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McMichael L, Mclean J, Taylor J, Martinez Y, Meers J. Cleft Palate Syndrome in the Endangered Spectacled Flying Fox ( Pteropus conspicillatus): Implications for Conservation and Comparative Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010038. [PMID: 36669041 PMCID: PMC9865782 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate syndrome, first observed in the spectacled flying fox population in 1998, has produced sporadic neonatal mortality events over the past two decades, with an estimated incidence of up to 1/1000 births per year. This study presents a rudimentary characterisation of the syndrome, presenting gross pathology of syndromic signs upon visual inspection, a histological examination of palate malformations, and syndrome incidence data representing the past two decades. The syndrome presents with a range of signs, primarily congenital palate malformations ranging from a pinhole cleft to a complete hard and soft palate deficit, resulting in the death or abandonment of neonates shortly after birth. The congenital palate malformations are often associated with claw deformities, wiry facial hair, and in some instances, muscle weakness and neurological signs. The natural occurrence of the lethal congenital orofacial birth defects in the spectacled flying fox presents a unique opportunity for the investigation of putative aetiologies, drawing parallels between bat and other mammalian cleft palate risk factors. Further syndrome investigation has the potential to deliver both biodiversity conservation and comparative veterinary and biomedical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee McMichael
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennefer Mclean
- Tolga Bat Rescue and Research Inc., Carrington Road, Atherton, QLD 4883, Australia
| | - Jim Taylor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Yissu Martinez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Newcomer BW. 75 years of bovine viral diarrhea virus: Current status and future applications of the use of directed antivirals. Antiviral Res 2021; 196:105205. [PMID: 34742739 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was first reported 75 years ago and remains a source of major financial and production losses in the North American cattle industry. Currently, control methods in North America primarily center around biosecurity and vaccination programs; however, despite high levels of vaccination, the virus persists in the cattle herd due at least in part to the often-insidious nature of disease and the constant viremia and viral shedding of persistently infected animals which act as a reservoir for the virus. Continued development of targeted antivirals represents an additional tool for the prevention of BVDV-associated losses. Currently, in vivo studies of BVDV antivirals are relatively limited and have primarily been directed at the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which represents the viral target with the highest potential for commercial development. Additional live animal studies have explored the potential of exogenous interferon treatment. Future research of commercial antivirals must focus on the establishment and validation of in vivo efficacy for compounds with demonstrated antiviral potential. The areas which provide the most viable economic justification for the research and development of antivirals drugs are the fed cattle sector, outbreak control, and wildlife or animals of high genetic value. With further development, targeted antivirals represent an additional tool for the management and control of BVDV in North American cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Newcomer
- Veterinary Education, Research, & Outreach Program, Texas A&M and West Texas A&M Universities, Canyon, TX, 79016, USA.
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3
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Spetter MJ, Louge Uriarte EL, Armendano JI, Álvarez I, Norero NS, Storani L, Pereyra SB, Verna AE, Odeón AC, González Altamiranda EA. Frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in Argentinean bovine herds and comparison of diagnostic tests for BVDV detection in bovine serum samples: a preliminary study. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:467-475. [PMID: 33237499 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a major worldwide disease with negative economic impact on cattle production. Successful control programs of BVD require the identification and culling of persistently infected (PI) animals with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A variety of diagnostic tests are available to detect BVDV, but no comparison has been performed among those tests in Argentina. Sera collected from 2864 cattle, belonging to 55 herds from three Argentinean provinces, were analyzed by nested RT-PCR (RT-nPCR) to detect BVDV for diagnostic purposes. Additionally, this study evaluated the agreement of the RT-nPCR along with virus isolation, antigen-capture ELISA, and real-time RT-PCR for BVDV detection in archived bovine serum samples (n = 90). The RT-nPCR was useful for BVDV detection in pooled and individual serum samples. BVDV was detected in 1% (29/2864) of the cattle and in 20% (11/55) of the herds. The proportion of BVDV-positive sera was not statistically different among the tests. In addition, comparisons showed high agreement levels, with the highest values between both RT-PCR protocols. The frequency of BVDV infection at individual and herd level was lower than the reported values worldwide. Since follow-up testing was not performed, the frequency of PI cattle was unknown. Also, this study demonstrated that the four diagnostic tests can be used reliably for BVDV identification in individual serum samples. Further epidemiologically designed studies that address prevalence, risk factors, and economic impact of BVDV in Argentina will be necessary to implement effective control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano J Spetter
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Joaquín I Armendano
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, CP 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Laboratorio Álvarez, 25 de Mayo 139, CP 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Norero
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Storani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Susana B Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Erika A González Altamiranda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Laboratorio de Virología Veterinaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible INTA CONICET, Ruta 226 km 73,5, CP 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.
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An Assessment of Secondary Clinical Disease, Milk Production and Quality, and the Impact on Reproduction in Holstein Heifers and Cows from a Single Large Commercial Herd Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070760. [PMID: 32679648 PMCID: PMC7412390 DOI: 10.3390/v12070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate secondary clinical disease, milk production efficiency and reproductive performance of heifers and cows persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV type 2). PI animals (n = 25) were identified using an antigen capture ELISA of ear notch samples. They were distributed into three age groups: ≤ 12 (n = 8), 13 to 24 (n = 6) and 25 to 34 (n = 11) months old. A control group of BVDV antigen ELISA negative female cattle that were age matched to the PI animals was utilized from the same herd. The PI group had a 1.29 higher odds ratio for diarrhea than controls (p = 0.001, IC95% = 1.032–1.623) and 1.615 greater chance of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) (p = 0.012, IC95% = 1.155–2.259). The age at first insemination (p = 0.012) and number of insemination attempts required to establish the first pregnancy (p = 0.016) were both higher for PI than controls. Milk production was higher for control cows than PI cows during most of the sampling periods. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were higher in PI cows than the controls at all sampling points across lactation (p ≤ 0.042). PI cattle had a higher incidence of disease, produced less milk, a higher SCC, and poorer reproductive performance than control cattle in this study.
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Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Walz P, Casas E, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus detected in subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in persistently infected animals and health outcome. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 207:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ridpath JF, Bayles DO, Neill JD, Falkenberg SM, Bauermann FV, Holler L, Braun LJ, Young DB, Kane SE, Chase CCL. Comparison of the breadth and complexity of bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) populations circulating in 34 persistently infected cattle generated in one outbreak. Virology 2015; 485:297-304. [PMID: 26319211 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) results in acute and persistent infections. Persistent infections result from in utero exposure during the first trimester of gestation. Clinical presentation, in persistently infected cattle (PI), is highly variable. The reasons for this variation is largely unknown. The BVDV circulating in PI exist as quasispecies (swarms of individual viruses). An outbreak resulting in 34 PI cattle presented an opportunity to compare a large number of PI׳s. Methods were developed to compare the circulating viral populations within PI animals. It was found that PI animals generated in the same outbreak carry circulating viral populations that differ widely in size and diversity. Further, it was demonstrated that variation in PI viral populations could be used as a quantifiable phenotype. This observation makes it possible to test the correlation of this phenotype to other phenotypes such as growth rate, congenital defects, viral shed and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ridpath
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
| | - D O Bayles
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - J D Neill
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - S M Falkenberg
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - F V Bauermann
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS/USDA, Ames, IA 50010, United States
| | - L Holler
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
| | - L J Braun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
| | - D B Young
- Antelope Research Station, Buffalo, SD 57720, United States
| | - S E Kane
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
| | - C C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57006, United States
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