1
|
Chang RK, Stevens B, Quijano Cardé EM, Adams LM. DEXMEDETOMIDINE AND MIDAZOLAM INTRAMUSCULAR SEDATION IN BROWNBANDED BAMBOO SHARKS ( CHILOSCYLLIUM PUNCTATUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:443-454. [PMID: 37817610 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bamboo sharks are some of the most common elasmobranch species in zoos and aquaria and are frequently sedated for medical exams, treatments, and research. This study investigated the use of an IM sedation protocol of a single dose of dexmedetomidine (0.05 mg/kg) and midazolam (2.0 mg/kg) in brownbanded bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium punctatum). Sharks were serially monitored every 5 min for heart rate, branchial beats, righting reflex, coelomic response, cloacal response, pelvic fin reflex, response to noxious stimulus, voluntary movement, and ability to swim. This sedation dose was effective at rapidly and significantly decreasing responses to tactile and noxious stimuli with minimal respiratory depression and was quickly reversible with atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg). Sedated sharks developed a mild metabolic acidosis evidenced by a significant increase in lactic acid (mean < 0.37 mmol/L presedation, 4.2 mmol/L after reversal) and decrease in blood pH (mean 7.464 presedation, 7.277 after reversal); however, clinical intervention was not required. This protocol should be further investigated in different elasmobranch species but is promising for providing sedation for noninvasive procedures in brownbanded bamboo sharks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ri K Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital North County, San Marcos, CA 92069, USA
| | - Brittany Stevens
- Aquarium of the Pacific, CA 90802, USA
- California Science Center, Los Angeles, CA 90037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vigneault A, Mylniczenko ND, Arnold RD, Jasper-Trotter SL, Summa N, Rousseau C, Vergneau-Grosset C. MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH PIMOBENDAN IN TWO LEOPARD SHARKS ( TRIAKIS SEMIFASCIATA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:401-405. [PMID: 37428706 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two adult male leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) under managed care were diagnosed with suspected dilated cardiomyopathy. Clinical signs included lethargy, inappetence, and regurgitation. On cardiac ultrasound, fractional shortening was 14% and 10%, respectively (versus 21%-31% in four healthy conspecifics). Ventricular end-diastolic diameter to body weight ratio was 1.72 cm/kg in Case 1 (versus 0.52-1.24 cm/kg in four conspecifics). These results collectively suggested a dilated cardiomyopathy. Treatment was implemented with oral pimobendan at 0.3 mg/kg q48h for 1 mon. The pimobendan dose was increased to 0.5 mg/kg 3/wk, following plasmatic dosage of pimobendan and its metabolite. After 3 mon, fractional shortening increased to 38% and 20%, respectively, sharks regained a normal appetite, and body weight increased by 50% in one individual. After 2 yr, both individuals remained clinically normal, and no adverse effect was noted with pimobendan administration. Pimobendan plasma concentration suggested that this medication was well absorbed in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Vigneault
- Centre hospitalier universitaire vétérinaire affiliated with the Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Natalie D Mylniczenko
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - Robert D Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shanese L Jasper-Trotter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Noémie Summa
- Centre hospitalier universitaire vétérinaire affiliated with the Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fish Sedation and Anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 25:13-29. [PMID: 34823688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Veterinarians often need to sedate or anesthetize fish to perform physical examinations or other diagnostic procedures. Sedation may also be required to transport fish. Painful procedures require complete anesthesia with appropriate antinociceptive agents. Regulations and withdrawal times apply to food animal species in many countries. Specific protocols are therefore warranted in commercial fish versus ornamentals. Tonic immobility of elasmobranchs and electric anesthesia should never be used to perform painful procedures. Anesthetic monitoring in fish remains challenging. This review summarizes ornamental fish anesthesia and discusses techniques used in the commercial fish industry and in field conditions.
Collapse
|
4
|
TEMPORAL STABILITY OF IN VITRO VENOUS BLOOD GAS, pH, AND LACTATE VALUES OF COWNOSE RAYS ( RHINOPTERA BONASUS) AND RED-EARED SLIDER TURTLES ( PSEUDEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:110-115. [PMID: 32212553 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the in vitro temporal changes that occur in blood pH and lactate concentrations for an elasmobranch species and a chelonian species, as well as blood gases (partial pressures of carbon dioxide [pCO2] and oxygen [pO2]) for a chelonian species, with a portable clinical point-of-care analyzer. Blood samples were collected from 10 cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) and 10 red-eared sliders (Pseudemys scripta elegans), stored on ice, and serially analyzed at six time points up to 90 min postcollection. Results indicate that analysis should be conducted as soon as possible after blood collection for these species, with immediate analysis being preferred. However, if analysis must be delayed, syringes may be capped, placed on ice, and analyzed at a later time. Analysis within 90 min provided clinically acceptable results for pH and lactate in both species and for pCO2 in red-eared sliders, whereas substantial artifactual increases of pO2 were seen in red-eared sliders.
Collapse
|
5
|
Otway N. Ultrasound-guided sampling of the lateral abdominal vein in the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus, Rafinesque 1810). Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:579-586. [PMID: 32336040 PMCID: PMC7397920 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The paired lateral abdominal veins (LAV) provide alternative venipuncture sites in grey nurse sharks (Carcharias taurus, Rafinesque 1810) and their efficacy was assessed using morphometrics, necropsies, ultrasound-guided blood sampling and by comparing serum biochemistry between the LAV and caudal vein (CV) with values from the latter published previously. The mean length of the CV was 2.8% of total length (TL) whereas each LAV was 22.4% of TL and, when combined, was approximately 16 times longer than the CV. The mean tissue thickness overlying each LAV increased significantly (p < .001) with increasing TL and ranged from 3.5 to 33.8 mm in the smallest to largest shark. The mean internal diameter of the paired LAV also increased significantly (p < .001) with increasing TL and was equal to or exceeded the CV. Experienced SCUBA divers captured 56 free-living grey nurse sharks and 46 healthy animals were sampled for blood from the LAV and CV with minimal risk to the animals or staff. Venipuncture of the LAV (n = 16) was easily accomplished using ultrasound guidance with a 38 mm/18-gauge needle, whereas standard methods were used with the CV (n = 30). Serum biochemistry was compared (t-tests) and none of the biochemical analytes differed significantly between the LAV and CV. The paired LAV produced representative blood samples and could also be used for fluid therapy and/or intravenous anaesthesia as has been done in other sharks. It is recommended that veterinary/husbandry staff familiarize themselves with the paired LAV and consider their use in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Otway
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, exotic animal clinical pathology has been evolving, improving health assessment in avian, mammal, fish, reptile, and amphibian patients. These advances are reviewed in this article. Species-specific reference intervals for blood parameters are becoming more available (eg, for ionized calcium, endocrine panels, and vitamin D plasmatic concentrations). In addition, new technologies are being developed to facilitate targeted metabolite detection and result acquisition by veterinarians. Novel techniques, biomarkers, and clinical changes related to disease have been described in avian, mammal, fish, reptile and amphibian species. The use of mobile applications may also be helpful.
Collapse
|
7
|
EVALUATION OF HEALTH PARAMETERS IN COWNOSE RAYS ( RHINOPTERA BONASUS) HOUSED IN A SEASONAL TOUCH POOL HABITAT COMPARED WITH AN OFF-EXHIBIT HABITAT. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:954-960. [PMID: 29297820 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0091.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cownose rays ( Rhinoptera bonasus) are commonly displayed in zoo and aquarium touch pool exhibits; however, there is a gap in our understanding of how these practices might impact the health of these animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare selected health parameters in cownose rays housed in a seasonal outdoor exhibit touch pool system with abundant public contact and an indoor off-exhibit holding system with minimal human contact. All animals underwent physical examination, ultrasound, cloacal wash and cytology, and blood collection for complete blood counts, point-of-care blood analysis, plasma protein electrophoresis, and plasma cholesterol electrophoresis in May and October 2014. Physical examination, ultrasound, and cloacal wash cytology findings were all unremarkable for both groups of animals. Significant differences in health parameters among animals by location and time point were few and included decreased heart rate ( F = 12.158, P = 0.001), increased lactate ( F = 6.838, P = 0.012), and increased low-density lipoproteins ( F = 19.961, P = 0.000) in touch pool animals over time. Based on these results, cownose rays inhabiting a touch pool exhibit and an off-exhibit system remained in comparable planes of health based on routine diagnostic modalities with few differences in measured health parameters.
Collapse
|
8
|
HEMATOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL SUMMARY STATISTICS IN AQUARIUM-HOUSED SPOTTED EAGLE RAYS (AETOBATUS NARINARI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:912-924. [DOI: 10.1638/2017-0203.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
9
|
Wheaton CJ, Mylniczenko ND, Rimoldi JM, Gadepalli RSVS, Hart R, O'Hara BR, Evans AN. Challenges, pitfalls and surprises: development and validation of a monoclonal antibody for enzyme immunoassay of the steroid 1α-hydroxycorticosterone in elasmobranch species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 265:83-89. [PMID: 29409969 PMCID: PMC6068012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sharks and rays are popular species used in wildlife ecotourism and aquariums to educate the public on the behavior, ecology and conservation challenges of elasmobranchs. To understand long-term physiological health and welfare under varying social and husbandry conditions, we developed and validated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to measure stress/ionoregulatory hormones in managed and semi-free range southern rays (Hypanus americanus). Banked serum and interrenal samples from 27 female rays managed at Disney's The Seas with Nemo and Friends® and Castaway Cay were used to evaluate measurement of 1α-hydroxycorticosterone (1αOHB) relative to corticosterone (B). Although commercial EIAs are available for B, those tested exhibit only low relative cross-reactivity to 1αOHB (3-5%). To improve measurement of 1αOHB, we developed a monoclonal antibody using a synthesized 1αOHB-derivative for evaluation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and EIA. Relative displacements of cross-reactant compounds showed that the antibody had good sensitivity for the target antigen 1αOHB, and low sensitivity to related steroids (desoxycorticosterone and B), but greater sensitivity to 11-dehydrocorticosterone. Tests of competitive vs. noncompetitive EIA formats, reagent titration, and incubation times of the antibody and conjugate were used to optimize sensitivity, repeatability and precision of measured 1αOHB in standards and samples (4 ng/ml, 90% binding). Tests of sample pre-treatment (pH adjustment) and extraction with varying solvent polarity were used to optimize measurement of 1αOHB in <1 ml (serum) or 1 g (interrenal) samples. HPLC analysis revealed the 1αOHB EIA to be superior for measurement of 1αOHB compared to use of a B EIA with or without HPLC fractioning. Results may prove useful for extrapolation to guide best practices for 1αOHB measurement in other elasmobranch species. Improved measurement of stress/ionoregulatory hormones in sharks and rays will be important for many aspects of collection, transport, medical treatment in aquaria and conservation management of these charismatic and ecologically important species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine J Wheaton
- Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom® and the Seas with Nemo and Friends®, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA.
| | - Natalie D Mylniczenko
- Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom® and the Seas with Nemo and Friends®, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - John M Rimoldi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Rama S V S Gadepalli
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - R Hart
- Research and Development, Arbor Assays L.L.C., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Bobbi R O'Hara
- Research and Development, Arbor Assays L.L.C., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Andrew N Evans
- Department of Coastal Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Monreal‐Pawlowsky T, Thornton SM, Stidworthy MF, Hale P. Coeliotomy under general anaesthesia and removal of an enterolith from a sand tiger shark (
Carcharias taurus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Frederick Stidworthy
- Department of PathologyInternational Zoo Veterinary GroupKeighleyWest YorkshireUK
- IZVG PathologyNationwide Laboratories LeedsLeedsWest YorkshireUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Phillips BE, Christiansen EF, Stoskopf MK, Broadhurst H, George R, Harms CA. Comparison of hematology, plasma biochemistry, and blood gas variables between 2 venipuncture sites in Southern Stingrays (Dasyatis americana). Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:627-633. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne E. Phillips
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Environmental Medicine Consortium; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
- Center for Marine Sciences and Technology; North Carolina State University; Morehead City NC USA
- North Carolina Aquariums; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Emily F. Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Environmental Medicine Consortium; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
- Center for Marine Sciences and Technology; North Carolina State University; Morehead City NC USA
- North Carolina Aquariums; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Michael K. Stoskopf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Environmental Medicine Consortium; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
- Center for Marine Sciences and Technology; North Carolina State University; Morehead City NC USA
| | - Heather Broadhurst
- Center for Marine Sciences and Technology; North Carolina State University; Morehead City NC USA
| | | | - Craig A. Harms
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Environmental Medicine Consortium; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
- Center for Marine Sciences and Technology; North Carolina State University; Morehead City NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
BLOOD GAS, LACTATE, AND HEMATOLOGY EFFECTS OF VENIPUNCTURE TIMING AND LOCATION AFTER MIST-NET CAPTURE OF MOURNING DOVES (ZENAIDA MACROURA), BOAT-TAILED GRACKLES (QUISCALUS MAJOR), AND HOUSE SPARROWS (PASSER DOMESTICUS). J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:S54-64. [PMID: 26845300 DOI: 10.7589/52.2s.s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Venous blood gas partial pressures, pH, bicarbonate and lactate concentrations, packed cell volume, white blood cell differential counts, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were measured from Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Birds were bled promptly after mist-net capture and banding or following a targeted delay of 45-60 min, in order to assess the impacts of a brief holding period commonly practiced in large-scale bird banding operations. Additionally, effects of venipuncture location (basilic [=ulnar] vein versus jugular vein) were evaluated in male Boat-tailed Grackles sampled promptly after capture and banding. All comparisons were with unpaired samples; no birds were subjected to more than one venipuncture. All three species exhibited moderate improvements in blood gas and acid-base status after the delay, with reductions in lactate concentrations with or without concurrent increases in pH and bicarbonate. Boat-tailed Grackles exhibited an increased proportion of heterophils in the differential white blood cell count following a delay in sampling, suggestive of a stress leukogram. There were no significant differences between basilic and jugular venipuncture results from male Boat-tailed Grackles. Most metabolic, respiratory, and acid-base alterations were minor, but a small number of birds exhibited values (e.g., temperature-corrected pH <7.3, lactate >10 mmol/L) that could be of concern if combined with other adverse conditions. For such birds, a short delay between capture and processing could benefit their blood gas and acid-base status, although loss of time foraging or feeding young and greater activation of the hypophyseal-pituitary-adrenal axis are additional considerations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Alexander AB, Parkinson LA, Grant KR, Carlson E, Campbell TW. The hemic response of white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) with inflammatory disease. Zoo Biol 2016; 35:251-9. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Alexander
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Lily A. Parkinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Krystan R. Grant
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
| | | | - Terry W. Campbell
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
BLOOD GAS, LACTATE, AND HEMATOLOGY EFFECTS OF VENIPUNCTURE TIMING AND LOCATION AFTER MIST-NET CAPTURE OF MOURNING DOVES (ZENAIDA MACROURA), BOAT-TAILED GRACKLES (QUISCALUS MAJOR), AND HOUSE SPARROWS (PASSER DOMESTICUS). J Wildl Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.7589/jwdi-52-01s1-06.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Harter TS, Morrison PR, Mandelman JW, Rummer JL, Farrell AP, Brill RW, Brauner CJ. Validation of the i-STAT system for the analysis of blood gases and acid-base status in juvenile sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov002. [PMID: 27293687 PMCID: PMC4778487 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurements of blood gases and acid-base status require an array of sophisticated laboratory equipment that is typically not available during field research; such is the case for many studies on the stress physiology, ecology and conservation of elasmobranch fish species. Consequently, researchers have adopted portable clinical analysers that were developed for the analysis of human blood characteristics, but often without thoroughly validating these systems for their use on fish. The aim of our study was to test the suitability of the i-STAT system, the most commonly used portable clinical analyser in studies on fish, for analysing blood gases and acid-base status in elasmobranchs, over a broad range of conditions and using the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) as a model organism. Our results indicate that the i-STAT system can generate useful measurements of whole blood pH, and the use of appropriate correction factors may increase the accuracy of results. The i-STAT system was, however, unable to generate reliable results for measurements of partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and the derived parameter of haemoglobin O2 saturation. This is probably due to the effect of a closed-system temperature change on PO2 within the i-STAT cartridge and the fact that the temperature correction algorithms used by i-STAT assume a human temperature dependency of haemoglobin-O2 binding; in many ectotherms, this assumption will lead to equivocal i-STAT PO2 results. The in vivo partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) in resting sandbar sharks is probably below the detection limit for PCO2 in the i-STAT system, and the measurement of higher PCO2 tensions was associated with a large measurement error. In agreement with previous work, our results indicate that the i-STAT system can generate useful data on whole blood pH in fishes, but not blood gases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Harter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
- Corresponding author: Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Tel: +1 604 822 3378.
| | - P. R. Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - J. W. Mandelman
- John H. Prescott Marine Laboratory, New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - J. L. Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - A. P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - R. W. Brill
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, 74 Magruder Road, Sandy Hook, Highlands, NJ 07732, USA
| | - C. J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Harter TS, Shartau RB, Brauner CJ, Farrell AP. Validation of the i-STAT system for the analysis of blood parameters in fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 2:cou037. [PMID: 27293658 PMCID: PMC4732487 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cou037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Portable clinical analysers, such as the i-STAT system, are increasingly being used for blood analysis in animal ecology and physiology because of their portability and easy operation. Although originally conceived for clinical application and to replace robust but lengthy techniques, researchers have extended the use of the i-STAT system outside of humans and even to poikilothermic fish, with only limited validation. The present study analysed a range of blood parameters [pH, haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), HCO3 (-), partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), partial pressure of O2 (PO2), Hb saturation (sO2) and Na(+) concentration] in a model teleost fish (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) using the i-STAT system (CG8+ cartridges) and established laboratory techniques. This methodological comparison was performed at two temperatures (10 and 20°C), two haematocrits (low and high) and three PCO2 levels (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%). Our results indicate that pH was measured accurately with the i-STAT system over a physiological pH range and using the i-STAT temperature correction. Haematocrit was consistently underestimated by the i-STAT, while the measurements of Na(+), PCO2, HCO3 (-) and PO2 were variably inaccurate over the range of values typically found in fish. The algorithm that the i-STAT uses to calculate sO2 did not yield meaningful results on rainbow trout blood. Application of conversion factors to correct i-STAT measurements is not recommended, due to significant effects of temperature, Hct and PCO2 on the measurement errors and complex interactions may exist. In conclusion, the i-STAT system can easily generate fast results from rainbow trout whole blood, but many are inaccurate values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Harter
- Corresponding author: Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Tel: +1 604 822 3378.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stoot LJ, Cairns NA, Cull F, Taylor JJ, Jeffrey JD, Morin F, Mandelman JW, Clark TD, Cooke SJ. Use of portable blood physiology point-of-care devices for basic and applied research on vertebrates: a review. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 2:cou011. [PMID: 27293632 PMCID: PMC4806731 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cou011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-human vertebrate blood is commonly collected and assayed for a variety of applications, including veterinary diagnostics and physiological research. Small, often non-lethal samples enable the assessment and monitoring of the physiological state and health of the individual. Traditionally, studies that rely on blood physiology have focused on captive animals or, in studies conducted in remote settings, have required the preservation and transport of samples for later analysis. In either situation, large, laboratory-bound equipment and traditional assays and analytical protocols are required. The use of point-of-care (POC) devices to measure various secondary blood physiological parameters, such as metabolites, blood gases and ions, has become increasingly popular recently, due to immediate results and their portability, which allows the freedom to study organisms in the wild. Here, we review the current uses of POC devices and their applicability to basic and applied studies on a variety of non-domesticated species. We located 79 individual studies that focused on non-domesticated vertebrates, including validation and application of POC tools. Studies focused on a wide spectrum of taxa, including mammals, birds and herptiles, although the majority of studies focused on fish, and typical variables measured included blood glucose, lactate and pH. We found that calibrations for species-specific blood physiology values are necessary, because ranges can vary within and among taxa and are sometimes outside the measurable range of the devices. In addition, although POC devices are portable and robust, most require durable cases, they are seldom waterproof/water-resistant, and factors such as humidity and temperature can affect the performance of the device. Overall, most studies concluded that POC devices are suitable alternatives to traditional laboratory devices and eliminate the need for transport of samples; however, there is a need for greater emphasis on rigorous calibration and validation of these units and appreciation of their limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. Stoot
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6. Tel: +1 613 520 2600.
| | - Nicholas A. Cairns
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Felicia Cull
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jessica J. Taylor
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jennifer D. Jeffrey
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Félix Morin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - John W. Mandelman
- John H. Prescott Marine Laboratory, New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110-3399, USA
| | - Timothy D. Clark
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| |
Collapse
|