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Sidhu A, DeJesus AA. Computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic characteristics of retrobulbar meningiomas in 15 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1044-1054. [PMID: 38009278 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningioma is the most common tumor of the cranium in dogs and an important differential diagnosis for a potentially treatable disease that can be found in the periorbital tissues. The objective of this retrospective, case series study was to describe the CT, MRI, and US characteristics of confirmed retrobulbar meningiomas in a group of dogs. Medical records from multiple institutions were searched for canine patients with CT, MRI, and/or US imaging of a cytologically or histologically confirmed retrobulbar meningioma. Fifteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. Retrobulbar meningiomas typically appeared as a relatively well-defined conical to ovoid mass within the retrobulbar space, most often along the optic nerve and expanding the extraocular muscle cone. On CT, masses were predominantly soft tissue attenuating and variably heterogeneously contrast enhancing. While MRI features were variable, moderate to marked contrast enhancement was seen in all cases. Many of the tumors had evidence of partial mineralization, best appreciated on CT in nine patients, but also suspected based on susceptibility artifacts in three MRI cases, one of which was confirmed on CT. Regional osteolysis was a rare finding, noted in three cases, but was often accompanied by cranial cavity extension (2/3). Cranial cavity extension was also seen in the absence of regional osteolysis, identified in a total of six patients. On US, masses were echogenic and compressed the globe. The findings were consistent with previous gross and histologic descriptions and supported prioritizing retrobulbar meningioma as a differential diagnosis for dogs with the described imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sidhu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antonia A DeJesus
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Costanza D, Meomartino L, Lamagna B, Castiello E, Coluccia P, Piegari G, D’Aquino I, Lamagna F, Greco A. Retrobulbar Filling for Enophthalmos Treatment in Dogs: Technique, Description and Computed-Tomographic Evaluation. Preliminary Cadaveric Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040267. [PMID: 37104422 PMCID: PMC10146215 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new therapeutic approach for enophthalmos may be retrobulbar lipofilling. This study aims to standardize the intraconal filling technique and to evaluate the degree of eyeball displacement by computed tomography (CT). Skull CT was performed on six dog cadavers before and after intraconal injection of two 5% iodinated, viscoelastic solutions, one per eye, using an ultrasound-guided supratemporal approach. The volume to be injected was calculated using formulas for retrobulbar cone anesthesia. After CT, the dogs underwent necropsy and histopathology to evaluate damages that eventually occurred to retrobulbar structures. Eyeball displacement was estimated using two CT-based methods, named M1 and M2. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed no significant difference between the two injected materials in both M1 (p > 0.99), and M2 (lateral p = 0.84 and rostral p = 0.84 displacement). A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and post-injection group M1 (p = 0.002), M2 (p = 0.004) for the lateral and (p = 0.003) for rostral displacement. Although the slight eyeball displacement, the retrobulbar filling can lead to enophthalmos resolution. Compared to M1, the M2 method has better-defined anatomical landmarks. Further, preclinical in vivo studies are necessary to assess retrobulbar filling efficacy and safety.
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Djuric ML, Krstic VP, Lazic TM, Grozdanic SD. Endoscopic diagnostic and surgical orbital approach in canines. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895555 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe new diagnostic and surgical orbital approaches using video endoscopy in canines. Four different endoscopic approaches were investigated in this study of video endoscopy in cadavers: dorsal transorbital ligament approach via incision of the orbital ligament (DTOLA), dorsal subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (DSTA), ventral subpalpebral transconjunctival approach (VSTA), and transoral orbital approach (TOA). Two additional approaches, the ventral transpalpebral approach (VTA) and dorsal caudal transmuscular approach (DCTA) along with the DTOLA and DSTA were used in clinical patients. The most technically demanding approach was DTOLA; however, it provided the best visualisation of different anterior and posterior orbital structures. Visualisation of primarily the dorsal orbital wall, dorsal portion of the eye globe, and dorsal extraconal space also was achieved by DSTA. The VSTA enabled good visualisation of the ventral orbital floor and the ventral extraconal and intraconal space. In contrast, the TOA provided relatively poor visualisation of orbital structures, limited to the ventral orbital quadrant. Meanwhile, the VTA provided visualisation similar to the VSTA, while DCTA visualisation was limited to the dorsal and caudal orbital space. Orbital endoscopy is an effective and minimally invasive procedure that can be used for diagnostic and surgical orbital procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Lj Djuric
- 1 Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vanja P Krstic
- 1 Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana M Lazic
- 2 Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, IA, USA
- 3 Oculus Specialty Veterinary Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sinisa D Grozdanic
- 2 Animal Eye Consultants of Iowa, Hiawatha, IA, USA
- 3 Oculus Specialty Veterinary Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Jones BA, Cotterill N, Drees R, Dietrich UM, Purzycka K. Tumours involving the retrobulbar space in cats: 37 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e116-e123. [PMID: 35536054 PMCID: PMC11104240 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221094947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this multicentre retrospective study was to describe the clinical presentation, imaging findings, diagnosis and outcomes of cats with retrobulbar neoplasia. METHODS A total of 37 cats that were diagnosed with retrobulbar neoplasia and underwent advanced imaging were recruited from searches of the clinical records of two referral hospitals. All cats had neoplasia confirmed via cytology or histopathology. Data relating to the signalment, presentation, results of investigations, treatment and outcome were recorded. A review of imaging studies was performed where possible. RESULTS In total, 23 cases (62%) were presented with respiratory signs. Exophthalmos was the most common ophthalmological examination finding, present in 18 cases (49%). Thirty-two cases (86%) had secondary extension of neoplasia to the retrobulbar space (most commonly from the nasal cavities), present in 20 cases (54%), of which 12 were lymphoma. In cases where contrast was administered, 28/35 (80%) had contrast-enhancing masses. Orbital extension was detected in 21 cases (57%), exophthalmos in 22 (59%), globe deformation in 12 (32%) and local lymphadenomegaly in 22 (61%). In total, 36 (97%) retrobulbar tumours were malignant. Thoracic imaging, where it was performed, was concerning for metastasis in 8/25 cases (31%), with abdominal imaging suggestive of metastasis in 5/12 (42%). The most common diagnosis was lymphoma with 19 cases (51%), with nasal lymphoma representing 12 of these, followed by carcinoma in 10 (27%). The median survival time, for cases where death was recorded, was 85 days (range 1-263 days). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this is the largest study of neoplasia affecting the feline retrobulbar space. Retrobulbar tumours in cats are overwhelmingly malignant, and commonly due to secondary extension of tumours originating elsewhere. Lymphoma, particularly arising from the nasal cavities, was the most common cause. Cats presenting with signs suggestive of retrobulbar disease should be assessed for disease affecting any of the structures of the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn A Jones
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Hursley, Winchester, UK
| | - Nicole Cotterill
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Ursula M Dietrich
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
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Coall SM, Premont JE, Flatz K, Hindley K, Groth A, Billson FM. Clinical, advanced imaging data and outcome of inflammatory and neoplastic orbital disease in 81 dogs and 16 cats in Australia (2010-2019). Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:37-50. [PMID: 34554639 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical presentation, advanced imaging features, and outcome of orbital disease in a referral population of dogs and cats that underwent computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ANIMALS STUDIED Client-owned animals. PROCEDURES Animals referred for orbital disease undergoing ophthalmic examination and either head MRI or CT were included. Demographic and imaging features were compared between animals diagnosed with inflammatory disease and neoplastic disease using Mann-Whitney U and Fischer's exact tests. RESULTS Ninety-seven animals (81 dogs and 16 cats) were included. Eighty-four and 13 patients underwent CT and MRI scanning, respectively. Inflammatory orbital disease was more frequently detected than neoplasia in dogs (59% vs. 41%) and cats (62% vs. 39%). Orbital cellulitis was the most common diagnosis in dogs (36/81, 44.4%) and cats (8/16, 80%). A foreign body was suspected in 36.1% of dogs with orbital cellulitis but only 3 were retrieved during orbitotomy. Multi-drug resistant bacteria were identified in 3 samples and influenced treatment plans. The most common neoplasms were sarcoma (10/30) and carcinoma (7/30) in dogs and lymphoma in cats (3/6). Imaging findings of osteolysis (p = 0.0002) and intracranial extension (p = 0.0001) were significantly associated with neoplasia in dogs. In contrast, osteolysis extension was present in cats with both inflammatory (7/10) and neoplastic (6/6) orbital disease. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory disease, particularly orbital cellulitis, was more common than neoplasia in dogs and cats with orbital disease in our population. We recommend including bacterial culture and susceptibility as part of the diagnostic work up when orbital cellulitis is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Coall
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johana E Premont
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharina Flatz
- Department of Radiology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Hindley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allyson Groth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francis M Billson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Herrmann JW, Hamor RE, Plummer CE. Canine Retrobulbar Cellulitis and Abscessation in the Southeastern United States: A review of case management, diagnostic imaging, bacterial isolates, and susceptibility patterns. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:326-335. [PMID: 34480390 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe common bacterial organisms cultured from retrobulbar cellulitis and abscess lesions, in vitro susceptibility patterns, common diagnostic techniques utilized, etiologies encountered, and prevalence of blindness. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-eight dogs diagnosed with retrobulbar cellulitis or abscessation from 2007 to 2017. PROCEDURE For cases of orbital cellulitis or abscess, signalment, orbital imaging, cytology, histopathology, bacterial culture and susceptibility testing, presence of vision at the initial examination and resolution, and presumed cellulitis/abscess etiology were recorded. RESULTS Most cases were medically (78.9%) versus surgically managed (18.4%). Most common form of orbital imaging was computed tomography (48.5%) followed by ocular ultrasound (18.2%). Fifteen of eighteen cultures (83.3%) showed growth of aerobic bacterial organisms, anaerobic bacterial organisms, or both. Most common aerobic bacteria were gram-negative bacilli (40.0%) followed by Corynebacterium sp. (26.7%) and α-hemolytic Streptococci sp. (26.7%) but Micrococcus and Bacillus spp. were also identified. Most common anaerobic bacteria were gram-negative bacilli (40.0%). Antibiotics with highest susceptibility patterns included gentamicin, followed equally by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, and imipenem. No bacteria were susceptible to cefovecin. Six cases presented with vision loss due to retrobulbar disease (15.8%). Idiopathic (50%) disease and tooth root abscessation (23.7%) were most commonly diagnosed cause of orbital disease. CONCLUSION Retrobulbar cellulitis/abscess is a serious and vision-threatening process, which can be effectively managed by broad-spectrum antibiotics such as gentamicin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, but not cefovecin. This study identified three organisms that have not been previously reported to be associated with orbital cellulitis (Corynebacterium sp., Bacillus sp. and Micrococcus sp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Herrmann
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ralph E Hamor
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Amorim A, Reisinho A, Vicente G, Delgado E. Retrobulbar haematoma secondary to haemophilia A in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Amorim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Ana Reisinho
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Vicente
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Delgado
- CIISA ‐ Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
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Fuchs AA, Walker KE, Adkins PRF, Donnelly KS, Giuliano EA. Diagnosis and surgical management of a retrobulbar abscess causing unilateral exophthalmos in a Boer goat. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:639-644. [PMID: 34080273 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old Boer goat wether presented for unilateral exophthalmos of 2- to 3-week duration. Ocular ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) were utilized in the diagnosis of the patient's orbital disease and surgical planning. Exenteration was performed under the same general anesthetic event as CT. Cytology, culture, and histopathology were performed after exenteration. Cytology was consistent with a mixed bacterial infection. Culture confirmed the presence of Streptococcus ovis. Histopathology on the enucleated globe and mass revealed no evidence of tumor and confirmed intraocular extension of retrobulbar inflammation. Histopathologic diagnosis was consistent with severe chronic orbital pyogranuloma and fibrinosuppurative endophthalmitis confined to the subretinal space. The abscess recurred in the orbital space 2 weeks postoperatively; the orbit was explored. Repeat culture was consistent with S. ovis, Staphylococcus schleigeri subspecies coagulans, and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Complete resolution was obtained after drainage and lavage of the orbit. Abscess is cited as a cause of exophthalmos in small ruminants, but no individual case reports exist. Advanced imaging allowed presumptive diagnosis and surgical planning. Histopathology confirmed intraocular extension of retrobulbar disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Fuchs
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kelsey E Walker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin S Donnelly
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Pemberton S, Odom TF, Dittmer KE, Kopke MA, Marshall JC, Poirier VJ, Owen MC. The hypoattenuating ocular lens on CT is not always due to cataract formation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:147-156. [PMID: 31825152 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoattenuating ocular lenses on CT have been described with cataract formation in humans, however published studies are currently lacking regarding this finding in veterinary patients. The purpose of this retrospective and prospective study was to describe the varying CT appearances of the ocular lens in vivo, and investigate the causes for CT density variations in a population of cats and dogs. A total of 102 canine and feline patients with CT of the head acquired at the authors' hospital between May 2011 and March 2019 were included. A bilateral hypoattenuating halo surrounding an isoattenuating to mildly hypoattenuating core was described in the ocular lens center of every cat in which a Philips brand proprietary image construction filter was used. A similar but more varied hypoattenuating region was noted in the lenses of 45.8% of dogs where the same filter was applied, as well as 43.8% of dogs with a second, similar filter. Ophthalmic examination of three live cats and one dog with hypoattenuating lenses demonstrated normal lens translucency, excluding the presence of cataract. The effect of different proprietary filters on lens appearance was also described in three fresh cadavers with normal lenses identified on ophthalmic, macroscopic, and microscopic examination. Etiology of the hypoattenuating areas within the ocular lens was not conclusively determined. Recognition that such a variant may be seen in the absence of cataract is important, in order to prevent misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pemberton
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Thomas F Odom
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A Kopke
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Valerie J Poirier
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mark C Owen
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Flaherty EH, Robinson NA, Pizzirani S, Pumphrey SA. Evaluation of cytology and histopathology for the diagnosis of canine orbital neoplasia: 112 cases (2004-2019) and review of the literature. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:259-268. [PMID: 31693288 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an updated overview of canine orbital neoplasia, to compare diagnostic utility of cytology and histopathology, and to evaluate alternative sampling modalities, particularly image-guided core needle biopsy. PROCEDURES A medical records search was performed to identify dogs with orbital neoplasia. Data were collected regarding signalment, diagnosis, vision status, imaging modalities, and sample collection methods. A reference population with orbital neoplasia was also identified via literature search for comparison with regard to final diagnosis. RESULTS One hundred and twelve dogs met selection criteria. In the study and reference populations, respectively, diagnoses were grouped as follows: mesenchymal tumors 40% and 35%, epithelial tumors 35% and 18%, tumors of neural origin 8% and 37%, and round cell 17% and 10%. The most common diagnoses in the study group were nasal adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, lymphoma, and meningioma. Cytology results were available for 47 dogs and histopathology results were available for 95 dogs. Both cytology and histopathology results were available for 30 dogs, in 53% of which results were discordant. Cytology samples were nondiagnostic or provided a diagnosis that was later overturned in 32% of cases in which they were obtained. Results from core needle biopsy samples were nondiagnostic or overturned by surgical biopsy results in only 13% of cases. No significant complications were associated with any sampling method. CONCLUSIONS Orbital neoplasia is common in dogs. Histopathology is superior to cytology in providing a definitive diagnosis. Image-guided core needle biopsy appears to be a safe and effective means of obtaining samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Flaherty
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas A Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Stefano Pizzirani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie A Pumphrey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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Chandrakumar SS, Zur Linden A, Owen M, Pemberton S, Pinard CL, Matsuyama A, Poirier VJ. Computed tomography measurements of intraocular structures of the feline eye. Vet Rec 2019; 184:651. [PMID: 31040219 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging of the eye can be performed using ultrasonography, MRI or CT. This study describes the CT dimensions, volumes and radiodensities of presumed normal feline intraocular structures. Nineteen adult patients were included in this retrospective study. Fourteen males and five females were included, with domestic short hair (DSH) being the predominant breed. Length, volume and radiodensity values for the lens, anterior chamber, vitreous chamber and optic nerve were calculated as well as measurements of the optic nerve width. There was no significant correlation found on linear regression analysis comparing patient's body weight with the various ocular measurements. Measurements of the lens, globe and optic nerve had significant differences (P<0.05) noted between the sexes, with males having increased values. These results may be skewed due to the large majority of male patients in the study. There was a weak correlation found between age and right eye (OD) optic nerve width, with an increase in the optic nerve width noted with increasing age. The findings of this study are a first step in establishing CT reference values for feline intraocular structure measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Zur Linden
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,NZ Rad Vet, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,NZ Rad Vet, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chantale L Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arata Matsuyama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie J Poirier
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Blohm KO, Hittmair KM, Tichy A, Nell B. Quantitative, noninvasive assessment of intra- and extraocular perfusion by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and its clinical applicability in healthy dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:767-777. [PMID: 30773789 PMCID: PMC6899557 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess quantitative perfusion of intra‐ and extraocular regions of interest (ROIs) in conscious, healthy dogs utilizing contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS); to compare varying enhancement with the first and second bolus injection and in the right and left eye; and to determine the most appropriate examination time. Procedures Gray scale ultrasonography and contrast harmonic imaging using sulfur hexafluoride were performed randomly assigned in both eyes in 10 university‐owned beagles. Perfusion parameters including slope time, time to peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI), and area under the curve (AUC) were measured at individually drawn ROIs (retrobulbar cone = ROI 1, choroid‐retina complex = ROI 2, medial = ROI 3, and lateral anterior uvea = ROI 4). Results Time‐intensity curve parameters revealed no significant differences in eyes examined by the first or second bolus injection (P > 0.05) or in the right or left eye (P > 0.05). Pooled data from all eyes were analyzed. Peak intensity of ROI 2 was significantly higher compared to all other ROIs (P < 0.001). Area under the curve at ROI 2 was significantly higher compared to all other ROIs (P < 0.05), and AUC at ROI 1 was significantly higher than at ROI 4 (P < 0.05). No significant differences in TTP were observed between different ROIs (P > 0.05). Ratios relative to different ROI sizes showed fastest enhancement in the retrobulbar cone and most intense perfusion in the anterior uveal regions. The first minute after contrast injection provided the highest diagnostic value. Conclusion Quantitative perfusion in nondiseased canine eyes revealed consistent parameters. Application of standardized CEUS protocols may be a promising diagnostic tool to differentiate ocular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas-Ole Blohm
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Ophthalmology Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina M Hittmair
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Nell
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Ophthalmology Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Fischer MC, Busse C, Adrian AM. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with orbital inflammation. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:107-115. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
| | - C. Busse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
| | - A. M. Adrian
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
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Fischer MC, Adrian AM, Demetriou J, Nelissen P, Busse C. Retrobulbar cellulitis and abscessation: focus on short- and long-term concurrent ophthalmic diseases in 41 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:763-768. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Fischer
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - A. M. Adrian
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - J. Demetriou
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - P. Nelissen
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - C. Busse
- Ophthalmic Department, Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom, CB8 0UH, Cambridgeshire UK
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15
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Winer JN, Verstraete FJM, Cissell DD, Le C, Vapniarsky N, Good KL, Gutierrez CJ, Arzi B. Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:186. [PMID: 30186840 PMCID: PMC6113568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the clinical features and computed tomography (CT) findings of dogs with retrobulbar disease. There are two facets to this study: a retrospective case series in which findings of dogs with primary vs. secondary retrobulbar disease are described, and a retrospective cross-sectional study in which computed tomography findings of dogs with retrobulbar neoplasia vs. infection/inflammation are described and compared. The medical records of 66 client-owned dogs diagnosed with retrobulbar disease between 2006 and 2016 were reviewed. Clinical information including signalment, the specialty service to which the dog was presented, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic results, treatment, and outcome were documented. Diagnostic imaging and histopathology were reviewed. Forty-one dogs (62.1%) were diagnosed with primary disease of the retrobulbar space; 25 dogs (37.9%) were considered to have secondary retrobulbar disease. Of the 41 dogs with primary retrobulbar disease, 19 were diagnosed with neoplasia, 19 with infectious/inflammatory disease, and 3 suffered traumatic insult to the retrobulbar space. Of the 25 dogs with secondary retrobulbar disease, 21 were diagnosed with neoplasia, 3 with infectious/inflammatory disease, and 1 with a cyst. Dogs had a combination of ocular, oral, and/or nasal clinical signs. CT findings of orbital osteolysis, orbital periosteal reaction, and presence of a retrobulbar mass were significantly associated with neoplasia, while zygomatic salivary gland enlargement, retrobulbar mass effect, and mandibular lymphadenopathy were more often associated with infectious/inflammatory disease. CT findings overlap among different retrobulbar diseases, but new bone formation and lysis are more often associated with neoplasia. Disease originating from the retrobulbar space was equally likely to be infectious/inflammatory (n = 19) or neoplastic (n = 19), based on definitive diagnostic results of dogs with primary retrobulbar disease. Due to the clinical ramifications of these disorders, the diagnosis and treatment of these cases should be managed with a multi-specialty approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N Winer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Derek D Cissell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Le
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Claudio J Gutierrez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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16
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Chiwitt CLH, Baines SJ, Mahoney P, Tanner A, Heinrich CL, Rhodes M, Featherstone HJ. Ocular biometry by computed tomography in different dog breeds. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:411-419. [PMID: 27862797 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (i) correlate B-mode ocular ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) (prospective pilot study), (ii) establish a reliable method to measure the normal canine eye using CT, (iii) establish a reference guide for some dog breeds, (iv) compare eye size between different breeds and breed groups, and (v) investigate the correlation between eye dimensions and body weight, gender, and skull type (retrospective study). PROCEDURE B-mode US and CT were performed on ten sheep cadaveric eyes. CT biometry involved 100 adult pure-bred dogs with nonocular and nonorbital disease, representing eleven breeds. Eye length, width, and height were each measured in two of three planes (horizontal, sagittal, and equatorial). RESULTS B-mode US and CT measurements of sheep cadaveric eyes correlated well (0.70-0.71). The shape of the canine eye was found to be akin to an oblate spheroid (a flattened sphere). A reference guide was established for eleven breeds. Eyes of large breed dogs were significantly larger than those of medium and small breed dogs (P < 0.01), and eyes of medium breed dogs were significantly larger than those of small breed dogs (P < 0.01). Eye size correlated with body weight (0.74-0.82) but not gender or skull type. CONCLUSIONS Computed tomography is a suitable method for biometry of the canine eye, and a reference guide was established for eleven breeds. Eye size correlated with breed size and body weight. Because correlation between B-mode US and CT was shown, the obtained values can be applied in the clinical setting, for example, for the diagnosis of microphthalmos and buphthalmos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Baines
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
| | - Paul Mahoney
- Idexx Laboratories Limited, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Andrew Tanner
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
| | | | - Michael Rhodes
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
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17
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Cirla A, Rondena M, Bertolini G. Automated tru-cut imaging-guided core needle biopsy of canine orbital neoplasia. A prospective feasibility study. Open Vet J 2016; 6:114-20. [PMID: 27540512 PMCID: PMC4980476 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of imaging-guided core needle biopsy for canine orbital mass diagnosis. A second excisional biopsy obtained during surgery or necropsy was used as the reference standard. A prospective feasibility study was conducted in 23 canine orbital masses at a single centre. A complete ophthalmic examination was always followed by orbital ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) examination of the head. All masses were sampled with the patient still on the CT table using ultrasound (US) guided automatic tru-cut device. The most suitable sampling approach to the orbit was chosen each time based on the CT image analysis. One of the following different approaches was used: trans-orbital, trans-conjunctival or trans-masseteric. In all cases, the imaging-guided biopsy provided a sufficient amount of tissue for the histopathological diagnosis, which concurred with the biopsies obtained using the excisional technique. CT examination was essential for morphological diagnosis and provided detailed topographic information that allowed us to choose the safest orbital approach for the biopsy. US guided automatic tru-cut biopsy based on CT images, performed with patient still on the CT table, resulted in a minimally invasive, relatively easy, and accurate diagnostic procedure in dogs with orbital masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cirla
- San Marco Veterinary Laboratory, via Sorio 114/c - 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - M Rondena
- San Marco Veterinary Laboratory, via Sorio 114/c - 35141 Padova, Italy
| | - G Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, via Sorio 114/c - 35141 Padova, Italy
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18
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Curto E, Clode AB, Durrant J, Montgomery KW, Gilger BC. Retrobulbar pigmented peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:518-524. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Curto
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Alison B Clode
- Port City Veterinary Referral Hospital; Portsmouth NH 03801 USA
| | - Jessica Durrant
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Keith W Montgomery
- Southern New Hampshire Veterinary Referral Hospital; Manchester NH 03103 USA
| | - Brian C Gilger
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27607 USA
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19
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Tremolada G, Milovancev M, Culp WTN, Bleedorn JA. Surgical management of canine refractory retrobulbar abscesses: six cases. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:667-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Tremolada
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - M. Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - W. T. N. Culp
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - J. A. Bleedorn
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53706 USA
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20
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McDonald JE, Knollinger AM, Dees DD. Ventral transpalpebral anterior orbitotomy: surgical description and report of 3 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:81-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darryl D. Dees
- Eye Care for Animals; 12419 Metric Blvd Austin TX 78758 USA
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21
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Vom Hagen F, Romkes G, Kershaw O, Eule JC. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the third eyelid in a 3-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback. Clin Case Rep 2014; 3:50-6. [PMID: 25678975 PMCID: PMC4317213 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback was presented with conjunctivitis, enlargement of the third eyelid and a dorsotemporal deviation of the right eye. A mass within the third eyelid was detected and excised. The histopathologic examination showed a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, which most likely is a neurofibrosarcoma based on immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Vom Hagen
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Gwendolyna Romkes
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - J Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
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22
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Lederer K, Ludewig E, Hechinger H, Parry AT, Lamb CR, Kneissl S. Differentiation between inflammatory and neoplastic orbital conditions based on computed tomographic signs. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:271-5. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lederer
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Eberhard Ludewig
- Department of Small Animals; Veterinary Faculty; University of Leipzig; An den Tierkliniken 23 D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Harald Hechinger
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Andrew T. Parry
- Willows Referral Service; Highlands Road Shirley Solihull West Midlands B90 4NH UK
| | - Christopher R. Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; University of London; North Mymms Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna; 1210 Vienna Austria
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23
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Gallhoefer NS, Bentley E, Ruetten M, Grest P, Haessig M, Kircher PR, Dubielzig RR, Spiess BM, Pot SA. Comparison of ultrasonography and histologic examination for identification of ocular diseases of animals: 113 cases (2000–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:376-88. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.3.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Cruz-Arambulo R. What is your diagnosis? Scleral rupture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:49-51. [PMID: 23786189 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cruz-Arambulo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 2W1, Canada.
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25
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Orlandi D, Sconfienza LM, Lacelli F, Bertolotto M, Sola S, Mauri G, Savarino E, Serafini G. Ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy of extra-ocular orbital lesions. Eur Radiol 2013; 23:1919-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-2776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Welihozkiy A, Pirie CG, Pizzirani S. Scleral and suprachoroidal foreign body in a dog--a case report. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:345-51. [PMID: 21929614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old male castrated Springer Spaniel with a 3-week history of waxing and waning right sided exophthalmos, periorbital swelling, chemosis, and fundic changes was examined. Ophthalmic examination of the right eye revealed slight chemosis and nictitating membrane protrusion. Indirect ophthalmoscopy showed an approximately 8 mm peripapillary hyporeflective tapetal lesion with subretinal edema consistent with a bulbar/retrobulbar disease process. Inflammatory or neoplastic diseases were the main differential diagnoses. Ancillary diagnostics (ocular ultrasound and computed tomography) showed a focal, poorly defined dense tissue involving the caudomedial aspect of the right globe, adjacent to the optic nerve head without apparent orbital involvement. Considering the duration, location, and severity of the clinical findings, enucleation of the right globe was performed. Histopathology revealed focal thickening of the posterior wall with severe pyogranulomatous inflammation, surrounding a foreign body most consistent with plant material embedded between the sclera and the choroid (suprachoroidal). This report describes a rare case of a scleral/suprachoroidal foreign body (plant material), and outlines the difficulty of establishing an etiological diagnosis using standard ocular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Welihozkiy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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27
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Regan DP, Kent M, Mathes R, Almy FS, Moore PA, Howerth EW. Clinicopathologic findings in a dog with a retrobulbar meningioma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:857-62. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711408280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11-year-old Fox Terrier dog was evaluated for a 10-month history of progressive exophthalmia and visual deficits in the right eye. Ophthalmologic examination revealed severe corneal fibrosis and pigmentation, which obscured examination of the anterior chamber of the right eye. There was decreased retropulsion of the right eye. Neurological examination revealed an absent menace response bilaterally. Pupillary light reflex was normal in the left eye. Due to the corneal pathology, pupillary light reflex was unable to be evaluated in the right eye. A retrobulbar mass with heterogeneous echotexture was identified using ultrasonography. Cytological evaluation of a fine-needle aspirate of the mass disclosed a neoplastic cell population consisting of round to polygonal cells with lightly basophilic to gray cytoplasm and round to ovoid nuclei having a coarse granular chromatin pattern. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a right-sided retrobulbar mass that extended through the optic canal and was contiguous with an extra-axial mass in the ventral right rostral and middle cranial fossae. The mass displayed homogenous and strong contrast enhancement. Following exenteration, histological examination of the retrobulbar mass was consistent with meningioma. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells stained positive for vimentin (cytoplasmic) and E-cadherin (membranous), and negative for S100, pancytokeratin, and cytokeratins AE1 and AE3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Regan
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Regan, Kent, Mathes, Moore)
- Pathology (Almy, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Marc Kent
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Regan, Kent, Mathes, Moore)
- Pathology (Almy, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Rachael Mathes
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Regan, Kent, Mathes, Moore)
- Pathology (Almy, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Frederic S. Almy
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Regan, Kent, Mathes, Moore)
- Pathology (Almy, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Phillip A. Moore
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Regan, Kent, Mathes, Moore)
- Pathology (Almy, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Elizabeth W. Howerth
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Regan, Kent, Mathes, Moore)
- Pathology (Almy, Howerth), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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28
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Armour MD, Broome M, Dell’Anna G, Blades NJ, Esson DW. A review of orbital and intracranial magnetic resonance imaging in 79 canine and 13 feline patients (2004-2010). Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:215-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Reimer JM, Latimer CS. Ultrasound findings in horses with severe eyelid swelling, and recognition of acute dacryoadenitis: 10 cases (2004-2010). Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:86-92. [PMID: 21366823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the sonographic findings, treatment, and outcome of horses with severe eyelid swelling, to describe the sonographic appearance of enlarged lacrimal glands, and to describe the clinical features of acute dacryoadenitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of all horses with severe eyelid swelling that underwent an ultrasound evaluation of the globe and periorbital structures from 2004-2010 were examined. Cases were limited to those in which the eyelid swelling was so severe that the globe could not be visualized. RESULTS Ten horses met the criteria for inclusion in the study. All cases were unilateral and acute. Marked enlargement of the lacrimal gland was found in five cases, and supported the diagnosis of acute dacryoadenitis. Eyelid abscessation was found in three horses, accompanied by mild to moderate lacrimal gland enlargement in two of the three. Enlarged lacrimal glands were slightly heterogeneous in appearance and could be differentiated from an abscess by imaging the protrusion of the gland from beneath the supraorbital rim. Only two cases of severe eyelid swelling were soley traumatic. CONCLUSIONS Severe eyelid swelling was often associated with dacryoadenitis and/or eyelid abscessation. The detection of marked lacrimal gland enlargement in horses with an acute onset of severe painful eyelid swelling is consistent with a diagnosis of acute dacryoadenitis. Ultrasonographic evaluation of eyelid swelling of any degree is warranted to determine if enlargement of the lacrimal gland, etiology notwithstanding, is an underlying or contributing cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Reimer
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, PO Box 12070, 2150 Georgetown Road, Lexington, KY 40580, USA.
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30
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Kraijer-Huver IMG, ter Haar G, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Boevé MH. Peri- and retrobulbar abscess caused by chronic otitis externa, media and interna in a dog. Vet Rec 2009; 165:209-11. [PMID: 19684348 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.7.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I M G Kraijer-Huver
- Ophthalmology Division, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Wang AL, Ledbetter EC, Kern TJ. Orbital abscess bacterial isolates andin vitroantimicrobial susceptibility patterns in dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12:91-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Annear MJ, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Elce YA, Stone SG. Exophthalmus secondary to a sinonasal cyst in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:285-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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van der Woerdt A. Orbital inflammatory disease and pseudotumor in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:389-401, vii-viii. [PMID: 18299013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Orbital disease is common in dogs and cats. Clinical signs include exophthalmos, protrusion of the third eyelid, and resistance to retropulsion of the globe. This article discusses diagnostic work-up for dogs and cats with signs suggestive of orbital disease. Diagnosis and treatment of nonneoplastic orbital diseases follows. Congenital diseases are discussed first, followed by inflammatory diseases of the orbit including orbital pseudotumor. Lastly, other less common orbital conditions are addressed.
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