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Hilliard RL, Livesey MA, De Gasperi D. Repair of femoral fractures in calves via external skeletal fixator with intramedullary pin tie-in. Vet Surg 2023; 52:1091-1099. [PMID: 37462353 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the success rate and associated complications of external skeletal fixator/intramedullary pin tie-in for calf femoral fracture fixation. STUDY DESIGN Clinical retrospective. ANIMALS Ten calves, less than 30 days old, with diaphyseal/metaphyseal femoral fractures. METHODS Medical records were reviewed from the University of Wisconsin from 2000 to 2020. Fractures were repaired using open reduction and fixation. An intramedullary Steinman pin was placed, exiting near the greater trochanter, and utilized for fracture reduction. Bicortical transfixation pins were placed distal and proximal to the fracture site. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-filled tubing connected the transfixation pins and proximal intramedullary pin, creating a Type 1a external skeletal fixator (ESF) tie-in. Follow up was obtained via medical records and phone interviews. RESULTS Short-term survival rate was 7/10 (70%). Postanesthetic death occurred once. Postoperative complications occurred in all remaining cases. The most common findings were transfixation pin tract lucency and lameness (6/9 cases), implant dysfunction (5/9 cases), and infection (4/9 cases). Three of five cases with long-term follow up survived; all went on to productive careers. CONCLUSION Although patients were prone to postoperative complications, short-term survival was comparable to previous reports. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The external skeletal fixator/intramedullary (ESF/IM) pin tie-in is less expensive and offers comparable success rates to other methods, providing a lower cost option for calf femoral fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Hilliard
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael A Livesey
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego De Gasperi
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Tate H, Li C, Nyirabahizi E, Tyson GH, Zhao S, Rice-Trujillo C, Jones SB, Ayers S, M'ikanatha NM, Hanna S, Ruesch L, Cavanaugh ME, Laksanalamai P, Mingle L, Matzinger SR, McDermott PF. A National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Survey of Antimicrobial-Resistant Foodborne Bacteria Isolated from Retail Veal in the United States. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1749-1759. [PMID: 34015113 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Little is known about the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in veal meat in the United States. We estimated the prevalence of bacterial contamination and AMR in various veal meats collected during the 2018 U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) survey of retail outlets in nine states and compared the prevalence with the frequency of AMR bacteria from other cattle sources sampled for NARMS. In addition, we identified genes associated with resistance to medically important antimicrobials and gleaned other genetic details about the resistant organisms. The prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus in veal meats collected from grocery stores in nine states was 0% (0 of 358), 0.6% (2 of 358), 21.1% (49 of 232), and 53.5% (121 of 226), respectively, with ground veal posing the highest risk for contamination. Both Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent as were 65.3% (32 of 49) of E. coli and 73.6% (89 of 121) of Enterococcus isolates. Individual drug and multiple drug resistance levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in E. coli and Enterococcus from retail veal than in dairy cattle ceca and retail ground beef samples from 2018 NARMS data. Whole genome sequencing was conducted on select E. coli and Salmonella from veal. Cephalosporin resistance (blaCMY and blaCTX-M), macrolide resistance (mph), and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (qnr) genes and gyrA mutations were found. We also identified heavy metal resistance genes ter, ars, mer, fieF, and gol and disinfectant resistance genes qac and emrE. An stx1a-containing E. coli was also found. Sequence types were highly varied among the nine E. coli isolates that were sequenced. Several plasmid types were identified in E. coli and Salmonella, with the majority (9 of 11) of isolates containing IncF. This study illustrates that veal meat is a carrier of AMR bacteria. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Tate
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Cong Li
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Epiphanie Nyirabahizi
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Gregory H Tyson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Crystal Rice-Trujillo
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Sonya Bodeis Jones
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Sherry Ayers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Nkuchia M M'ikanatha
- Division of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Pennsylvania Department of Health, 7th and Forster Streets, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
| | - Samir Hanna
- Tennessee Department of Health, 710 James Robertson Parkway, Nashville, Tennessee 37243
| | - Laura Ruesch
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Lab, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007
| | | | - Pongpan Laksanalamai
- Laboratories Administration, Maryland Department of Health, 1770 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Lisa Mingle
- Wadsworth Center Division of Infectious Diseases, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 8100 Lowry Boulevard, Denver, Colorado 80230, USA
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
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Garzon A, Pandey P, Tell L, Aly SS, Poppenga R, Pereira R. Evaluation of Heat and pH Treatments on Degradation of Ceftiofur in Whole Milk. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:288. [PMID: 32528987 PMCID: PMC7256783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste milk feeding practices have been implicated as a potential source for disseminating antimicrobial resistant bacteria among animals and the environment. Two interventions that have shown potential for degrading antimicrobial drugs in milk are heat and pH treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat and pH treatments on the degradation of ceftiofur and ceftiofur free acid equivalents in milk at concentrations previously found in waste milk on dairy farms by spiking saleable pasteurized whole milk with ceftiofur sodium. Three heat treatments of ceftiofur sodium spiked milk were evaluated for their ability to degrade ceftiofur: 63°C for 30 min (LTLT), 72°C for 15 s (HTST) and 92°C for 20 min (HTLT). Two pH treatments of ceftiofur sodium spiked milk were evaluated: pH 4.0 (LpH) and pH 10 (HpH). Control samples spiked with ceftiofur sodium were kept at room temperature and samples collected at corresponding times for heat and pH treatments. Four treatment replicates were performed for each treatment group. Ceftiofur was quantified in milk samples using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ceftiofur free acid equivalents (CFAE) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HTLT resulted in a degradation of 35.24% of the initial concentration of ceftiofur. Ceftiofur degradation did not differ between control and the remaining two heat treatment groups (LTLT and HTST). HpH resulted in degradation of the 95.72 and 96.28% of the initial concentration of ceftiofur and CFAE, respectively. No significant changes in degradation of ceftiofur or CFAE were observed for control or LpH treatments. In conclusion, our study results were that alkalinizing milk to pH 10 and heating milk to 92°C for 20 min degraded ceftiofur and CFAE in spiked simulated waste milk demonstrated promising potential as treatment options for degrading ceftiofur and CFAE in waste milk, and further research is needed to evaluate the viability for implementation of these treatments in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Garzon
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pramod Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lisa Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Robert Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Richard Pereira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Corum O, Yildiz R, Ider M, Altan F, Ok M, Uney K. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome and ceftriaxone in premature calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:632-639. [PMID: 31197850 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome (CFQ) and ceftriaxone (CTX) following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administrations in premature calves. Using a parallel design, 24 premature calves were randomly divided into the two antibiotic groups. Each of the six animals in the first group received CFQ (2 mg/kg) through IV or IM administration. The second group received CTX (20 mg/kg) via the same administration route. Plasma concentrations of the drugs were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and noncompartmental methods. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of CFQ and CTX following IV administration were as follows: elimination half-life (t1/2λz ) 1.85 and 3.31 hr, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ) 15.74 and 174 hr * μg/ml, volume of distribution at steady-state 0.37 and 0.45 L/kg, and total body clearance 0.13 and 0.12 L hr-1 kg-1 , respectively. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of CFQ and CTX after IM injection were as follows: peak concentration 4.56 and 25.04 μg/ml, time to reach peak concentration 1 and 1.5 hr, t1/2λz 4.74 and 3.62 hr, and AUC0-∞ 22.75 and 147 hr * μg/ml, respectively. The bioavailability of CFQ and CTX after IM injection was 141% and 79%, respectively. IM administration of CFQ (2 mg/kg) and CTX (20 mg/kg) can be recommended at 12-hr interval for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of ≤0.5 and ≤4 μg/ml, respectively, in premature calves. However, further research is indicated to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters following multiple doses of the drug in premature calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Corum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kastamonu, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Merve Ider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Feray Altan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
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Pempek JA, Holder E, Proudfoot KL, Masterson M, Habing G. Short communication: Investigation of antibiotic alternatives to improve health and growth of veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4473-4478. [PMID: 29501344 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The inherent disease susceptibility of veal calves results in frequent antimicrobial use. Improvements in antimicrobial stewardship necessitate alternative therapies to improve calf health and growth, while reducing the need for antimicrobials important to human health. This study investigated the effect of 2 alternative therapies, lactoferrin (an iron-binding protein found in colostrum) and cinnamaldehyde (an essential oil of the cinnamon plant) on growth, disease incidence, and mortality risk in special-fed veal calves. On the day of arrival to the growing facility (3 to 7 d of age), calves (n = 80 per treatment) were randomized to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) control (no supplement), (2) lactoferrin (1 g/d in milk replacer for 7 d), or (3) cinnamaldehyde (1 g/d in milk replacer for 21 d). Body weight was measured on the day of arrival (d 0), 21, and 42 d postarrival. Health assessments were performed twice weekly through 21 d, and mortality records were obtained through 6 wk postarrival. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare growth between treatment groups, and a Poisson regression model (PROC GENMOD, SAS v. 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used to test differences between groups in the incidence of diarrhea (fecal score ≥2 with and without depression and temperature) and disease through 3 wk postarrival. Body weight and average daily gain were similar between treatments. Neither lactoferrin nor cinnamaldehyde had an effect on diarrhea incidence. However, the risk of navel inflammation was significantly lower for calves that received cinnamaldehyde compared with calves in the control group. Mortality through 6 wk postarrival was low, with 4, 1, and 0 deaths from the control, lactoferrin, and cinnamaldehyde treatment groups, respectively. Additional research is needed to investigate various doses of these alternative therapies on calf health and growth, in addition to different routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pempek
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - E Holder
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - K L Proudfoot
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M Masterson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - G Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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