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Polveiro RC, Vidigal PMP, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Yamatogi RS, da Silva LS, Fujikura JM, Da Costa MM, Moreira MAS. Distinguishing the milk microbiota of healthy goats and goats diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, and gangrenous mastitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918706. [PMID: 36090116 PMCID: PMC9453028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, mainly caused by bacterial intramammary infections, is the main problem in the breeding of dairy animals. The inflammations of the mammary gland is separated by types of mastitis, being subclinical, clinical, and the most severe, gangrenous mastitis. Here, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the bacterial microbiota of goat milk in the different types of goat mastitis caused by bacteria. We used 72 goat milk samples from a region of the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil, of which 12 were from clinically healthy animals, 42 from animals diagnosed with subclinical mastitis, 16 from animals with clinical mastitis, and 2 from animals with gangrenous mastitis. The group related to gangrenous mastitis was the most divergent in terms of alpha and beta diversity. The most abundant genus among samples of the groups was Staphylococcus spp., and we found a high abundance of Mycoplasma sp. in the milk of animals diagnosed with clinical mastitis. The most statistically relevant microorganisms among the groups were Prevotella sp., Ruminococcaceae, Prevotella ruminicola sp., and Providencia sp. We highlight a new association of bacterial agents in gangrenous mastitis among Escherichia sp./Shigella sp. and Enterococcus sp. and provide the second report of the genus Alkalibacterium sp., in milk samples. Only the taxa Staphylococcus sp., Bacteroides sp., Enterococcus, and Brevidabacterium sp., were present in all groups. The superpathway of L-tryptophan biosynthesis metabolites and the sucrose degradation III (sucrose invertase) pathway were the most prominent ones among the groups. In this study, we demonstrate how a rich microbiota of goat milk from healthy animals can be altered during the aggravation of different types of mastitis, in addition to demonstrating new bacterial genera in milk not previously detected in other studies as well as new associations between agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Costa Polveiro
- Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Miwa Fujikura
- Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi Da Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira
- Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira,
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Jelinski DC, Orsel K, Weese JS, Conly JM, Julien DA. Antibacterial treatment for exotic species, backyard ruminants and small flocks: a narrative review highlighting barriers to effective and appropriate antimicrobial treatment. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:220. [PMID: 35689258 PMCID: PMC9188134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a complex One Health issue that exists in both human and veterinary medicine. To mitigate this ever-growing problem, efforts have been made to develop guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) across sectors. In veterinary medicine, there are notable literature gaps for proper AMU in minor species. We conducted a structured narrative review covering the years of July 2006 - July 2021 to find antimicrobial treatments for common bacterial infections in exotic (birds, rodents, reptiles, and others), small flock (chickens, turkeys, and other fowl), and backyard small ruminant (sheep and goats) species. We retrieved a total of 4728 articles, of which 21 articles met the criteria for our review. Studies were grouped according to species, syndrome, and body system affected. Other data extracted included the bacterial pathogen(s), treatment (active ingredient), and geographical origin. Body systems reported included: intra-oral (n = 4), gastrointestinal (n = 1), respiratory (n = 2), reproductive (n = 1), skin (n = 3), aural (n = 1), ocular (n = 4), and other/multisystem (n = 5). By species, our search resulted in: rabbit (n = 5), rat (n = 2), guinea pig (n = 1), chinchilla (n = 1), guinea pig and chinchilla (n = 1), avian species (n = 1), psittacine birds (n = 2), loris and lorikeets (n = 1), turtles (n = 2), lizards (n = 1), goats (n = 2) and sheep (n = 2). The results of our findings identified a distinct gap in consistent antimicrobial treatment information for commonly encountered bacterial conditions within these species. There is a persisting need for clinical trials that focus on antibacterial treatment to strengthen the evidence base for AMU within exotic, small flock, and backyard small ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C. Jelinski
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - John M. Conly
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Health Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Danielle A. Julien
- AMR – One Health Consortium, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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Aragão BB, Trajano SC, de Oliveira RP, Sobral da Silva DM, de Carvalho RG, Juliano MA, Pinheiro Junior JW, Mota RA. Multiresistant zoonotic pathogens isolated from goat milk in Northeastern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101701. [PMID: 34455153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dairy goats play a significant role in socio-economic, cultural, and nutritional development in many countries. This study aimed to identify multiresistant zoonotic pathogens causing mastitis in goats, in addition to characterizing them for the presence of resistance genes and phenotypic resistance. A total of 714 milk samples from 357 lactating goats in 12 farms in the Northeast region of Brazil were analyzed. The isolates were submitted to Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization - Time of Flight to identify bacterial species, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to search for resistance genes, and an antibiogram to evaluate the phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 214 pathogens were identified and bacterial prevalence was 83.29 % (178/214) Staphylococcus spp.; 6.50 % (14/214) Micrococcus luteus; 3.73 % (8/214) Corynebacterium spp.; 2.80 % (6/214) Bacillus spp.; 1.38 % (3/214) Escherichia coli; 0.92 % (2/214) Enterobacter cloacae; 0.46 % (1/214) Aerococcus viridans; 0.46 % (1/214) Morganella morganii; and 0.46 % (1/214) Turicella otitidis. As for gene frequency, 64.60 % (115/178) of the isolates carried the blaZ gene; 37.07 % (66/178) norA; 22.47 % (40/178) tet(L); 16.85 % (30/178) tet(M); 14.04 % (25/178) norB; 8.42 % (15/178) vanA; 7.30 % (13/178) msrA; 6.41 % (5/178) tet-38; 4.49 % (8/178) norC; 2.25 % (4/178) mecA; and 0.56 % (1/178) vanB. Emerging multiresistant zoonotic pathogens are present in the goat milk production chain, especially the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species that pose a risk to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Bezerra Aragão
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Veterinary Medicine - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, CEP. 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Cândido Trajano
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Veterinary Medicine - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, CEP. 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Raylson Pereira de Oliveira
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Veterinary Medicine - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, CEP. 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Débora Mirelly Sobral da Silva
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Veterinary Medicine - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, CEP. 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Grenfell de Carvalho
- Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Rua Três de Maio, 100 - Vila Clementino, CEP. 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Institute of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Rua Três de Maio, 100 - Vila Clementino, CEP. 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Wilton Pinheiro Junior
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Veterinary Medicine - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, CEP. 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Department of Veterinary Medicine - R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, CEP. 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Smith JS, Marmulak TL, Angelos JA, Lin Z, Rowe JD, Carlson JL, Shelver WL, Lee EA, Tell LA. Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Estimated Milk Withdrawal Intervals for Domestic Goats ( Capra Aegagrus Hircus) After Administration of Single and Multiple Intravenous and Subcutaneous Doses of Flunixin Meglumine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:213. [PMID: 32509803 PMCID: PMC7248982 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The study objectives were to estimate plasma flunixin (FLU) pharmacokinetic parameters and milk depletion profiles for FLU and its metabolite (5-hydroxy flunixin; 5-OH) after subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) administration of single and multiple flunixin meglumine (FM) doses to non-lactating (nulliparous and pregnant does) and lactating dairy goats. Analytical methods (ELISA and UPLC-MS/MS) for quantifying plasma FLU concentrations were compared. The final objective was to use regulatory (FDA and EMA) methods to estimate milk withdrawal intervals following extra-label drug use in goats. Methods: FM was administered IV and SC to commercial dairy goats at 1.1 mg/kg for single and multiple doses. Plasma and milk samples were analyzed for FLU and 5-OH via UPLC-MS/MS. Plasma samples were also analyzed for FLU concentrations via ELISA. Using statistical approaches recommended by regulatory agencies, milk withdrawal intervals were estimated following FM extra-label use. Results: Following IV administration of a single FM dose, clearances were 127, 199, and 365 ml/kg/h for non-lactating (NL) pregnant does, NL nulliparous does, and lactating dairy does, respectively. Following multiple SC doses, clearance/F was 199 ml/kg/h for lactating does. After IV administration of a single FM dose, terminal elimination half-lives were 4.08, 2.87, and 3.77 h for NL pregnant does, NL nulliparous does, and lactating dairy does, respectively. After multiple SC doses, the terminal elimination half-life was 3.03 h for lactating dairy does. No significant differences were noted for samples analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS or ELISA. Milk withdrawal intervals ranged from 36 to 60 h depending on the regulatory statistical method and dosage regimen. Conclusions: Subcutaneous administration of FM to goats results in similar plasma pharmacokinetic parameters as IV administration. ELISA analysis is an alternative method to UPLC-MS/MS for quantifying FLU concentrations in caprine plasma samples. Following FM extra-label administration to dairy goats, clinicians could consider 36–60 h milk withdrawal intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tara L Marmulak
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John A Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Joan D Rowe
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jan L Carlson
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Lee
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Ehling-Schulz M, Lereclus D, Koehler TM. The Bacillus cereus Group: Bacillus Species with Pathogenic Potential. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0032-2018. [PMID: 31111815 PMCID: PMC6530592 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0032-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group includes several Bacillus species with closely related phylogeny. The most well-studied members of the group, B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, are known for their pathogenic potential. Here, we present the historical rationale for speciation and discuss shared and unique features of these bacteria. Aspects of cell morphology and physiology, and genome sequence similarity and gene synteny support close evolutionary relationships for these three species. For many strains, distinct differences in virulence factor synthesis provide facile means for species assignment. B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. Some B. cereus strains are commonly recognized as food poisoning agents, but strains can also cause localized wound and eye infections as well as systemic disease. Certain B. thuringiensis strains are entomopathogens and have been commercialized for use as biopesticides, while some strains have been reported to cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. In this article we compare and contrast B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, including ecology, cell structure and development, virulence attributes, gene regulation and genetic exchange systems, and experimental models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Didier Lereclus
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Theresa M Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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Amer S, Gálvez FLA, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Jimenez IL, Valle WFM, Nakai Y. Prevalence and etiology of mastitis in dairy cattle in El Oro Province, Ecuador. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:861-868. [PMID: 29643295 PMCID: PMC6021881 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study described the occurrence of clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis in 250
cattle from 5 dairy farms around the cities of Santa Rosa and Machala, El Oro Province,
Ecuador. Clinical mastitis (CM) was determined based on obvious changes in milk (mild),
signs of inflammation in the udder (moderate), and/or generalized clinical symptoms
(severe). Subclinical mastitis (SCM) was assessed using the California mastitis test. CM
and SCM were detected in 30 (12.0%) and 150 (60%) of the 250 tested cattle, respectively.
Prevalence at the udder quarter level was 57.7% (577/1,000), which was higher among
forequarters (369/577; 63.9%) than hindquarters. Of the 577 mastitic milk samples
subjected to microbiological analysis, 35 were excluded due to contamination and 20 tested
negative. Identification of bacterial isolates revealed that 33.3% of the 93 CM samples
contained coliforms, 25.8% coagulase-positive staphylococci, 20.4% coagulase-negative
staphylococci (CNS), 9.7% streptococci, 7.5% Bacillus spp., and 3.2%
Klebsiella spp. Bacterial profiling of the 429 SCM milk samples showed
that 55.4% contained CNS, 22.1% Bacillus spp., 9.3% streptococci, and
6.1% coagulase-positive staphylococci. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility
testing of the obtained isolates indicated that all were susceptible to amoxicillin,
ampicillin, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin, and
neomycin. No multidrug-resistant strains were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Amer
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Fernando Lenin Aguilar Gálvez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Laboratory of Sustainable Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
| | - Chika Tada
- Laboratory of Sustainable Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
| | - Ivan Ludeña Jimenez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador
| | - Wunster Favian Maza Valle
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador
| | - Yutaka Nakai
- Laboratory of Sustainable Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
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Credille BC, Woolums AR, Giguère S, Robertson T, Overton MW, Hurley DJ. Prevalence of bacteremia in dairy cattle with acute puerperal metritis. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1606-12. [PMID: 25103694 PMCID: PMC4895591 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute puerperal metritis (APM) affects 30% of postpartum dairy cattle. Bacteremia negatively impacts survival in cattle with coliform mastitis. However, the prevalence of bacteremia in dairy cattle with APM is unknown. Hypothesis Bacteremia is detectable in a large proportion of cattle with APM. Animals Seventeen dairy cows with APM and 17 healthy dairy cattle. Methods Prospective case‐control study. Cases were identified by daily monitoring of cattle in the first 10 days after calving. Controls were matched to cases by parity and days in milk. Cows were examined at the time of identification of APM. A complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, and bacteriologic culture of blood and lochial fluid were performed on each animal at the time of diagnosis. The same samples were collected from healthy herdmates of a similar parity and days in milk. Blood culture results and clinicopathologic variables were compared between groups. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with APM, whereas multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with bacteremia. Results Bacteremia occurred in 53% (9/17) of cattle with APM and 53% (8/15) controls. Bacillus spp. was the organism most commonly isolated from the bloodstream in cattle of both groups. Bacteremic cattle in both groups were significantly less likely to have basophils in the peripheral circulation (P = .02) and more likely to have higher serum globulin concentrations (P = .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Bacteremia is a common occurrence in postpartum dairy cattle. Further study is warranted to investigate the modes by which bacteria colonize the bloodstream in this population of animals and the importance of bacteremia on health and productivity of affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Credille
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2013 update). EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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