 Suppl 1:37-45. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Philip J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Cherlene Delgado
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706-1102 USA
| | - Jacqueline W. Pearce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Cecil P. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211 USA
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49
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Metcalfe LV, O'Brien PJ, Papakonstantinou S, Cahalan SD, McAllister H, Duggan VE. Malignant melanoma in a grey horse: case presentation and review of equine melanoma treatment options. Ir Vet J 2013; 66:22. [PMID: 24196087 PMCID: PMC4226278 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-66-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 15 year-old grey Thoroughbred gelding presented for investigation of chronic weight loss and recent onset of respiratory difficulty. Clinical examination confirmed tachypnoea with increased respiratory effort. Thoracic ultrasound examination detected pleural effusion. The dyspnoea was related to the large volume of pleural effusion and, following post-mortem examination, to the presence of a large mediastinal mass. Multiple pigmented masses, likely melanomas, were detected peri-anally. Thoracic radiography, cytological examination of the pleural fluid and a fine needle aspirate of a thoracic mass led to a presumptive diagnosis of malignant melanoma and this was confirmed at post mortem examination. Further metastatic spread to the central nervous system and right guttural pouch was also identified. In conclusion this case manifests the potential malignant behaviour of equine melanomas, and a review of proposed therapies for melanoma treatment highlights the therapeutic options and current areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Va Metcalfe
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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50
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Abstract
Melanomas are among the most common skin tumors in horses, with prevalence rates reaching as high as 80% in adult gray horses. Most melanocytic tumors are benign at initial presentation; however, if left untreated, up to two-thirds can progress to overt malignant behavior. Standard local treatment options can be used to treat solitary early-stage lesions but do not address the underlying risk of recurrent tumor formation or the transformation to a malignant phenotype. An understanding of the specific molecular genetic factors associated with tumor formation should lead to targeted therapies that can be used to treat or ideally prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA.
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